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UNLOCKING THE CROATIAN TEXTILE RESEARCH POTENTIALS
T-POT PROJECT (CSAs - FP7-REGPOT-2008-1, Activity: 4.1)
PLASMA TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO TEXTILES
T-POT PROJECT
18th June 2009
Terrassa (Spain)
www.leitat.org
PLASMA TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO TEXTILES CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY 2. APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA ON TEXTILES 3. CURRENT RESEARCH OF PLASMA APPLIED TO TEXTILES 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE
1.1. DEFINITION OF PLASMA
Partially ionized gas composed of electrons, ions, photons, atoms and molecules, with negative global electric charge
TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
4th state of matter: Plasma Gas Liquid Solid
Energy
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT RESEARCH
1.2. GENERATION OF PLASMA
By energy transfer (E, B, accelerated e-)
4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Ionization
Molecules
Atoms
Tequiv.> 100.000 ºC
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.3. COMPOSITION OF PLASMA
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Electrons Ions Fotons Àtoms Molècules
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.4. CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS OF PLASMA
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
• Density (Ne) • Ion density • Electron temperature • Ion temperature • Interactions (collisions) • Plasma potential
Thermal plasma: Te = Tion = Tgas Cold plasma: Te >> Tion = Tgas
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
1.5. CATEGORIES OF PLASMAS
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.6. EFFECTS PRODUCED BY PLASMA
3. CURRENT RESEARCH
ON THE SURFACE OF MATERIALS
4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
1) Inclusion 2) Sputtering 3) Etching 4) Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) 5) and 6) Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) 7) Chemical functionalization 8) Grafting
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.6. EFFECTS PRODUCED BY PLASMA
2. APPLICATIONS
ON THE SURFACE OF TEXTILES
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Sputtering/Etching
Activation
Breaking of chains
Grafting
Polymerization
5. CONCLUSIONS
Introduction of polar groups on surface Introduction of new properties using: Removal of superficial impurities (hydrophobic layers) Modification of surface roughness Improving of the wettability
Plasma
• Coatings • Nanocoatings
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.7. TYPES OF PLASMA PROCESSES
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
• Removal of superficial organic compounds by sputtering (Ar plasma) and etching (O2, air plasmas)
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
SURFACE CLEANING BY PLASMA
• Metallic oxides reduction by Ar/H2 plasmas • Plasma sterilization by UV, sputtering and etching • Examples on textiles: desizing or scouring by plasma treatments, sterilization of textiles
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.7. TYPES OF PLASMA PROCESSES
2. APPLICATIONS
• Free-radicals and/or reactive chemical functionalities on surface
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• Modification of surface roughness
5. CONCLUSIONS
SURFACE ACTIVATION BY PLASMA
• Associated properties
ageing
or
non-permanent
• Examples on textiles: antifelting and antishrinkage of wool, hydrophilic polyester filters, antipilling wool and cotton
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.7. TYPES OF PLASMA PROCESSES
2. APPLICATIONS
• Physicochemical cleaning of the surface
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• Generally hydrophilic properties are conferred by increasing roughness and chemical functionalization
5. CONCLUSIONS
PLASMA PRE-TREATMENTS
• Surface activation before dyeing, printing, coating, lamination or other finishing processes • Examples on textiles: increase of dyeability and printability, improve the absorption properties
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.7. TYPES OF PLASMA PROCESSES
2. APPLICATIONS
• Free-radicals and/or reactive chemical functionalities on surface
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
SURFACE GRAFTING INDUCED BY PLASMA
• Surface activation before impregnation in a solution of the monomer • Examples on textiles: functional coatings according to the molecule grafted to the textile surface (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, antibacterial, antistatic, etc.)
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.7. TYPES OF PLASMA PROCESSES
2. APPLICATIONS
• Two stages of process: 1) Plasma activation, using non-polymerizing gases (Ar, O2, N2, air, He, etc.) 2) Plasma polymerization, using polymerizing gases (SF6, CH4) or vapours of monomers (C6F14, HMDSO AAc)
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
PLASMA POLYMERIZATION
• Formation of nanocoatings on the surface by low-temperature and dry processes • Examples on textiles: functional coatings according to the precursor polymerized onto the textile surface (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, antibacterial, antistatic, etc.)
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.7. TYPES OF PLASMA PROCESSES
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT RESEARCH
• Impregnation of the textiles in a precursor solution before plasma treatments
4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
PLASMA FIXATION
• Formation of a polymeric coating generally by free-radical addition polymerization using plasma of a nonpolymerizing gas • Examples on textiles: flame-retardant textiles
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
ACCORDING TO PRESSURE
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma - APP
Low Pressure Plasma - LPP
Source: Leitat
Source: Leitat
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY Low Frequency – LF (40 kHz) Radiofrequency – RF (13.56 MHz)
Microwaves – MW (2.45 GHz)
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
ACCORDING TO THE GAS/VAPOUR USED
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
No polymerizing: Ar, He, O2, F2, etc. Activació superficial
Using a gas Polymerizing: CF4, C3F6, SF6, etc. Using a vapour of a monomer liquid: HMDSO, AAc, etc.
Polimerització per plasma (PECVD)
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Dow Corning
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Europlasma
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Sigma Technologies
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Acxys Technologies
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Diener electronics
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Plasmatreat
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Grinp
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Softal
1. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION 2. APPLICATIONS
1.8. TYPES OF PLASMA SYSTEMS EXAMPLES OF SOME COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
3. CURRENT RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Vito
2. APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA ON TEXTILES
1. INTRODUCTION
2.1. TEXTILES USED
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
Wool
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE
Silk Jute
NATURAL FIBERS
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Cotton
Flax
Ramie
5. CONCLUSIONS
ARTIFICIAL FIBERS
Viscose
Polyamide SYNTHETIC FIBERS Acrylics
Lyocell
Kevlar Nomex
Polypropylene Polyester
Glass fiber
2. APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA ON TEXTILES
1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. PROPERTIES CONFERRED
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
• Wettability: hydrophilic character, improving in water absorption
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE
• Hydrophobic character
TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
• Oleophobic character • Improving in the adhesion of polymers • Increase of the dyeability • Antistatic • Fire-resistant • Antimicrobial • Biocompatible • Others
2. APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA ON TEXTILES
1. INTRODUCTION
2.3. SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES
MEASUREMENTS
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• Calibrated inks
5. CONCLUSIONS
• Contact angle
• Elemental composition • Chemical functionalities • Molecular characterization
• XPS
• Quantitative analysis
• ToF-SIMS
• Depth profiling
• AFM • SEM • FTIR-ATR • Others
• Surface morphology and roughness • Thickness • Surface tension, wettability, adhesion • Surface forces, nanoindentation, viscoelastic modules • Oxygen/Water permeation
2. APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA ON TEXTILES
1. INTRODUCTION
2.3. SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
WETTABILITY
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 5. CONCLUSIONS
Wetting
AATCC 39:1980
UNE-EN ISO 9073-6:2000
Wicking Support Absorption length (cm)
Textile
Air Water
2. APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA ON TEXTILES
1. INTRODUCTION
2.3. SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
WETTABILITY
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Untreated (< 30 mN/m)
5. CONCLUSIONS
Calibrated inks
Plasma treated (60 mN/m)
2. APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA ON TEXTILES
1. INTRODUCTION
2.3. SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
2. APPLICATIONS 3. CURRENT
WETTABILITY
RESEARCH 4. PLASMA IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Contact angle
5. CONCLUSIONS
γL/V VAPOR
γS/V
θ
γS/L
Tensiometry
LÍQUID SÒLID
θ >90º hydrophobic θ
