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PROCEEDINGS of the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference 2013

Protected Areas and Place Making Conference P R O C E E D I N G S

April 21-26, 2013 Foz do Iguaçu - PR - Brazil

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Protected Areas and Place Making Conference Editors

Teresa Cristina Magro Lucas Milani Rodrigues Demóstenes Ferreira da Silva Filho Jefferson Lordello Polizel Jessica Leahy Citation

Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making : How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development? Review

Saulo Eduardo Xavier Franco de Souza Layout

Thiago D’Angelo Cover Pictures

Taylor Stein Published by

Forestry Sciences Departament – ESALQ/USP Printed by

Copiadora Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ/USP ISBN

978-85-86481-25-3

Protected areas and Place Making Conference: how do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development? , 1, Proceedings / [Edited by] Teresa Cristina Magro et al. – Piracicaba: ESALQ, 2013. 204p.: Il

CDD 333.72 ISBN:

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978-85-86481-25-3

PROCEEDINGS of the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference 2013

CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................10 Keynote Addresses ...............................................................................................................................................13 Making Sense of Place: Enhancing Protected Area Experience and Governance Daniel R. Williams....................................................................................................................................................15 Integrating People’s Diverse Needs into Collaborative Forest Management: Is it Possible? Taylor V. Stein...........................................................................................................................................................21

Concurrent Session A1: Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Contested Landscapes: International Perspectives ..................................................................................................................................25 Reconnecting social-ecological systems: biocultural conservation in protected areas Fikret Berkes.............................................................................................................................................................26 Contested landscapes in Brazilian coast: lessons from two case studies in Santa Catarina Natalia Hanazaki, Mel Simionato Marques, Elaine Mitie Nakamura........................................................................27 New use of an old threatened species triggering conservation and socio-economic improvement in southeastern Brazil Saulo E. X. F. de Souza, Germano F. Chagas, Edson Vidal.........................................................................................32 Pluralistic approach to governance of protected areas: A case study with Indigenous peoples from northern Colombia Julia Premauer, Fikret Berkes....................................................................................................................................34 Issues of sustainability of protected areas: Traditional practices as a symbol of sustenance of local communities and conservation Emdad Haque, Shah Raees Khan..............................................................................................................................40

Concurrent Session A2: Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Contested Landscapes: International Perspectives ..................................................................................................................................43 Biocultural design: Weaving cultural landscapes into community-based enterprises in and around protected areas Iain Davidson-Hunt, Carlos Julián Idrobo, Michael Campbell....................................................................................44 Gourmets of the Juatinga Ecological Reserve, Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Culinary creativity through the lens of biocultural design Carlos Julián Idrobo, Iain Davidson-Hunt.................................................................................................................45 Implementation of a national park over traditional lands of the Trindade community in Paraty, Brazil Natália C. Fidelis Bahia, Cristiana S. Seixas, Luciana G. Araujo, Juliana S. Farinaci, Paula Chamy...........................46 Practicalities of building co-management in complex landscapes: North East Australia’s tropical rainforest and reef Helen Ross.................................................................................................................................................................52 Sustainable territorial development in a marine reserve in coastal Brazil: is it feasible? Rodrigo R. de Freitas, Cristiana S .Seixas...................................................................................................................53 Sustainable rural community development in Western Uganda: Tourism’s potential to alleviate poverty and support community solidarity. Michael Campbell......................................................................................................................................................59

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Concurrent Session B: Florestas Urbanas e Qualidade de Vida (language Portuguese)...................................61 Arboreal native vegetation at the Natural Municipal Park “Corredores da Biodiversidade”, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil, and its importance to conservation at the urban context Samuel Coelho, Eliana Cardoso Leite, Ana Carolina D. Castello.................................................................................62 Urban tree cover and human comfort in Campinas, Brazil Lea Yamaguchi Dobbert, Demóstenes F. Da S. Filho, Jefferson Lordello Polizel ............................................................69 Challenges in implementing a Municipal Natural Park in a Petrochemical Pole: the case of the Natural Park Municipal Cotia-Pará, Cubatão (SP), Brazil Juliana F. de Castro, Sidnei Raimundo.......................................................................................................................73 Analysis of public spaces titled as “Park” in Sorocaba, SP, Brazil, as a subsidy for its management Mauricio Tavares da Mota, Eliana Cardoso Leite.......................................................................................................79 Impact of plat size in stock biomass of urban trees Sibipiruna (Poincianella pluviosa var. peltophoroides) in Maringá – PR Flávia Gizele König Brun, Demóstenes F. da S. Filho, Eleandro José Brun, Hilton Thadeu Z. do Couto........................80 Tree canopy cover assessment using the Urban Forest Index in São Carlos, SP (Brazil) Sabrina Mieko Viana, Demóstenes F. Da S. Filho.......................................................................................................86

Concurrent Session C: Urban Forestry, Health and Well Being .......................................................................89 Creating a Tree Culture Mark Duntemann, Nicole Stuart...............................................................................................................................90

Concurrent Session D: Nature-based Recreation and Tourism ........................................................................91 The value of ecotourism to residents around a national park: Does proximity and perceptions matter? Eugene Ejike Ezebilo.................................................................................................................................................92 The biobynamic agent course in Prudentópolis – Brazil: Strategy to preserve the araucaria moist forests using ecoturism as a tool for sustainable development Jasmine Cardozo Moreira, Vania M. M. dos Santos....................................................................................................95 Indicators for Sustainable Recreational Use of Forests and Other Natural Resources – Experiences from Northern Europe Tuija Sievänen, David Edwards, Peter Fredman, Frank Søndergaard Jensen, Odd Inge Vistad...................................96 Use of indicators as a tool for park visitation management Ginessa Corrêa Lemos, Getulio Batista Teixeira, Maria de Jesus Robim.....................................................................100 Managing tourism in protected areas from a landscape perspective: An exploratory study from Sweden Peter Fredman, Daniel Laven, Sandra Wall Reinius.................................................................................................102 Dilemmas and challenges to implementation the use public programme of protected area in São Paulo Metropolitan region, Brazil Sidnei Raimundo, Reinaldo T. B.Pacheco.................................................................................................................103 Indicators of landscape valuation - Serra do Mar St ate Park, Santa Virginia Nucleus, São Paulo, Brazil Juliana M. Bussolotti, Solange T. de L. Guimarães, Maria de Jesus Robim.................................................................108 The three-banded armadillo and the World Cup 2014: opportunities for the preservation of Caatinga Rodrigo Castro, Samuel Portela, Daniele Ronqui.....................................................................................................114

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Concurrent Session E: Community Values in Conservation ..........................................................................115 Visitor Management in Brazil Parks and Protected Areas: Benchmarking for Best Practices in Resource Management Robert C. Burns.......................................................................................................................................................116 Claiming space and identity in a contested landscape: Traditional agriculture in and around the Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins Alaine Ball..............................................................................................................................................................122 Environment History and Education: Linking people and institutions to nature Douglas de S. Pimentel, Ana Angélica M. de Barros...................................................................................................129 Protected Areas for Regional Development in Latvia Evija Plone, Ilze Stokmane, Buļipopa Nataļja..........................................................................................................136 Do the sociocultural realities implies in production of tropical forestry seeds from Upper Xingu in Brazil? Lilla Jessica Brokaw, Danilo I. Urzedo, José N.M.N. Costa, Edson J. V. Silva ............................................................137 Usage of plant resources of coastal ecosystems by the fishermen community in the Environmental Protection Area of the Restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Patrick de Oliveira, Alexandre Verçosa Greco, Ana Angélica M. de Barros, Maria Célia R. Correia, Ana Tereza A. Rodarte, Douglas de S. Pimentel.............................................................................................................................................139

Concurrent Session F: Boosting Connectivity: Trans-boundary Parks and Corridors ...................................141 Environmental compensation and biodiversity bank in Brazil: Study Case Harpia harpya eagle at green farm CO² free project, Itaquiraí, MS Eder Zanetti, Luiz Samartano.................................................................................................................................142 Enlargement Protected Areas System by Increasing Connectivity Taiichi Ito, Akihiro Nakamura, Atsushi Kawabata....................................................................................................148

Concurrent Session G: Human – Wildlife Conflict Management ..................................................................149 Biocultural design: Weaving cultural landscapes into community-based enterprises in and around protected areas Iain Davidson-Hunt, Carlos Julián Idrobo, Michael Campbell..................................................................................150 Gourmets of the Juatinga Ecological Reserve, Brazilian Atlantic Forest: Culinary creativity through the lens of biocultural design Carlos Julián Idrobo, Iain Davidson-Hunt................................................................................................................151 Implementation of a national park over traditional lands of the Trindade community in Paraty, Brazil Natália C. Fidelis Bahia, Cristiana S. Seixas, Luciana G. Araujo, Juliana S. Farinaci, Paula Chamy.........................155 Practicalities of building co-management in complex landscapes: North East Australia’s tropical rainforest and reef Helen Ross...............................................................................................................................................................159 Sustainable territorial development in a marine reserve in coastal Brazil: is it feasible? Rodrigo R. de Freitas, Cristiana S .Seixas................................................................................................................168 Sustainable rural community development in Western Uganda: Tourism’s potential to alleviate poverty and support community solidarity. Michael Campbell....................................................................................................................................................172

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Concurrent Session H: Conservação da Natureza e Desenvolvimento Rural (language: Portuguese) ..........179 The impact of timber forest management on the livelihoods of local managers: Case study of the Mamirauá Reserve of Sustainable Development Philippe Waldhoff, Saulo E.X.F. de Souza, Edson J. Vidal da Silva, Andrea Abdala...................................................180 Tropical forest seed production chain: Diagnosis in communities of Alto Xingu, Brazil Sarah D. de O. Andrade, Danilo I. de Urzedo, Edson J. Vidal da Silva......................................................................185 Legal forest reserv – transition from rural use to urban use Fernando Almeida Costa, Alisson Santos Neves, Natanael Antunes Abade.................................................................188

Concurrent Session I: Private Sector on Nature Conservation .......................................................................191 Mato Grosso healthy & prosper: Green Infrastructure proposal Eder Zanetti, Paulo Borges......................................................................................................................................192 Assessment of High conservation value areas in a private forest company (Fibria –Aracruz Unit) Ana Paula C. do Carmo, Ana Paula Pulito, Antonio do N. Gomes.............................................................................193 . The importance of natural areas conservation in the private sector - a regional perspective Ivone Satsuki Namikawa, Samantha Nazaré de Paiva............................................................................................194 Monitoring ecological processes for Fibria’s Environmental Restoration Program Roberto Mediato, Angelo Conrado Moura, Tathiane Santi Sarcinelli, Juliano Ferreira Dias, Ana Paula Pulito............195 Biodiversity Conservation Planning for Klabin S.A. in Brazil: a corporate experience in partnership with The Nature Conservancy Giovana Baggio de Bruns, Leandro Baumgarten, Anna Julia Passold, Marcelo Matsumoto, Camila Kotsifas, Ivone Satsuki Namikawa, Samantha Nazaré de Paiva, Mireli Moura Pitz....................................................................................197 Innovation and Biodiversity Conservation Vinicius S. G. dos Reis, João Carlos Augusti, Ana Paula Pulito..................................................................................199

Index of Authors ................................................................................................................................................201

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Introduction Teresa Cristina Magro and Demóstenes Ferreira da Silva Filho

It´s a challenging task to keep the ecological functions and values of protected areas alive around the world and especially in Brazil. This involves a variety of expertise. By identifying the social values beyond the knowledge of natural environments associated with these areas, we may come closer to achieving the fundamental objectives of nature conservation. Also, we need key strategies for improving the quality of urban life. We have a good number of protected areas around the world, but most of them are far from urban centers. Having semi-natural environments close to urban areas and recovering some sites within cities provides a chance for people to live a healthier life, both physically and spiritually. And also fulfills the function of protection of water resources and other ecosystem services. These reflections prompted us to design the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference (PAPM 2013) in Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil, April 21th through April 26th. This international meeting was organized by Section 6:04:00 - Nature conservation and protected areas of the IUFRO (International Union of Forest Research Organizations). IUFRO is a non-profit, non-governmental international network of forest scientists, which promotes global cooperation in forest-related research and enhances the understanding of the ecological, economic and social aspects of forests (http://www.iufro.org/). Our intent was to bring together relevant researchers in the forest sector, working with social aspects of forests and forestry. After an intensive week, participants and invited speakers had the opportunity to find new inspiration in their daily work after sharing this special “place” - Iguazu National Park. We firmly believe that environmental research has a strong human and social component. This reflects interesting contributions on the following sessions reported in this document: 1) Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Contested Landscapes: International Perspectives, 2) Urban Forestry, Health and Well Being, 3) Nature-based Recreation and Tourism, 4) Community Values in Conservation, 5) Boosting Connectivity: Transboundary Parks and Corridors, 6) Human – Wildlife Conflict Management, 7) Nature Conservation and Rural Development, 8) Private Sector on Nature Conversation. We would like to thanks the session coordinators who devoted much of their time during the conference to the smooth functioning of each section. Ensuring the scientific quality, each submitted abstract was reviewed by two experts. We are very grateful to all the reviewers for their support and comments in this process. The accepted works for presentation at the conference comprise this volume. The authors had the choice of submitting a simple summary or an expanded one. The order of presentation of the work in the respective sections was used to compose this volume. And two invited keynote speakers are included. At the end of this publication we included an index of authors. We hope it will make easier to find your contributions.

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During the sessions, some presentations focused on the social aspects of conservation and aimed to stimulate discussions on how to improve the management of protected areas in Brazil, a country with up to 1, 5 million square kilometers divided over 1700 protected unities. Financial concerns are not an exclusive issue for the undeveloped countries anymore. It carries a big challenge for society on how to manage these areas. The conference organizers wants to emphasize that the admission of the social importance of conservation is a societal interest and that research must point towards finding different values in each ecosystem or protected area. Using sense of place is a necessary concept in the process leading to recognition of these values. Understanding the role of different meanings of “place”, conservationists will admit that protected areas are better identified by meaningful stakeholders, governments – local, state and federal - , and the private sector. We also want to remembers that it´s important to combine forces in order to come to new research – and management methods. When this is taken in account it will lead to a growing recognition of the importance of conservation units and its value. As a result social actors will show more willingness to cooperate amongst themselves in a dynamic and sensible way in order to preserve the “place“ and this consequently contributes to the quality of life of everyone. Thanks to people and institutions that contributed to PAPM 2013, specially to the Scientific Committee and the commission of organizers. We are sincerely grateful to the sponsors: CAPES, CNPq, Fundação Grupo o Boticário de Proteção à Natureza, Itaipu Binacional, Klabin, Fealq; and to the partners: Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Administración de Parques Nacionales (APN), Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional Iguazú, Restaurante Porto Canoas, Cataratas do Iguaçu S/A, Iguassu Convention & Visitors Bureau. Itaipu Binacional also contributed with logistic and place for scientific sessions, thus we are very thankful. We are also thankful to the coordinators of the scientific sessions, who dedicated a lot of time during the conference, and mainly to the readiness of the participants of PAPM 2013 conference, which was reflected in the punctuality and quality of lectures, discussions and work presentations. We are sincerely grateful to everyone.

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K E Y N O T E

A D R E S S E S

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Keynote Adresses

Making Sense of Place: Enhancing Protected Area Experience and Governance Daniel R. Williams 1 Research Social Scientist, US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado USA 1

[email protected] www.fs.fed.us/rm/human-dimensions

Introduction My career-long journey to understand “place making” began 34 years ago, when I started my graduate studies. I was involved in a survey of visitors to Canyonlands National Park, a relatively undeveloped park in southern Utah. We asked visitors a simple question: Which was the more important reason for visiting the park: “I like the park itself ” or “It is a good place to go for four-Wheeling” (referring to the use of their off-road vehicle)? We found that how this question was answered revealed much about visitor motives and behaviors. Our findings cemented my belief that visitor use studies had not paid enough attention to the visitors’ “relationships to places”. In fact the majority (65%) rated the “park itself ” as their primary motivation and therefore sought a very different experience from those who said their primary reason was that the park was a good place for 4-Wheeling. I mention this because, at that time, outdoor recreation places were understood as “substitutable commodities” -- as means to some experiential goal rather than an experiential end in itself. Building on these initial studies, I have subsequently spent most of my career exploring the connection between the concept of “place” and conservation practice. My goal for this presentation is to “unpack” the idea of place-making which, in the English language literature, has many parts and meanings. Hopefully I can illuminate this topic in a way that will help set the tone for this conference. I will focus on this basic question: What does place and place making have to do

with protected area conservation? There are two facets to this work as it pertains to protected areas. One comes from the perspective of experiencing places (for example as a tourist) and the other involves governing places (as the core practice of protected area management). Place-making, both as experience and governance, can be viewed through four conceptual lenses: R5 %#(!5-(-5) 5\*&]575Ļ5)(*.5) 5*&5-55135 to organize conservation practice. R5 %#(!5-(-5) 5\*&5'%#(!]5 75 .,#&5(5-)#&5 practices that govern places. R5 %#(!5 \-(-5 ) 5 *&]5 75 #-#.),5 (5 ,-#(.5 relationships to place. R5 %#(!5\-(-#&]5*&-575Ļ5,.65-#(65(5*)&#.#-5 of sustainable governance of protected places. The first lens focuses on a basic understanding of place as a concept. The second focuses on understanding the social processes that govern and transform places. These two are very active concerns of human geographers and it is important to examine how human geographers study place and place making to understand place making as an outcome of experiencing a place and as an aim of professional practice. The third lens refers to the arena of place making that comes from everyday interactions with places, whether as visitors or residents and has been the focus of much of my empirical research over the course of my career. The fourth lens turns our attention to place making as the spontaneous

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Keynote Adresses

and deliberate efforts of people to try to shape and govern the landscape. This topic brings with it a range of normative considerations as to what constitutes a good place and the best practices for making better places.

Making Sense of ‘Place’ What makes a place, a place? There is a working consensus among scholars that place embodies three elements. First, there is a materiality to place. Places have shape and features that distinguish them in space as a locale or setting. These features are both natural and built. Second, places are “located”. What distinguishes place from mere physical reality is that a place has humanly imposed boundaries, dimensionality and scale. Third, and most important, places carry meaning and significance. Places have histories that shape and define cultures and individual identities. These are hard to capture and appreciate in resource assessments but they are critically important to people who affiliate with these places. We can’t just look at protected areas as biodiversity reserves for example. Much of the debate among those who study sense of places comes down to different assumptions about the original locus of meaning. Rather than argue, as some have, that place meaning can be definitively linked to material, experiential, or socio-cultural factors, I think it is better to look at meanings as a four-layer cake. This is especially so when you consider the diversity of disciplinary perspectives. First, certain places or landscape features can be said to have some inherent meaning that transcends cultures. Second, people learn to perceive and experience the environment in instrumental ways – to meet individual needs. Third places have socio-cultural meanings, which have to do with the way they symbolize group membership, shared culture, and common history. But here different groups might assign very quite different meaning to the symbolism. Finally, it is important to recognize the very personal way certain places become meaningful to individuals.

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Making Sense of ‘Place Making’ Turning to the idea of place making as a central theme of the conference, I think the idea of place making is aptly captured in this quote by Gieryn (2000): “Places are not only materially carved out of space but interpreted, narrated, understood, felt, and imagined – their meanings are pliable in the hands of different people or cultures, malleable over time, and inevitably contested” (p. 465). This statement emphasizes how places are socially created, how their meaning varies across different groups and cultures, change over time (they are not static – though we often try to manage them as if they are), and most importantly how their meanings are invariably contested. In everyday life, we take the existence of place for granted. Yet, if there is a central focus in human geography it is how humans fashion their world into places. Geographers pay attention to both the material practices of place making – what we do physically to transform the landscape, build cities, homes, streets, etc. -- as well as the social or discursive practices of interaction with the landscape, such as through tourism. Place naming, for example, is one of these discursive practices. Think about the meaning of place names like Brazil, the Amazon, Rio de Janeiro, or Foz do Iguacu. Robert Sack (1992) illustrates this geographic process ) 5\*&5'%#(!]535135) 55)'*&25ŀ!/,5B5#!/,5 1). He starts by dividing the forces that make up place into three categories. For him places are the confluence of nature (or materiality), and social relations (e.g., economic relations, political processes) and meaning (such as religion and other sources of belief ). Place weaves these forces or processes together. He adds a fourth aspect he calls perspectives. Awareness of place involves multiple perspectives or views ranging from an intimate, embedded view from somewhere to an abstract, remote view from nowhere. The key idea represented in this dimension is that our knowledge, experience, and values towards a place vary along a continuum between somewhere and nowhere. This perspective exists in a vertical plane relative to the place forces (which occupy the horizontal plane). A good illustration of the difference between the view from somewhere and nowhere is how I initially investigated the venue for

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Keynote Adresses

this conference, Foz do Iguacu. I read accounts on Wikipedia and used Google Maps and got the view from nowhere. This gives the “birds-eye” or God’s eye view of a place. Even the street view in Google is still an experience from nowhere as you can’t get that truly intimate feeling for a place compared to experiencing it first-hand. But even as I began to experience Foz do Iguacu first hand yesterday, my experience is still largely that of an outsider compared to a Brazilian or a local resident who can read and interpret what they see and feel from a different, more local cultural perspective. One of the ideas driving place-based thinking is the recognition of competing forms of knowledge existing along this continuum from somewhere to nowhere. Figure 1 illustrates examples of Knowledge and social relations organized at various levels of contextual specificity (e.g., traditional ecological versus scientific knowledge) and also shows how scientific knowledge tends to become “dis-integrated” over time – not more integrated. Though modern society tends to “privilege” the view from nowhere, the subjective world of day-today place (somewhere) is also part of reality and needs to be included in scientific accounts of reality. To summarize my way of thinking about place making I offer a definition, adapted from one that recently appeared in Pierce et al. (2011): Place making refers to the set of social, political, and material practices by which people construct and contest the experiential geographies in which they live, work and play.

Making ‘Sense of Place’ A third lens by which we can discuss place focuses on everyday interactions with places whether as visitors or residents. Recreation and tourism are important contexts within which people develop relationships to places (senses of place). Place is a core notion in tourism in part because tourism trades on the character of places. In addition, park users often develop bonds with the park over time (recall my early work at Canyonlands National Park, where I found that 65% said they visited for the place itself ). Likewise local residents hold special

meanings for these locales, which are sometimes in conflict with visitors. So the governance of parks and protected areas often involves a delicate balance as local residents livelihoods are intertwined with the place whether as providers of tourist services, or users of the landscape for other aspects of their livelihoods. This idea of building relationships to places hasn’t always been widely recognized in conservation practice. Again my early work in Canyonlands National Park was motivated by my own sense that the place itself didn’t seem to matter in the research models of the day. Instead managers adopted what I called the commodity or consumer model in which parks were considered substitutable so long as the alternative satisfied the same experience goals. In a recent study at Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), for example, we highlighted two statements that exemplify these different orientations to the place. Representing the “commodity model” one visitor wrote on an open-ended section of a survey (Brook et al., 2006): “I was pleasantly surprised by the quality of RMNP. I expected the trails, picnic areas, and campsites to show signs of the large number of people who visit June-August. Overall I found the trails well maintained and the campsites in good shape and clean! I only found a few pieces of litter in the campsites during my stay.” Representing the “relationship model” on the same survey another visitor offered the following comment: “I love RMNP. It was a special place that my family would always visit every year from the time I was 6 months old. Every year I visit as much as possible. Anything that can be done to preserve this area would just be great, so that I can bring my children to visit. I hope to carry on my family tradition in this way and have my children love and respect RMNP as much as my parents have taught me to do so.” Going back to Figure 1 we can consider these as different lenses between somewhere and nowhere, with the idea of identifying places as an experience of place closer to somewhere, whereas merely consuming places is more of an experience from nowhere. Likewise local residents in and around protected areas have meanings, bonds and relationships that matter and need to be considered in decision making. Again these meanings are diverse, sometimes contested within the community.

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Keynote Adresses

Making ‘Sensible’ Places Now I shift from the lens of describing place making (as the social, political, and material practices by which people construct and contest the experiential geographies in which they live, work and play) to a fourth lens that involves prescribing a set of (normative) practices for making better (more sensible) places. The theme of this conference, place making, builds on a normative definition offered by the Project for Public Spaces in which place making is described as “a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design and management of public spaces [for] creating good public spaces that promote people’s health, happiness, and well being” (PPS, 2013). But what people consider to be “sensible” or good places varies widely and often leads to confusion about what people mean by sense of place. Looking across the literature, I see three major prescriptive (normative, political) ideas about 1".5 )(-.#./.-5 !))5 ),5 \-(-#&]5 *&-85 5 #,-.5 .",5 is the idea of ecological stewardship (place as bios), which argues that good places are ones that work in harmony with nature. Second, coming out of the communitarian political philosophy there is the idea of place as ethnos, referring to shared ways of life and parochial attachments. Third, geographers have tried to articulate the idea of place as demos characterized as a progressive, cosmopolitan or global sense of place, which forms the basis for a “political commons” in an increasingly globalized world dominated by plurality and difference (See Williams and Van Patten, 2006). This latter perspective is important for the concept of governance or the way in which “sensible places” fits into conservation and resource management as a sociopolitical process.Thinking of sense of place as an ongoing, often contested social creation helps us recognize that people have strongly held but competing meanings or claims. We cannot wish away the very ambiguous situation that the value and meaning of a place is “up for debate” rather than grounded in ethics, science or some technical assessment. Thus these competing claims are not subject to “rational” control or management, but instead must be politically adjudicated. The challenge of place making in conservation practice

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is finding a balance among these different normative conceptions of place (bios, ethnos and demos) -- a balance requiring a complex mix of parochial attachments, cosmopolitan openness and diversity, and environmental stewardship. Thus, taking some liberties with the PPS definition of place making, I would suggest the following definition: a multi-faceted and inclusive approach to the planning, design and governance of (usually) public spaces with the aim of creating a shared sense of a place that promotes human well being and environmental stewardship. The argument I am making here is that “place” functions as both a context for governance -- gives adaptive governance its structure – and is constituted by governance process (e.g., placemaking, contestation). Broadly conceived governance involves “place centric” coordination of networks, and collaboration across diverse actors and organizations. This coordination may be unplanned emergent as well as intentional or purposeful.

Conclusion There is much yet to learn about collaborative place based governance and conservation, but let me close by suggesting a few key ideas that came from my recently published book, Place-Based Conservation (Stewart et al., 2013). R5 )!(#45 \&)&]5 *&5 -*#ŀ5 '(#(!-5 (5 sentiments (e.g., using participatory mapping of place meanings, values and uses and establishing “learning circles” to elicit place specific knowledge and stories) R5 (.# 35**,)*,#.5,)&-5 ),52*,.5%()1&! R5/&.#0.5(15"((&-5) 5)''/(#.#)( R50&)*5#0#5*#.35 ),5*,.##*.#)(5B8!865(!!5 volunteers as place-makers) R5/-.)'#45(5)(.2./5!)0,((5-.,.!#-5 Integrate multiple geographic scales of analysis and collaboration

To summarize: R5&5#-5")15*)*&5'%5-(-5) 5."51),&

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Keynote Adresses

R5)*&5 ),'5)(-5(5,&.#)(-"#*-51#."5*&-5.".5 give meaning and identity to their lives R5 -,#*.#0&365 *&5 '%#(!5 #(0)&0-5 '.,#&5 (5 discursive practices of diverse competing institutions and actors operating at different scales R5 ,-,#*.#0&35 *&5 '%#(!5 #-5 ."5 )(!)#(!5 *,)--5

of many actors guided by competing norms of what constitutes a good place R5 )0,(#(!5 *,)..5 ,-5 #(5 (5 ,5 ) 5 '/&.#7-&5 complexity requires collaborative approaches that bring diverse points of view from somewhere to nowhere together

Figure 1. Sack’s geographic framework on place applied to knowledge, experience, and governance of conservation areas.

Related References and Literature Cited Brooks, J. J., Wallace, G., & Williams, D. R. (2006). Place as a relationship partner. Leisure Sciences, 28, 331-349.

PPS (2013). What is placemaking? http://www.pps. org/reference/what_is_placemaking/ (accessed July 9, 2013).

Gieryn, T. (2000). A space for place. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 463-496. Pierce, J., Martin, D. G., & Murphy, J. T. (2011). Relational place-making: The networked politics of place. Transactions of the Institute or British Geography, 36, 54-70.

Sack, R. D. (1992). Place, modernity and the consumer’s world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Stewart, W.P., Williams, D. R., & Kruger, L. E. (Eds.), Place-based conservation: Perspectives from the social sciences. Springer Publications.

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Keynote Adresses

Williams, D. R. (2008). Pluralities of place: A user’s guide to place concepts, theories, and philosophies in natural resource management. In L. Kruger, T. Hall, & M. Stiefel (Tech. Eds.), Understanding concepts of place in recreation research and management (USDA Forest Service, Tech. Report PNW-GTR-744, pp. 7-30). Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station. Williams, D. R., & Van Patten, S. R. (2006). Home and away? Creating identities and sustaining places in a multi-centred world. In N. McIntyre, D. R. Williams & K. E. McHugh (eds.), Multiple dwelling and tourism: Negotiating place, home and identity (pp. 32-50). Cambridge, MA: CABI. Williams, D. R. (2002). The social construction of Arctic wilderness: Place meanings, value pluralism, and globalization. In A. Watson, L. Alessa, & J. Sproull (Comps.), Wilderness in the Circumpolar North: Searching for compatibility in traditional, ecotourism and ecological values (Proc. RMRS-P-26, pp. 120-132). Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Williams, D. R., & Patterson, M. E. (1996). Environmental meaning and ecosystem management: Perspectives from environmental psychology and human geography. Society and Natural Resources, 9, 507-521.

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Keynote Adresses

Integrating People’s Diverse Needs into Collaborative Forest Management: Is it Possible? Taylor V. Stein 1

1

Professor, School of Forest Resources and Conservation University of Florida

It is challenging, and practically impossible, to solve any major problem facing communities and regions today without multiple parties coming together to develop and implement complicated solutions. The field of natural resource management is replete with issues composed of a variety of stakeholders who have drastically contrasting values and firm opinions about the environmental issue under debate. Therefore, planning strategies and decision-making processes that bring diverse stakeholders together to develop realistic land management tools that integrate people’s diverse needs are needed. This paper provides a broad overview of the concept of collaboration and briefly discusses two case studies of unique collaborative strategies. There are a variety of ways to think about collaboration, but for purposes here, collaboration is the “pooling of knowledge, skills and/or tangible resources, e.g., information money, labor, etc. by two or more stakeholders to solve a set of problems, which neither can solve individually” (Gray, 1985, p. 912). Even with this definition, collaboration is a very broad concept, and it might be difficult to put into practice. To help operationalize the collaborative concept, a variety of authors (Wondolleck and Yaffee, 2000; Steiner, 2008) have attempted to describe key elements necessary to successfully implement collaboration on both small (e.g., working with a researcher on a specific problem) or large scales (e.g., planning and managing a world biome spread that crosses multiple national boundaries, like the Amazon). Several key elements necessary for successful collaboration include:

Leadership: The overall collaborative process and the specific strategies involved in the process must have a leader and organizer. If no person or organization is initiating the overall process and specific strategies, the process will likely be forgotten and ignored. Two-way communication: Collaboration is not a synonym for education. Both the powerful players in the process (e.g., government agencies) must listen to and learn from the less powerful players (e.g., community residents and small businesses). Flexibility and openness: Although a collaborative strategy should be planned, implementers of the process must understand that they need to adapt to unforeseen challenges and opportunities. Also, although not all stakeholders will be invited to participate in every aspect of the process, all stakeholders should have the ability to follow and understand the process. Accessible: All stakeholders must have the opportunity to play some role in the collaborative process. Agreement: Major decisions must have some sort of agreement by the representatives of the major stakeholders in the process. These decisions could be simple decisions like when a meeting should be scheduled, as well as, the final approval of a plan. Progress: Meetings should clearly move the process forward. If participants believe they are putting their time into meetings that are not productive the process will quickly fail. Active Involvement: Strategies should be developed that give all stakeholders some active role in the process. Meeting that inspire and promote new ideas

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Keynote Adresses

and solutions will motivate participants to continue to participate in the process and take part in the final solutions. Reward Participation: Not only should participants feel like their participation is resulting in tangible rewards for their organizations, but the leader of the collaborative process should acknowledge all participants’ participation in some way that shows that their work is valued. Case Study 1: U.S. Cooperative for Conserved Forests The state of Florida in the southeastern U.S. is more known for its beaches and amusement parks than for its forests; however, over half of Florida’s land base is forested and a variety of government agencies are working to conserve these forests in the face of increased urban development. In 2007, seven Florida public land management agencies developed a cooperative, known as Conserved Forest Ecosystems: Outreach and Research (CFEOR), under the administration of the School of Forest Resources and Conservation at the University of Florida to collaboratively develop scientific solutions to difficult forest management problems (Kreye, 2012). This collaborative process is particularly successful in showing good two-way communication through biannual steering committee meetings, active outreach and scientific sub-committees, and a bi-weekly newsletter composed of articles written by all CFEOR members. CFEOR struggles by missing a few key elements. Specifically, participants often do not see rewards in their participation. Often CFEOR meetings do not actively result in tangible results for participating members, so it is difficult to maintain consistent participation among agency representatives. Case Study 2: Community-based Conservation In 1985, the Community Baboon Sanctuary (CBS) in Belize was established to protect black howler monkey populations and their forest habitat along the Belize River about 40 miles northeast of Belize City. It is a fairly unique area because the land is entirely privately owned, and is protected through voluntary agreements from the 220 households who live in the area (Wyman

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and Stein, 2010). These agreements are based around two conservation strategies. First, residents who own riparian land were asked to make a pledge to protect the monkey habitat. Second, the communities within the CBS were hoping to capitalize on nature-based tourism to the area, with howler monkeys serving as the main attraction. This required healthy monkey habitat and a commitment from landowners to ensure the habitat is sustained and accessible (Wyman and Stein, 2010). Today, CBS is struggling to ensure healthy livelihoods for residents and simultaneously conserve howler monkey habitat. In terms of the essential elements of collaboration, participants had access to all strategies of the process if they chose (Wyman and Stein, 2010). They also had many opportunities for active involvement. In fact, CBS was close to becoming a model for community based conservation because of the ample opportunities for community residents to both conserve and improve their livelihoods. However, the process was initially conceived and implemented by people outside the community, so there was no true leader of the process. Since this is a unique example of a conserved property not managed by a government agency, community residents had to develop a leader on their own to move through the process. Leadership was inconsistent and often not apparent, so a collaborative process to ensure conservation and tourism practices were sustained never fully developed.

Conclusion As evidenced in these case studies, collaboration is difficult. However, researchers and natural resource managers are continually identifying new strategies and techniques to better integrate people’s diverse needs into natural resource decision-making. All natural resource managers need to understand that collaboration can be a logical solution to many of the issues they work with, but it requires strong and effective science, planning, and management to truly be successful.

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Keynote Adresses

tCitations Kreye, Melissa. 2012. CFEOR Annual Report. University of Florida, School of Forest Resources and Conservation: Gainesville, FL. 16 pp. Gray, Barbara. 1985. Conditions facilitating interorganizational collaboration. Human Relations 38: 912. Steiner, Frederick. 2008. The Living Landscape: An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 470 pp. Wondolleck, Julia M. and Steven L. Yaffee. 2000. Making Collaboration Work: Lessons from Innovations in Natural Resource Management. Island Press: Washington, D.C. 277 pp. Wyman, Miriam and Taylor Stein. 2010. Examining the linkages between community benefits, place-based meanings, and conservation program involvement: A study within the Community Baboon Sanctuary, Belize. Society and Natural Resources 23 (6): 542556.

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PROCEEDINGS of the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference 2013

Concurrent Session A1 Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Contested Landscapes: International Perspectives

Session organizer:

Michael Campbell, Professor and Director Natural Resources, Institute University of Manitoba, Canada.

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

Reconnecting social-ecological systems: biocultural conservation in protected areas Fikret Berkes 1 1

Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada 1

[email protected]

Keywords: biodiversity, cultural diversity, social-ecological systems, indigenous peoples, biocultural conservation Modern society seems to have disconnected itself from nature. Can this process be reversed? Reconnecting humans to the biosphere requires a new social contract for sustainability based on a shift of perception from people and nature seen as separate parts, to interacting, co-evolving and interdependent social-ecological systems. Here I make the argument that we already have working examples of reconnected social and ecological systems to conserve biological and cultural diversity together (i.e., biocultural conservation). Many of these examples involve indigenous groups and are based on indigenous views of sustainability and stewardship. Some of these systems are recognized and supported by formal protected area governance systems, and some are not. These experiences provide valuable lessons on how to involve local communities in the process of conservation. What are some of the alternative conservation pathways embracing a biocultural approach? How can such an approach be adopted, and what policy mechanisms can be used? What are some of the challenges? I use biocultural conservation examples from Canada, Namibia, Mexico, and Colombia to explore these questions, based on ongoing participatory projects at the Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba. These examples show that conservation planning is beginning (a) to deal with multifunctional and/or cultural landscapes; (b) to accommodate multiple objectives of the local people (political, social, cultural, and environmental) and their livelihoods; and (c) to address multi-level governance needs. Canada, Mexico, and Colombia cases show that existing social-

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ecological systems (with people living in and making a livelihood from a protected area) are consistent with conservation. In Namibia, as in most of Africa, longstanding policies exclude people from national parks. However, there are possibilities for re-connecting social-ecological systems in the Namibia case (Etosha National Park) by providing local people access to the Park for specific livelihood needs at specific times that may be made compatible with conservation. Is reconnecting social-ecological systems in protected areas a realistic policy goal? Obviously, this approach cannot be used everywhere. But where communitybased resource management institutions and local stewardship ethics exist, it may be feasible. International conservation is increasingly recognizing the need to involve local communities as conservation partners. At the international level, policy mechanisms to assist biocultural conservation include (1) flexibility under IUCN Category V and VI protected areas; (2) recognition of Indigenous and Community Conserved areas (ICCAs); and (3) recognition of local and indigenous knowledge and ways to combine such knowledge with science. The relatively new IUCN categories V and VI are consistent with biocultural conservation. In fact, Brazilian Extractive Reserves served as the basis for the development of IUCN Category VI protected areas. Conservation in a rapidly changing complex world requires collaborative approaches with partnerships, social/institutional learning and adaptive governance to design finegrained conservation, and stewardship ethics with cultural connections to the land.

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Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Contested Landscapes: International Perspectives

Contested landscapes in Brazilian coast: lessons from two case studies in Santa Catarina Natalia Hanazaki1, Mel Simionato Marques2, Elaine Mitie Nakamura3 1

Laboratório de Ecologia Humana e Etnobotânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas – Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, Brasil. 1

[email protected]

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos, Algas e Plantas. Laboratório de Ecologia Humana e Etnobotânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas – Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, Brasil. 2

2

3

[email protected]

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia. Laboratório de Ecologia Humana e Etnobotânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas – Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, Brasil. 3

[email protected]

Keywords: Protected areas, Atlantic forest, traditional ecological knowledge Introduction One major mechanism of in situ conservation is the creation of protected areas, known in Brazilian context as conservation units. According to Brazilian legislation, these protected areas can be created under different categories, depending on the constraints of resource use. These categories are divided into two major groups: integral protection, which allows only indirect uses, and sustainable use, which allows the direct uses of resources with some restraints. The protected areas are often created in areas where local and traditional people live and/or use the natural resources, relying on some degree of local biodiversity, creating conflicts between the goals of conservation and the livelihoods of these populations (Carrillo and Charvet, 1994; Diegues, 2000). Adding complexity to this scenario, the definition of local or traditional people is not consensual. According to the Federal Decree number 6040 (Brasil, 2007), which establishes the National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Traditional Peoples and Communities, peoples and traditional communities are “culturally diverse groups and who recognize themselves as such, who have their

own forms of social organization, and who occupy and use territories and natural resources as a condition for their cultural, social, religious, ancestral and economic reproduction, using knowledge, innovations and practices generated and transmitted by tradition”. The same law defines traditional territories as the spaces needed for the cultural, social and economic reproduction of traditional peoples and communities, whether they are used on a permanent or temporary basis (Brasil, 2007), thus creating a clear association between traditional peoples or communities and territorial areas which can be delimited, at least in part. The concept of traditional areas can also be related to traditional landscapes ( Johnson and Hunt, 2012) or areas in which the historical and continued use and management through traditional practices have resulted particular features of the landscape. However, given the overlapping uses and interests in the same area, these landscapes may be subject to several conflicts, whether they are (or not) officially declared as traditional territories, protected areas or regarded as traditional landscapes. The existence of contested landscapes is usually known where a protected area is

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

created encompassing parts of a traditional land, when not the whole of it. In this paper we explore two cases where contested landscapes between protected areas and traditional lands are still unsolved. Both cases are from the southern Brazilian coast, in Santa Catarina state. The Brazilian coast is undergoing a process of increasing occupancy, being target of urbanization and real state land speculation. In Santa Catarina, the situation does not differ from the national scenario, and economic interests overlaps the biological conservation goals in threatened ecosystems, and the areas intended for this purpose are scarce. The local and traditional people are also embedded in the context in which, on the one hand, there are strong pressures for economic growth and, on the other, there is the need to protect the environment encompassing these threatened ecosystems. Regarding protected areas, the dispute over territories and rights is observed both in cases of areas created for integral protection, where the establishment of the protected area imposes restrictions on use of land and resources, as in cases of areas for sustainable use, whose creation whose creation must have been under a local initiative. In this paper we use an approach based in the understanding of the ethnoecology and ethnobotany of traditional people in these areas to discuss the contested landscapes. Such approaches allow the understanding of the patterns of use of resources and habitats by local people and the local or traditional knowledge associated with these uses and practices, supporting discussions on the use and conservation by reinforcing the importance of biodiversity conservation combined with social diversity, and adding elements for the controversial discussions about traditional peoples.

The cases studied One of the cases we analyze here is the integral protection area recently created as a measure of environmental compensation due to the installation of a steel company in the municipality of São Francisco do Sul, called Acaraí State Park (Parque Estadual do

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Acaraí). The environmental relevance of this area is unquestionable, but parts of its boundaries include traditional lands used by local people for artisanal fishing, plant harvesting and small-scale farming (Foppa and Medeiros 2011). Although the local people do not live within this area, there are sites related to the history of this community that became inaccessible. The second case analyzed here is related to another area with high environmental relevance, where traditional people also practice small-scale farming and plant harvesting, in the municipality of Imbituba, called Areais da Ribanceira (Hanazaki et al. 2012, Zank and Hanazaki 2012). This area is already within a protection regime through the Environmental Protected Area of the Southern Right Whale (Área de Proteção Ambiental da Baleia Franca). However, this protection regime is not enough to assure the permanence of traditional practices and of the traditional people. Thus, a community-based organization is requesting the creation of another protected area for Sustainable Development (Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Areais da Ribanceira), but with no success due to the economic and political forces in the region (Zank et al. 2012). The areas studied are located in Santa Catarina coast: São Francisco do Sul, at the northern part of the coast, and Imbituba, at the southern-central portion. Both are located in the area of the Atlantic Forest domain and have “restinga” sand dune vegetation between their main ecosystems. The “restinga” is composed mostly of endemic vegetation, which includes herbs, shrubs and small trees in sandy areas under influence of sea salinity (Falkenberg 1999). In São Francisco do Sul there are also important areas of mangroves and a fragile estuarine system. Some socioeconomic characteristics are common to both areas, such as the occupation of the territory by farmers and fishermen, and the historical importance of gardens of cassava (Manihot esculenta) to supply flour mills, being currently an activity in decline across the whole coast. Growing plants for food and medicinal gardens and backyards, as well as the extraction of wild plants are present in both sites, for local consumption. The extraction of species for marketing also occurs in areas of study such as the fern Rumohra adiantiformis in São Francisco

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Conservation and Sustainable Rural Development in Contested Landscapes: International Perspectives

do Sul and the fruits of the palm Butia catarinensis in Imbituba (Figure 1).

a

b

Figure 1: Two important plant resources harvested: a) Rumohra adiantiformis in São Francisco do Sul, and b) fruits

of Butia catarinensis in Imbituba (photos by M.S. Marques and L. Kumagai)

In São Francisco do Sul, the Acaraí State Park, an integral protection area, was created in 2005 and since then there are controversial discussions on the rights of traditional people who live around this protected area. We developed two studies on the use of resources and habitats in the region, seeking to contribute to understanding the relationship between human populations and neighboring protected area. The studies focused on the cultivation and extraction of plant resources (Marques 2013) and in local food resources and habitat uses by the surrounding communities (Nakamura 2013), in three communities surrounding the park – two with urban characteristics, by the seaside, and one with rural characteristics, by the river. We checked some conflicts related to resource use in the region, such as fishing in the Acaraí river and extraction of non-timber forest products such as ferns (Rumohra adiantiformis) and mosses (Sphagnum spp.). A total of 242 plant species are used in the three communities. Most cited plants grown in the surrounding communities were the species of Citrus spp., seasonings such as Petroselinum crispum and Allium fistulosum, and different varieties of Manihot esculenta and Brassica oleracea. Native plants were also harvested, such as Varronia curassavica (for medicine) Eugenia uniflora (for medicine and food), Butia catarinensis (food and crafts), Rumohra adiantiformis (ornamental, harvested with commercial purposes), and Eupatorium cf. inulifolium (medicinal). The

consumption of dairy products, originated from the use of habitats near the houses, and processed products of cassava (Manihot esculenta) also helps to understand the local dependence and use of natural resources. Fishing in the Acaraí river is part of local livelihoods, especially in the community with rural characteristics. The main fish resources are Geophagus brasiliensis, Eugerres brasilianus, Micropogonias furnieri, Centropomus undecimalis and Mugil liza. Fishing for Geophagus brasiliensis is a social activity, which binds local families to the Acaraí river. Different plant resources are used within the environmental mosaic that constitutes the Areais Ribanceira, in Imbituba municipality. According to Hanazaki et al. (2012), these resources include agrobiodiversity (mainly varieties of Manihot esculenta) and native biodiversity (especially Butia catarinensis and medicinal plants). Unlike South San Francisco, agricultural activities are more present and annual planting areas range from 0.5 to 5ha and are used between 6 months to 2 years, with 1-5 years of fallow. We registered 30 varieties of bitter cassava and 15 of sweet cassava (“aipins”), used to feed local families and livestock. We identified 197 species of medicinal plants, many of them harvested from areas of native vegetation. The ethnobotanical studies summarized in Hanazaki et al. (2012) started from a demand from the community, which was already in the process of requesting the establishment of the protected area of sustainable use. The region has intense land conflicts, with diverse interests, such as installing high-impact environmental industries, and also a port property speculation and investments geared to tourism. The organization and coordination of community were identified as facilitators in the process of creating this proposed protected area (Zank et al. 2012).

Contested landscapes The understanding of which local resources are perceived and used is critical to identify potential solutions to rural development, identifying opportunities that can be economically encouraged

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

and other traditional practices that should have their conditions of reproduction ensured. For example, mechanisms to ensure the continued harvested of ferns in the area of Acaraí State Park are mandatory for the permanence of families that depend on this activity. More important, we identified few families depending of such activity, thus a solution need to be directed to these few harvesters, and not for the whole group of inhabitants of the surrounding communities. Understanding the importance of certain resources for local livelihoods also points toward the need for an adjustment to the restrictions imposed by the creation of a protected area, such as in the case of Geophagus brasiliensis seasonal fishing. In the case of Areais da Ribanceira, the intense dependence by the mosaic of environments for agricultural practices can ensure the maintenance of traditional practices that are not guaranteed by the existence of a protected area such as the Environmental Protected Area of the Southern Right Whale. In the region of Acaraí State Park there is already under discussion a term of adjustment of conduct to facilitate the activities of resource extraction by families who traditionally depend on these resources for their livelihoods. There are discussions about changing the category of the park, converting the category of integral protection to sustainable use, which could allow the maintenance of livelihoods of families based on natural resources. The weakness of this solution lies in the characteristic of the region of intense real estate land speculation, which could threaten the interests of conservation of the biodiversity and sociodiversity. The solution proposed by the environmental agency regarding the term of adjustment requires the registration of families that have been shown to depend on the environment, however, this does not guarantee the maintenance of livelihoods of these people indefinitely, since it has an expiration date. The case is ongoing and the outcome is still uncertain. In the case of the Areais Ribanceira, the threat of loss of territory led to local articulation and community organization (Zank et al.) In this location the local people recognizes the importance of community management for local empowerment, and it is quite

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clear that the effective conservation of plant resources and local ecosystems, process initiated by community practices of management of local biodiversity, will only be effective if the traditional territory is assured. For both cases, the understanding of the full array of resources and environments used and traditionally managed is key to perceive and qualify the interaction between local and traditional people and the protected areas. The relationship between traditional people and natural resources historically used is eminent, since it is a condition for their cultural, social, and economic reproduction. Moreover, for both cases, the appreciation of collective identity is central to traditional people be recognized as such. One of the possible actions is to give subsidies to local people so that their self organization capacities are enhanced, which is directly related to their empowerment (DeBoef et al., 2007). By the other hand, the regional drivers towards urbanization to meet the demands of tourism and leisure, and the growing of industrial facilities are key to find (or not) these solutions, especially in this period of Brazilian economic growth.

References Brasil, 2007. Decreto nº 6.040, de 7 de fevereiro de 2007. Institui a Política Nacional de Desenvolvimento Sustentável dos Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais. , accessed March 2013. Carrillo, G.O.; Charvet, P.S. 1994. Areas silvestres protegidas y comunidades locales en America Latina. Santiago: Oficina de la FAO para America Latina y el Caribe, 144 p. De Boef. W. S.; Thijssen, M. H.; Ogliari, J. Bernardi; Sthapit, B. 2007. Biodiversidade e Agricultores: fortalecendo o manejo comunitário. Porto Alegre, RS: L&PM. Diegues, A.C. 2000. Etnoconservação: novos rumos

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para a proteção da natureza nos trópicos. 2 ed. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec/NUPAUB. Falkenberg, D.B. 1999. Aspectos da flora e da vegetação secundária da restinga de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Insula, v. 28, p. 1–30.

Zank, S.; Hanazaki, N.; Assis, A.L.A.A.; Boef, W.; Peroni, N. 2012. Empoderamento de Comunidades Rurais e o Estabelecimento de uma Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável: Estudo de Caso nos Areais da Ribanceira, Imbituba – SC. Biodiversidade Brasileira, v. 2, p. 33-49.

Foppa, C.C.; Medeiros, R.P. 2011. Nosso Acaraí: dinâmica socioecológica e relações territoriais das populações tradicionais da área de entorno do Rio Acaraí, município de São Francisco (SC). Relatório técnico apresentado aos autos da Ação Civil Publica Número: 061.07.009145T6. Ministério Público Estadual/FATMA. Itajaí: UNIVALI, 157 p. Hanazaki, N.; Zank, S.; Pinto, M.C.; Kumagai, L.; Cavechia, L.A.; Peroni, N. 2012. Etnobotânica nos Areais da Ribanceira de Imbituba: Compreendendo a Biodiversidade Vegetal Manejada para Subsidiar a Criação de uma Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Biodiversidade Brasileira, v.2, p. 5064. Johnson, L.M.; Hunt, I.D. 2012. Landscape Ethnoecology: Concepts of Biotic and Physical Space. Oxford, New York: Berghahn Books Marques, M.S. 2013. Pessoas e Plantas no Entorno de Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral: o caso do Parque Estadual Acaraí, São Francisco do Sul, Litoral Norte de SC. Master thesis. Florianópolis: UFSC. Nakamura, E.M. 2013. A dimensão alimentar do nicho ecológico de populações humanas no entorno de unidade de proteção integral: o contexto do Parque Estadual Acaraí, SC. Master thesis. Florianópolis: UFSC. Zank, S.; Hanazaki, N. 2012. Exploring the Links between Ethnobotany, Local Therapeutic Practices, and Protected Areas in Santa Catarina Coastline, Brazil. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (Print), v. 2012, p. 1-15. PROCEEDINGS of the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference 2013

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

New use of an old threatened species triggering conservation and socio-economic improvement in southeastern Brazil Saulo E. X. Franco de Souza1,2, Germano F. Chagas2, Edson Vidal3 1,2,3

ESALQ /Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. 1

[email protected]

Keywords: Atlantic Forest, management, local communities, NTFP. Establishing strictly protected areas has been a common effort for biodiversity conservation. Some reserves have been established upon territories traditionally inhabited for centuries, substantially affecting local livelihoods. Seeking conservation and socio-economic improvement, community based management of non timber forest products (NTFPs) is a sound strategy. One of the most important NTFP resources along the Atlantic Forest of Brazil is the conspicuous palm, Euterpe edulis Martius. Overharvesting and habitat loss led authorities to formally recognize it as endangered twenty years ago. Despite controlling legislation and promotion of a sustained yield system for palm heart production, E. edulis populations are, in general, still fragmented, reduced or isolated. Recently, focus on management systems for fruit production has been considered a new chance to the species, its forests and local livelihoods. We intended to assess if local management systems for E. edulis fruit production could trigger conservation and socio-economic improvement inside and around a strictly protected area in southeastern Brazil. We addressed ecological and social predictors for sustainable management of E. edulis in four local communities associated with Serra do Mar State Park (SMSP). Then, we compared density and fruit yield along a gradient of management intensity and calculated potential income. Our study area lies in northeastern São Paulo State, focusing on communities living inside and surrounding SMSP. One was that of Vargem Grande in Natividade da Serra, next to Santa Virgínia base. The other three were those coastal communities of

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Ubatumirim, Cambury and Fazenda in Ubatuba, lying inside and surrounding Picinguaba base. We performed seven formal and eight informal interviews with key actors, besides participant observation, analysis of experimental management plans and relevant scientific literature. We used Cunningham`s (2001) and Stockdale`s (2005) framework, rating the species` and system`s attributes. Income was estimated from E. edulis population assessments in permanent plots covering 1.91 ha. Density and infructescences number were pooled with mean fruit weight per infructescence (2.8 kg, n=20), mean actual harvesting rate (49%), mean fruit to pulp yield (50%) and price (US$ 5.10/kg) to estimate income. Most ecological attributes assessed (57%) indicated high potential for sustainability. Reproduction mediated by animals and medium to slow growth were the ecological attributes requiring higher input to the system. We found a need for higher input to improve social traits like community cohesion and conflict resolution mechanisms. Presence of defined identity and local knowledge could trigger such improvements. Density of palms averaged 1,116 and 667 ind.ha-1 in low and high intensity regimes, respectively. Strictly protected areas had lower density (461 ind.ha-1; p10

Distance (km)

Fig 1 Distance of respondent’s home to the OD in relation to WTP

Perceptions of landscape and imagining a protected area The mosaic metaphor provides a pleasing image of heterogeneity and incorporation of different interests, yet in reality reflects oppositional and superimposed claims to land. This opposition is based in different perceptions of human-nature relationships and the consequently dissimilar ways of seeing the landscape, resulting in “cultural parallax,” a “difference in views between those who are actively participating in the dynamics of the habitats within their home range and those who view those habitats as ‘landscape’ from the outside” (Gary Nabhan, in Parajuli, 2001). In imagining the “environment,” Luke (1995) describes a process of “environing,” an encircling act that demarcates the protected area territory but that is also the first disciplining act on the landscape. The protected area is transformed into a Foucauldian milieu, in which the “naturalness” of the human species becomes problematic within the “political artifice of power relations” viewing the landscape from outside (Foucault, 2007[1978]).

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Residents hold what Ingold (1993) would describe as a “dwelling perspective” of place, in which “the landscape is constituted as an enduring record of—and testimony to—the lives and works of past generations who have dwelt within it, and in so doing, have left there something of themselves.” In contrast to the globalized imagining of landscape, in which biological hotspots become the common property of all mankind, the local one is experiential and historical, with agriculture an integral component of the life-process that shapes and is shaped by environment. A frequent refrain is, “I was born here, brought up here…”, and cultural histories are written on the landscape in the form of former swiddens and old garden sites. When describing the landscape, residents stress that “it was all roça (swidden/garden plot),” that “it was already conserved,” and that “in the past, we were healthy and there was an abundance.” Though a distinction between human areas and forest is made, at the landscape level and across time, these boundaries are less apparent. In addition to referring to the forest as “already preserved,” residents also believe that some degree of protection is necessary and describe their traditional practices as “sustainable” and as a type of traditional “management.” By borrowing conservationist language to articulate their relationships with nature, residents attempt to politically legitimatize practices through use of contemporary terminology, demonstrating the process through which actors come to incorporate each other’s discourses.

Swidden agriculture and traditional identity Swiddening in a protected area In 1992, the EEJI administration began allowing swidden cultivation by permit, though residents complain that the process of obtaining the permit is so time consuming that it precludes any functional farming. Most restrictive, from their perspective, are limitations concerning where and what they can cut to establish a new roça based on the Brazilian Forest Code and federal environmental laws specific to the

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Atlantic Forest, which also apply to farmers outside of the EEJI. In some areas, these restrictions have resulted in shortened fallow periods (from 15 or more years to 1 or 2) and decreased production, as forest considered optimal for swidden locations is now off-limits and degraded sites are farmed repeatedly. Caiçara swiddens were formerly characterized by a high degree of crop diversity, with manioc (Manihot esculenta) as the staple crop, though agrobiodiversity is currently declining (Peroni and Hanazaki, 2002). Farmers interviewed for this study currently cultivate a total of about thirteen manioc varieties, both sweet and bitter, which vary by community; however, all cultivation ceased in Praia do Una during the ban on swidden agriculture, and several manioc varieties were lost. Today, what exactly is permitted under authorized swiddening is unclear, and practices such as burning must be argued for. To authorize a swidden, a forestry technician accompanies a farmer to the site he wishes to cultivate, marking the location with GPS and issuing a permit showing clearly defined roça boundaries, but ultimate decision-making authority is removed from the farmer. When speaking of agriculture, several residents asserted that “the traditional person has to live from the roça,” and that “we live more like Indians than Indians.” This acknowledgement of the indigenous origins of their agriculture was stated both humorously and in resentful recognition of the more clearly defined rights of indigenous peoples in Brazil. Caiçaras find it ironic that they are the ones struggling for the right to practice swidden agriculture, while their indigenous neighbors have largely abandoned agricultural practices for the more lucrative endeavor of palm heart extraction. By law, indigenous peoples may extract a limited amount of certain forest products, a privilege denied caiçaras. These extractive privileges are illogical to caiçaras, as in their eyes they are the true practitioners of “sustainable” resource management. In this light, swidden agriculture becomes a central element in defining a “correct” way of living on the land, rather than profiting solely from wild forest products. Residents assert that illegal extraction and hunting worsened after the creation of the EEJI,

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as the transfer of their lands to the public domain has delegitimized their claims and former community boundaries. Rather than keep out extractors, as intended, the boundary of the EEJI made another boundary—that of community territory—easier to cross. Problems of “traditional” The designation “traditional” has been used as a tool of marginalization (Schmink, Redford, and Padoch, 1992), to stake claims to land by traditional peoples, and, more recently, as a category of rights holders (Castro et al., 2006; SNUC, Federal Law no. 9.985/2000, Articles 4.XIII and 5.X). Additionally, the discourse of “traditional”—the assumption that traditional populations are good stewards of their resources, or that they exist in a static state—has important political implications and can obfuscate heterogeneous characteristics of communities (Dove, 2006); describing a community as traditional or indigenous is a political as much as cultural designation (Castro et al., 2006; Li, 2000). For example, the traditional practice of swidden agriculture has been paradoxically associated with both deep ecological knowledge of and adaptation to the forest and with degradation of the forest and maladaption to modern land-use change (Diegues, 1994; Castro et al., 2006). Both “culture” and “identity” are uncertain concepts, resisting definition. Culture has been conceptualized as a context in which actions and symbols can be interpreted (Geertz, 1973) and emergent or as a process (Williams, 1973), while identity—fluid, negotiable, and often wielded as a powerful political tool—is questioned as a working analytical category due to its ambiguity (Brubaker and Cooper, 2000). Claims to cultural authenticity can be used both to marginalize and to make claims about land and rights. They are also ways that local people seek to define themselves in a modern context, though the very existence of something called “traditional identity” is predicated on its contextualization within modernity (Hirtz, 2003). Rather than a “fixed ground from which…actions follow,” identity is the “product of articulation” in the process of positioning (Stuart Hall, in Li, 2007).

Although Brazilian legal definitions of traditional people address dependency on natural resources (Decree 6.040/07, article 3, paragraph 1 in Creado et al., 2008), residents may resent outside impositions of identity as defined by bureaucrats or anthropologists. Smith (1999) refers to such impositions as “legislated identities,” which do not place decision-making about identity and about change in the hands of those being defined. Within the EEJI, where residents are categorized as “traditional,” “old arrivals,” and “recent arrivals,” legislated identities are operative on a daily basis, influencing decisions about resource use. Traditional people are caught in a delicate balance of presenting themselves as civilized but not too civilized, desiring development but only as long as it is “sustainable,” noble in their traditionality but repressed enough to warrant the compassionate attention of potential allies. According to one resident, “We should do away with this traditional, not traditional, and just be considered a community. We all depend on each other, this place depends a lot on what is not traditional. The communities don’t make this distinction, the government does (resident of Despraiado, personal communication). Furthermore, local residents hired as park guards may re-imagine traditional practices, and thus their association with traditional identity, as environmentally incorrect through their experiences of supervising residents’ resource management. Park guards are put in the clearly difficult position of monitoring their own communities but often will avoid inspecting their immediate neighbors and own family if possible, making seemingly contradictory personal and official choices (Vasan, 2002). One informant described the hiring of local residents as park guards as an intentional strategy of the government to divide communities, and resentment towards those able to procure employment with the reserve is high. Conclusion: Approaching adaptive co-management? In and around the Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins, differing perceptions of landscape, employment of the

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concept of “traditional,” the association of identity with agricultural practices, and on-the-ground complexity of monitoring result in daily negotiation over resource use. The combination of legislation that acknowledges rights of traditional people, flexibility and confusion in local governance, and ongoing resistance by local people has resulted in the continued inhabitation of many protected areas created on traditional lands. Insufficient enforcement of environmental laws due to lack of resources is commonly cited as the main obstacle to conservation efforts, but park guards and the Environmental Police exert substantial energy monitoring small agriculturalists, which forces residents to continuously articulate their right to manage resources. Though human habitation within ecological stations is technically illegal, the administration has established locally “official” conditions under which people can not only reside within the station, but also practice swidden agriculture. Thus, in one sense, the imperfect discipline within the EEJI may contribute to the preservation of traditional practices by providing the physical and quasi-legal space for the agriculture to occur and by providing a forum in which day-to-day practices are negotiable. However, the government confines agriculture to authorized locations, limiting its practice to a form not considered truly traditional by residents. While protected area boundaries and traditionality are usefully dichotomizing by preventing large-scale commercialization and development, actor positionality and day-to-day negotiations result in the continual construction and reconstruction of these concepts. Restricting traditionality and traditional resource management to government-defined visions will not be conducive to the adaptive co-management of protected areas to which actors should aspire. Berkes, Colding, and Folke (2000) describe traditional knowledge as a “knowledge-practice-belief complex,” utilizing adaptive management systems which emphasize feedback learning and acknowledge uncertainty and unpredictability, and in which management for processes enables communities to “monitor, interpret,

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and respond to dynamic changes in ecosystems.” Exemplified by the successional management of swidden agriculture, adaptive management of resources is part of the adaptive co-management of social and ecological systems (SES). Adaptive co-management systems are “flexible community-based systems of resource management tailored to specific places and situations and supported by, and working with, various organizations at different levels” (Olsson, Folke, and Berkes, 2004), with SES conceived of as nested, moving through adaptive cycles across space and time at various scales and speeds, with disturbance regimes inherent (Holling et al., 1998; Gunderson and Holling, 2002), or as “multiple subsystems” (resource systems, resource units, governance systems, and users) that “interact to produce outcomes at the SES level” (Ostrom, 2009). In the cases of Praia do Una and Despraiado, these cycles have manifested, for example, as political change (periods of prohibition of agriculture), which had direct effects on agro-ecological systems, biocultural knowledge, and claims to identity. Residents’ resilience was tested, and crises drove adaptations—political and social—that may increase resilience in the face of future change (Begossi 1998; Holling et al., 1998). Begossi (1999) describes the lesser degree of political and thus larger-scale engagement of caicaras when compared with caboclos. However, the selforganization into associations and political action of the residents of Juréia seeking to increase horizontal and vertical linkages demonstrates an exception to this observation. Olsson, Folke, and Berkes (2004) identify vision, leadership, and trust as essential elements in the self-organizing process undertaken by communities in adaptive co-management systems. Additionally, flexible institutions and organizations are crucial to adaptive approaches. Following this characterization, elements for adaptive co-management are in place in and around the EEJI: caiçaras are increasingly engaging in interregional collaboration (coordenação nacional caiçaras) and political debate, and the reinstatement of the RDS in Juréia creates the “social space” (Olsson, Folke, and Berkes, 2004) for community-based ecosystem

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management. The current reality of traditional life in the coastal Atlantic Forest is testing the connections between practice and place and forcing re-articulations of identity. While many ex-residents continue to struggle to regain appropriated lands in the hopes of returning, over a generation of living away from the forest has resulting in an extraordinary loss of environmental knowledge. Whether or not the connection to land remains in the absence of practice, and if swidden agriculture will continue to form an important component of caiçara or traditional identity, remain to be seen.

References Begossi, A. 1998. Resilience and neotraditional populations: The caiçaras of the Atlantic forest and caboclos of the Amazon (Brazil). In Berkes, F. and Folke, C. (eds.). Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 129-157.

concepts of tradition and property rights in the conservation of natural resources in the Atlantic Forest (Brazil). Ambiente e Sociedade 9:23-39. Creado, E.S.J., Mendes, A.B.V., Ferreira, L.d.C., and de Campos, S.V. 2008. Between “traditional” and “moderns”: Negotiations of rights in two protected areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Ambiente e Sociedade 4. Diegues, A.C. 1994. O Mito Moderno da Natureza Intocada (The Modern Myth of Untouched Nature). Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa sobre Populações Humanas e Áreas Úmidas BrasileriasUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. Dove, M.R. 2006. Indigenous peoples and environmental politics. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:191208. Foucault, M. 2007 [1978]. 11 January 1978. Chapter 1 In Senellart, M. (ed.). Michel Foucault: Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978. Picador, New York, pp 1-27.

Begossi, A. 1999. Scale of interactions of Brazilian populations (Caiçaras and Caboclos) with resources and institutions. Human Ecology Review 6:1-7. Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Folke, C. 2000. Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10:12511262.

Geertz, C. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books, New York.

Brubaker, R. and Cooper, F. 2000. Beyond “identity.” Theory and Society 29:1-47.

Hirtz, F. 2003. It takes modern means to be traditional: on recognizing indigenous cultural communities in the Philippines. Development and Change 34:887914.

Carvalho, M.C.P. de and Schmitt, A. 2010. Laudo histórico e antropológico (historical and anthropological report). Technical report for the identification of traditional families in the Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins, contracted by the Forestry Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil. Castro, F. de, Siqueira, A.D., Brondízio, E.S. and Ferreira, L.C. 2006. The use and misuse of the

Gunderson, L.H. and Holling, C.S. (eds.). 2002. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press, Washington, DC.

Holling, C.S., Berkes, F. and Folke, C. 1998. Science, sustainability and resource management. In Berkes, F. and Folke, C. (eds.). Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 342362.

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Gunderson, L.H. and Holling, C.S. (eds.). Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press, Washington, DC., pp 147-170.

Ingold, T. 1993. The temporality of the landscape. World Archaeology 25:152-174. Laverty, S.M. 2003. Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2:Article 3. Li, T.M. 2000. Articulating indigenous identity in Indonesia: resource politics and the tribal slot. Comparative Studies in Society and History 42:149-179. Li, T.M. 2007. Introduction: The will to improve. In The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Duke University Press, Durham, pp 1-30. Luke, T.W. 1995. On environmentality: Geo-power and eco-knowledge in the discourses of contemporary environmentalism. Cultural Critique 31:57-81. Olsson, P., Folke, C., and Berkes, F. 2004. Adaptive co-management for building resilience in socialecological systems. Environmental Management 34:75-90. Ostrom, E. 2009. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325:419-422. Parajuli, P. 2001. Learning from ecological ethnicities: toward a plural political ecology of knowledge. In Grim, J. (ed.). Indigenous Traditions and Ecology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 559-590.

Sanches, R.A. 2001. Caiçara communities of the southeastern coast of São Paulo State (Brazil): Traditional activities and conservation policy for the Atlantic Rain Forest. Human Ecology Review 8:52-64. Schmink, M., Redford, K. H., and Padoch, C. 1992. Traditional peoples and the biosphere: Framing the issues and defining the terms. In Redford, K.H. and Padoch, C. (eds). Conservation of Neotropical Forests: Working from Traditional Resource Use. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 3-10. Smith, L.T. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. Zed Books Ltd, London. Vasan, S. 2002. Ethnography of the forest guard: contrasting discourses, conflicting roles and policy implementation. Economic and Political Weekly 37:4125-4133. West, P., Igoe, J. and Brockington, D. 2006. Parks and people: The social impacts of protected areas. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:251-277. Williams, R. 1973. Base and superstructure in Marxist cultural theory. New Left Review 82:3-16.

Peroni, N. and Hanazaki, N. 2002. Current and lost diversity of cultivated varieties, especially cassava, under swidden cultivation systems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 92:171-183. Pritchard Jr., L. and Sanderson, S.E. 2002. The dynamics of political discourse in seeking sustainability. In

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Environment History and Education: Linking people and institutions to nature Douglas de Souza Pimentel1, Ana Angélica Monteiro de Barros2 1

Professor Rio de Janeiro State University, Fluminense Federal University 1

2

[email protected]

Professor Rio de Janeiro State University

Keywords: Environmental history, Environmental education, Serra da Tiririca State Park, Itaipu Archaeological Museum. Introduction This paper is an evaluation that starts from biologists’ point of view. But, citing Drummond (1991), many natural scientists pointed out that the full understanding of human societies depends on the studies of its interactions with the natural environment. Considering this, interdisciplinarity is a basic premise of Environmental History research and Environment Education activities developed nearby the Serra da Tiririca State Park (PESET – Niterói/Maricá, RJ) and the Archaeological Museum of Itaipu (MAI – Niterói, RJ). Therefore, from this perspective, such activities seek to balance fragmented and sometimes, oversimplified visions (LEIS, 1995) in order to broadly address the socio-environmental issues, enabling the full understanding of nature’s dynamics under the influence of human activities over time. Thus, this paper aims to describe some actions and approaches in socio-environmental research that could contribute to the construction of this broader vision and the rapprochement of these institutions to local communities.

Development The Environmental History as a tool to reach environmental broader comprehension The Environmental History is a part of History that

has been structured since the early 1970s, when the theoretical basis for understanding the landscape as a historical document begin to be established (DRUMMOND, 1991; HUGHES, 2006; WOSTER, 1991). Therefore, this discipline considers the environment as a synergic agent in human history on the planet (WOSTER, 1991). Thus, Drummond (1991:5/8) indicates a number of characteristics of Environmental History studies. Such analyses constantly dialogue with Biology and Ecology and generally cover areas with some natural identity and reciprocal influences in the use of resources. There are a wide variety of sources from written documents to people’ reports. In these studies, fieldwork is an essential condition for this historical reading of the human marks in landscapes. So, these studies cover the ecosystem dynamics in the past and relations with the socioeconomic domain, as well as environmental changes caused by human actions. In addition, the Environmental History also focuses on thought structures of human societies on the natural world (Hughes, 2006; WOSTER, 1991). Therefore, such discipline depends on an interdisciplinary vision and still is structuring its concepts. Raising environmental awareness The process of raising environmental awareness encompasses perception and emotion in a gradient that generates differences in attitudes toward the nature, which

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ends up becoming a field of symbolic representations (TUAN, 1983). Those are built from the way someone perceives the world subjectively. Perception is the way we look at the world and the values are projected onto it. The perception also carries a strong cultural component that depends on beliefs, experiences, traditions, ideas and socioeconomic contexts (TUAN, 1983; Younes; GARAY, 2006). Under this cultural bias, the Environmental History brings the capacity on critical analyses of environmental changes over space and time and allows broader discussions about the relationship between society and the environment. Therefore, the individual stories and local changes in space are valued and that knowledge becomes important for the Environmental Education process. Public use in Protected Areas The Brazilian parks are protected areas (PA) where the main focus is the ecosystems’ conservation and only the indirect use of resources is allowed, generally related to its visitation (BRASIL, 2002). Environmental Education, in turn, is an integrated part of public use. Such educational process represents an activity provided by law for all protected areas, often related as a tool to enable ecotourism and parks management. So, the term public use is adopted by official agencies linked to the management of protected natural areas in Brazil and can be defined as the usufruct enjoyed by the PA’s public user, whether recreationist, tourist, educator or researcher (MAGRO, 1999). The activities of public use and environmental education could be considered as a long-term investment in environmental conservation and basic premise of the ecotourism’s role in protecting biodiversity. Thus, environmental education, associated with ecotourism, catalyzes a deeper reflection on the individual values to foster environmentally responsible behavioral change, reconnecting people to the natural environments. It should also stimulate a more comprehensive view of the environmental problems, assisting in understanding the social, economic and political complexities involved in ecosystems, besides encouraging individual and collective participation (SILVA; COSTA NETO, 2007; Vasconcellos, 2006).

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The Archaeological Museum of Itaipu (MAI) has a strong relationship with the Serra da Tiririca State Park (PESET) and the integrated institutional actions can help foster recognition of the region peculiarities, thus raising awareness of local environmental issues, creating an institutional link to the surrounding communities. According to Pimentel (2008) the historical issues related to the region development and specifically to the PESET are valued by the inhabitants of the neighborhoods of Niteroi and Maricá municipalities. Selles and Abreu (2002) conducted Environmental Education activities with teachers from nine local schools, using the rich local historical record, as generator theme to develop new environmental perceptions. The authors concluded that the integration between history and biology was essential to this process. Currently, there are investments to structure the “Paths of Darwin” in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Charles Darwin visit the study region in XIX century) and specifically in PESET. Thus, historical fact can help management to build a greater appreciation of the Park by the public. In fact, interdisciplinary projects involving natural and social history of the region are important in this context and the MAI and PESET represent an excellent locus to these activities. Such projects are being developed with public funds by Interdisciplinary Environmental Study Group (GEIA) of Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ). History of the Serra da Tiririca State Park’s institutionalization The park’s management involves different social and biological scales. Conflicts were and are catalyzed when parks are created and explanation for this goes back to the practical application of a conservation vision, as well as some difficulty in expanding the park management to consider the relations maintained with society. In this sense, research on the social perception about the parks and their management falls within the perspective of Environmental History, considering the intangible of human relationships with nature (HUGHES, 2006, WOSTER, 1991). It should also be considered that the parks occupy a conceptual space that takes a referential of nature

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(Watson, 2000). They can be analyzed through the prism of nature’s social construction (WEST; Igoe; Brockington, 2006). Still considering an interdisciplinary view, the establishment of PAs can be focused by the construction of the identity of a regional space. So for, management must be given under three conceptual axes: a) the territorial form legally established; b) the institutional form that is responsible for the perpetuation and control of space and c) the symbolic forms related to the people’s perception and action about space (PIMENTEL; MAGRO, 2012). Thus, the study of perceptions about the parks embraces the attributes proposed by Freitas (2005) to intersect the human geography and history’ points of view, as these visions include three sets of questions related with the biological and ecological attributes of a geographic space, the socio-economic domain, modes of production, institutions and politics as well as the perceptions and values assigned by individuals to the parks. The Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (Peset), which separates the cities of Niterói and Maricá, (Rio de Janeiro - Brazil), was deployed in a massive covered by Atlantic Forest that penetrates the continent towards SW/NE, almost perpendicular to the shoreline. This region is characterized by a rich social and environmental history (Barros et al., 2003). The Park’s name is related to the passage of mule trains along a path filled with plant “tiririca” (Cyperus) (Barros et al., 2010), also used by Darwin in April 1832. The naturalist noted in his journals (p.70) that: “After passing through some cultivated country, we entered a forest which in the grandeur of all its parts could not be exceeded [...]” The PESET was created in 1991 under the auspices of a major mobilization of social groups in the region. Environmentalists who individually or with the establishment of NGOs and residents’ associations, acted politically in order to preserve the massif region of Serra da Tiririca by the constitution of a State Park. Since the 1950s, several real estate companies sought land in the region. This turns out to promote popular mobilization that resulted in a Civil Public Action, the first in Brazil

to instigate the state administration to effectively assume the Park’s conservation (BARROS et al., 2003). However, the inefficient performance of the former Forests’ State Institute (IEF) and current Environmental’ State Institute (INEA), as representative of Park’s administration, amplifies its image of “paper park”. This negative perception is mainly catalyzed by the 16year period of PESET’s uncertainty about its limits. Only in 1993 the boundaries of the “study area” were established. The state administration expected that the definitive limits could be established trough democratic consultation. In 1999, the IEF composed a second Commission, which was constituted under protests of manipulation and lack of transparency (VALLEJO, 2005). In 2001 the discussions were ceased and the proposed new boundaries, approved. However, only in September 2007, the definitive, but not actual limits were sanctioned. Considering this, this Park is an important example of how social and political interactions can influence the conservation efforts in different manners. To illustrate this, the PESET’s limits were recently expanded with the inclusion of Peça’s Hill, the Father, Mother and Girl Islands, the surroundings of Itaipu Lagoon and 90% of Darcy Ribeiro Ecological Reserve’s area. Which will in turn, amplify the administrative problems. The PESET’s Institutional Sphere has been marked by lawsuits to undermine the government in effective conservation, but this history about boundaries definitions guided the legal dimension of the Park. In the end, with the sanction of the definitive limits of the Park, a liability related to the traditional people of Serra da Tiririca, was left. Two legal instruments sought to guarantee their right to remain and use areas of the park (RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007). In the symbolic sphere, the Park represents the good and the bad of the relationship between people and protected areas. However, while an institutionalized space, much of bad is related to administrative problems of INEA. The public administration did not build an image of Park with social significance. The positive relationships are

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represented by popular demand for the Park’s creation, which is a history of social and environmental struggle and constant vigilance (PIMENTEL; MAGRO, 2011). The study of this socio-environmental process is framed by Environmental History. The point to note is that although the political and administrative problems have scratched the PESET’s image, knowing its story allows highlighting the positive aspects of the relationship between Park and society, for its better social integration. Those who do not have this historical view can be informed by Environmental Education programs. These should be broader than just environmental interpretation activities encompassing the region’s occupation and the process of space’s institutionalization into a park. So, the Environmental History knowledge is also important to park’s administration. The Environmental History as a basic tool for Environmental Education activities The Environmental Education concept, established in 1977 on Tbilisi Environmental Education Intergovernmental Conference, encompass important parameters such as promoting understanding of economic, social, political and ecological interdependence and acquisition of knowledge, values and new attitudes to improve environment quality. This concept’s basis acknowledges that Environmental Education is a process that seeks to understand the interrelationships between humans and the biophysical environment. Furthermore, they emphasize the importance of encouraging decisionmaking, ethics as a central issue and quality of life’s improvements through the understanding of the environment as a space of continuous modifications, whose anthropocentric influences are better understood in a historical context (DIAS, 2003; UNESCO, 1998). In Brazil, this discussion process also starts from the 1970s, but only gets larger public dimension in the 1980s. The 1988 Federal Constitution establishes the promotion of environmental education as a responsibility of the Government. The PRONEA (National Environmental Education Program - 1994) aimed the issue’s consolidation as a public policy. In 1999 it was published the law establishing the “National Policy

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on Environmental Education”, which reinforces the view that this educational process should take place in a coordinated manner in formal and non-formal spaces (LOUREIRO; AZAZIEL; FRANCA, 2003; LOUREIRO, 2004). The goal of this section is to report the activities of the project “Monitoring and Diagnosis of Itaipu Lagoon Health and Fisheries Resources” of Environmental Education Program (PEA) performed at the Itaipu Archaeological Museum in partnership with the Interdisciplinary Environment Study Group (GEIA), based on the text of Fernandes, Pimentel and Ferreira (2011). The MAI has its headquarters in remaining ruins of Recolhimento de Santa Teresa, dating from the eighteenth century (SILVA; MOLINA, 2010). This Museum is a institution currently linked to the Brazilian Institute of Museums (IBRAM), an agency of the Ministry of Culture. It is inserted in the middle of several archeological sites and the ecosystem complex of Itaipu, which includes beaches, dunes, rocky shores and the Atlantic Forest. Portions of these formations are protected by the PESET. Thus, the MAI can be seen as a non-formal educational space, however well qualified for the promotion of Environmental Education as it emphasizes interdisciplinary actions, expanding their role beyond their institutional walls, involving and stimulating the local population. The students of the Municipal College Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis participated on different activities. Thus, the process of teaching and learning can be investigated, becoming a study’s object about what happens in the formal and non-formal educational spaces. Accordingly, it is intended to generate criticism from local environmental issues, fostering a process of collective reflection-action (FRANCO, 2005). Activities are held since the year 2010. The workshops happen weekly in and around the MAI. Such activities carried out in the surroundings stimulate discussion on socio-environmental relations, and count on the collaboration of local social actors. The actions are

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organized in six stages developed continuously.

the changing profile of the natural terrain is prohibited.

The workshops utilized various teaching tools allowing, such as PESET’s trail visits, landscape observations and fishery measurements, to holistically address the environmental issues in the region. These observations were deployed in a similar study in the region of PESET (MEIRELLES; PIMENTEL, 2008). The project encourages community participation that extended to other activities such as Museum exhibitions, the “National Museums Week” and “Environment Week”. The MAI is an important institution that seeks to support and define your goals in strengthening their relationship with communities, highlighting the local region’s socioenvironmental interactions across the cultural and historical context of occupation in the Oceanic Region of Niterói.

The focus of this discussion is based on the use of the restinga’s fruits by the fishermen’s community. Fourteen residents were interviewed, aged from 50 to 91 years old. Twenty four species were reported by residents, and the majority cited Myrtaceae family. This family is one of the main fluminense’s restinga representatives with higher species richness (ARAUJO, 2000). The main used fruit was Cambui (Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg), consumed directly as food or inserted into local cachaça bottles to flavor the drink. The collected data exemplify the cultural wealth of the Caiçara population that must be preserved as much as the restinga. The cultural relationships with the Maricá Restinga’s ecosystem, reinforces the need for a conservation plan that brings together the environment features and local culture.

Traditional Knowledge and the Biological Diversity Brazilian coastal ecosystems have suffered the consequences of a disorderly human occupation in recent years. Thus, most relations between mankind and environment are still unknown, especially in restinga’s environment. The appropriation of natural resources implies the construction of a new environment, which expresses the culture of a particular community. In this sense, the history of humanity is closely allied to the domestication and use of plants for food, medicine, construction material or habitat for game animals (WOSTER, 1991). Plants represent a crucial role in the survival of human kind. In this way, the research with traditional knowledge is important to know the use of the biological diversity. An example is the study realized with the fishermen’s community of Vila de Zacarias that occupies the region about 200 years, using natural resources for survival. Actualy this area is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Maricá, located in the municipality of Maricá (RJ, Brazil) and created by State Decree 7230 of 23 April 1984 with a total area of 8.3 km2 (PEREIRA et al. 2001). The decree included part of the lagoon and the surrounding area of Maricá and the subdivision of land for urban purposes, deforestation, removal of local vegetation characteristic, hunting, trapping animals and

Nearby the MAI there is also the opportunity to prospect this traditional knowledge primordially constructed by the local fisherman population. In fact, many participant students are from this community and learn to valorize this historic way to look and to relate with the environment.

Final Thoughts The Environmental History has as integrator axis the search for a broader view of environmental issues. The construction of this vision depends on an interdisciplinary process that considers environmental awareness as a prerequisite for people to pay attention to the occurring changes in their surroundings. The MAI, like PESET and others nearby Protected Areas are integrators of environmental issues in the Oceanic Region of Niterói and Maricá, since they offer the possibility of critical observation of the locally relationship between society and environment. In the Park’s case, the story of its creation is highly valued by the population and the process of institutionalization of regional spaces can be configured as an important object of study in history. Both are institutions that seek to approximate the surrounding population and

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Environmental History appears as an important tool for Environmental Education, whose activities can foster interdisciplinary comprehensive discussions of environmental issues in these non-formal educational spaces. This aspect fits importantly in the basic guidelines of the Environmental Education proposals. But integrating the activities of these institutions, together with formal spaces offered by local schools represent a unique opportunity to develop an educational process for the formation of full ecologically aware citizens, capable of a critical discussion on environmental issues. References Araujo, D. S. D. 2000. Análise florística e fitogeográfica das restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Barros, A. A. M.; Sathler, E. B; Conceição, M. C. F.; Pimentel, D. S. 2003. Aspectos Ambientais e legais da Conservação do Córrego dos Colibris no Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca. In: SIMPÓSIO DE ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS: CONSERVAÇÃO NO ÂMBITO DO CONE SUL, 2., 2003, Pelotas, Anais... Pelotas: Laboratório de Manejo e Conservação Ambiental, v. 1, p.390 – 397. Barros, A. A. M.; Pimentel, D. S. 2010. Transformações ambientais e sociais aliadas à história de ocupação da Mata Atlântica no litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro: o caso do Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca e arredores. In: NODANI, E. S.; GERHARDT, M.; MORETTO, S. P. (Orgs.). Simpósio internacional de história ambiental e migrações. Anais... Florianópolis, LABINHA, UFSC, p. 797-818. Brasil. Lei nº 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000. Institui o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza SNUC. Brasília: IBAMA, Diretoria de Ecossistemas, 2002. 35 p.

práticas. São Paulo: Ed. Gaia, 551 p. Drummond, J.A. 1991. História Ambiental: Temas, Fontes e linhas de pesquisa. Estudos Históricos. v.4, n.8, p.177-197. Fernades, R.; Pimentel, D.S.; Ferreira, M. de S. A Educação Ambiental como mediadora na diluição de fronteiras institucionais. In: Seabra, G.; Mendonça I. (Org.). Educação Ambiental: Responsabilidade para a conservação da sociobiodiversidade. João Pessoa: Editora Universitária da UFPB. 2011. p. 1461-1469. Franco, M. A. S. 2005. Pedagogia da pesquisa-ação. Educação e Pesquisa. v.31, n..3, p. 483-502. Freitas, I.A. 2005. História de uma floresta, geografia de seus habitantes. In: Oliveira, r.r. (Org.). As marcas do homem na floresta: história ambiental de um trecho urbano de Mata Atlântica. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. PUC-Rio, cap. 1, p. 37-50. Hughes, D. J. 2006. What is environmental history? Cambridge: Polity Press. 180p. Leis, H.R. 2005. Sobre o conceito de interdisciplinaridade. Cadernos de pesquisa interdisciplinar em ciências humanas. n.73, p.2-23. Loureiro, C.F.B.; AZAZIEL, M.; FRANCA, N. 2003. Educação ambiental e gestão participativa em unidades de conservação. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: IBAMA, 44 p. Loureiro, C.F.B. 2004. Educação ambiental e gestão participativa na explicitação e resolução de conflitos. Gestão em Ação, Salvador, v. 7, n. 1, p. 1-16, jan./abr.

Darwin, C. (1809-1882). 2008. O diário do Beagle. Curitiba: Ed. UFPR, 526p.

Magro, T.C. 1999. Impactos do Uso Público em uma trilha no Planalto do Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. 1999. 135p. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Florestal) - Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. Universidade de São Paulo. São Carlos.

Dias, G.F. 2003. Educação ambiental: princípios e

Meireles, C. P.; Pimentel, D. S. 2008. A Educação

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Ambiental como mediadora na mudança de percepção sobre o Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (Niterói/Marica - RJ). In I ENCONTRO CIENTÍFICO DO PARQUE ESTADUAL DA SERRA DA TIRIRICA. Anais... Universidade Federal Fluminense. Niterói-RJ. p.43-49. Pereira, M. C. A.; Araujo, D. S. D.; Pereira, O. J. 2001. Estrutura de uma comunidade arbustiva da restinga de Barra de Maricá - RJ. Revista Brasileira de Botânica. v. 24, n. 3, p. 273-281. Pimentel, D. S. Os parques de papel e o papel social dos parques. 2008. 254 p. Tese (Doutorado em Conservação de Ecossistemas Florestais) - Instituto de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2008. Pimentel, D.S. ; Magro, T. C. 2011. The symbolic sphere and social representations of Serra da Tiririca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sociedade & Natureza (UFU. Online), v. 23, p. 275-283. Pimentel, D. S.; Magro, T. C. 2012. Múltiplos olhares, muitas imagens: o manejo de parques com base na complexidade social. GEOgraphia (UFF), v. 2011, p. 92-113. Rio de Janeiro (Estado). Lei nº 5079 de 03 de setembro de 2007. Dispõe sobre o perímetro definitivo do Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, criado pela Lei Estadual nº 1.901/91, localizado entre os Municípios de Niterói e Maricá. Diário Oficial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 04 set. 2007. Página inicial. Republicado no Diário Oficial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 05 set. 2007 e 27 set. 2007. Selles, S.E.; Abreu, M. 2002. Darwin na Serra da Tiririca. Caminhos entrecruzados entre a biologia e a história. Revista Brasileira de Educação, Rio de Janeiro, n. 20, p. 5-22, jun./ago. Silva, N.P.S.; Costa Neto A.R. 2008. A educação ambiental como instrumento de sensibilização turística em unidades de conservação. 3. ed. Revista

Eletrônica Aboré, Manaus, 2007. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 27 mar. 2008. Silva, S. M.; Molina, E. 2010. São Gonçalo no século XIX. Niterói (RJ): Nitpress, 109pp. Tuan, Y. 1983. Espaço e lugar: a perspectiva da experiência. São Paulo: Ed. DIFEL, Difusão Editorial, 250 p. Unesco. 1998. Educação ambiental: as grandes orientações da Conferência de Tbilisi. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis, 154 p. Vasconcellos, J.M. 2006. Educação e interpretação ambiental em unidades de conservação. Cadernos de Conservação, Curitiba, v. 3, n. 4, 86 p. dez. Vallejo, L.R. 2005. Políticas públicas e conservação ambiental: territorialidades em conflito nos Parques Estaduais da Ilha Grande, da Serra da Tiririca e do Desengano (RJ). 2005. 288 p. Tese. (Doutorado em Geociências) - Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Watson, A.E. 2000. Wilderness use in the year 2000: societal changes that influence human relationships with wilderness. USDA forest service proceedings RMRS, Washington, v. 4, p. 53-60, West, P.; Igoe, J.; Brockington, D. 2006. Parks and people: the social impact of protected areas. Annual Review of Anthropology, Palo Alto, v. 35, p. 251-277. Woster, D. 1991. Para fazer história Ambiental. Estudos Históricos, Rio de Janeiro, vol. 4, n. 8, p.198-215. Younés, T.; Garay, I. 2006. As dimensões humanas da biodiversidade: o imperativo das abordagens integrativas. In: GARAY, I.; BECKER, B.K. (Org). Dimensões humanas da biodiversidade: O desafio de novas relações sociedade-natureza no século XXI. Petrópolis: Ed. Vozes, p. 57-72.

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

Protected Areas for Regional Development in Latvia

Plone Evija1, Stokmane Ilze2, Nataļja Buļipopa3

1,2,3

Latvian University of Agriculture, Latvia 1 2 3

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Keywords: special protected area, rural areas, regional development, environmental management One of the cornerstones of country’s sustainable economic development is judicial management of natural resources. Specially protected areas - geographically defined areas in Latvia - fall under the category of natural resources. They are under special protection of the state in order to protect and preserve the natural diversity - rare and typical natural ecosystems, habitat of species, and unique, beautiful landscape characteristic of Latvia, geological and geomorphological formations, dendrological plantings and secular trees, as well as areas important for public recreation and education. Specially protected natural areas in Latvia are mostly located in rural areas, where they could serve as an engine of economic development and, for example, help to promote a stable environment for employment, but on the condition that the implementation of targeted development strategy, involving all the interested and site-related social, economic and political entities is in place. Recent studies have concentrated on

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the biodiversity in protected areas, the impact of environmental and human behavior factors on these areas, lack of funding for maintenance of areas etc., but the investigation of variety of information resources leads to conclude that the specially protected natural areas have not been studied as an economic legacy with future potential for sustainable development of rural areas. Every administrative territorial unit and region can be described by number of different sizes, and according different distinct geographical clusters can be formed. To verify the ongoing development tendencies in Latvian regions and in particular the proportion of protected areas and their role in the development of territorial units, the study focuses on the specific weight of proportion of specially protected areas in every Latvian territorial unit, examining spatial development index, entrepreneurial activity and other figures that illustrate place making trends in the development of the region.

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Community Values in Conservation

As realidades socioculturais implicam nos modelos de produção de sementes florestais tropicais em comunidades do Alto Xingu no Brasil? Lilla Jessica Brokaw 1, Danilo I. de Urzedo 2 Edson Vidal 3 1,2,3

ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP - Brazil 1

[email protected]

2

[email protected] 3

[email protected]

Keywords: Rede de sementes do Xingu, sementes florestais tropicais, modelo organizacional. O estado do Mato Grosso (Brasil) se transformou após as políticas de ocupação territorial, que induziram uma migração nacional, criação de assentamentos rurais e latifúndios voltados a produção agropecuária, culminando em graves conseqüências socioambientais e nas maiores taxas de desmatamento da Amazônia. Entretanto, ações tem sido promovidas para atenuar esses impactos, como a restauração ecológica no Alto Xingu. Para isso, foi criada a Rede de Sementes do Xingu, abrangendo mais de 300 famílias inseridas em diversos contextos socioculturais. A partir da hipótese que diferentes realidades socioculturais implicam em modelos de planejamento e gestão local, este estudo objetiva analisar como estes fatores socioculturais influenciam a produção de sementes florestais tropicais. Por meio da realização de pesquisas de campo, observação participante e entrevistas de diferentes comunidades, foi constato três modelos de atores sociais com características socioculturais particulares, sendo eles: indígenas, agricultores familiares e coletores urbanos. Cruzando tais informações com o banco de dados de comercialização da rede do ano de 2011, foi estabelecido indicadores dos grupos, abrangendo os parâmetros: potencial de produção de sementes descrito pelo coletor; produção demanda para comercialização; produção efetiva do coletor. No ano de 2011 a Rede produziu 9,9 t de sementes, o que correspondeu a 81% da demanda. Os coletores urbanos produziram em média 177,9 kg de sementes, embora representassem 31,2% dos pedidos da Rede, produziram

40,1% das sementes. Tais coletores possuem percepção empreendedora, realizando investimentos e gerindo as atividades com planejamento e escala de produção. Entretanto, a atividade é desarticulada entre os coletores, que não se reconhecem como grupo. Suas motivações e envolvimento com a atividade é reflexo do histórico. Geralmente tais coletores migraram da região Sul e Suldeste, motivados por políticas públicas para tornar a região produtiva e prosperarem economicamente. Os agricultores familiares apresentaram uma produção média de 40,9 kg de sementes por coletor, representando 58,9% dos pedidos da rede, porém, produziram 13,7% a menos da demanda. Essas famílias, geralmente, possuem um modelo de produção agroflorestal fundamentado na agroecologia e soberania alimentar. Quadro que diverge da realidade dos assentamento da região marcados por políticas públicas de estímulo ao agronegócio. Deste modo, a semente é compreendida como um complemento de renda por esses atores pioneiros que atuam visando a diversificação produtiva. Nas aldeias indígenas a produção média por etnia foi de 173,3 Kg de sementes, representando 14,6% da produção da rede, valor superior ao demandado (9,8%). Assim, a atividade é uma alternativa de geração de renda, visando atender algumas demandas que foram externalizadas, conforme o contato desses atores com a realidade ocidental. A produção é estimulada, sobretudo,

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pelo propósito de restauração ecológica da paisagem que os rodeiam. Entretanto, a produção não é autogestionada, sendo requerido subsídio em detrimento do próprio investimento, em razão de compreenderem que já cumprem com o seu papel realizando a atividade. A realidade sociocultural dos coletores de sementes do Alto Xingu afetou diretamente nos modelos de produção, portanto as estratégias de planejamento e gestão da produção devem reconhecer as particularidades locais, sendo fundamentado por processos participativos com o envolvimento da percepção local

Bacha CJC. 2004.  O Uso de Recursos Florestais e as  Políticas Econômicas Brasileiras: Uma Visão Histórica e Parcial de um Processo de Desenvolvimento. Est. Econ, São Paulo, p. 393-426. Sills E, Shanley P, Paumgarten F, de Beer J, Pierce A. 2011.Evolving Perspectives on Non-timber Forest Products. In: Shackleton S, Shackleton C, Shanley P, editors. Non-Timber Forest Products in the Global Context. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 23–51.

Referencias Klimas CA,   Kainer KA, Wadt LHO 2012.  The economic value of sustainable seed and timber harvests of multi-use species: An example using Carapa guianensis. Chicago, US. Elsevier, Forest Ecology and Management 268, 81-91. Ross, JLS. 2011. Geografia do Brasil. 6th ed. São Paulo, BR: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo.   Arnold JEM, Perez MR. 2001. Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives?. Elsevier, Ecological Economics 39, Madrid, SP, p. 437-447.   Stickler CM, Nepstad DC, Coe MT, Mcgrath DG, Rodrigues HO, Walker WS, Soares-Filho BS, Davidson EA. 2009. The potential ecological costs and co-benefits of REDD: a critical review and case study from the Amazon region. Global Change Biology 15: 2803–2824 Soares-Filho B, Silvestrini R, Nepstad D, Brando P, Rodrigues H, Alencar A, Coe M, Locks C, Lima L, Hissa L, Stickler C. 2012. Forest fragmentation, climate change and understory fire regimes on the Amazonian landscapes of the Xingu headwaters. Springer Science, Landscape Ecol, DOI 10.1007/ s10980-012-9723-6

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Community Values in Conservation

Usage of plant resources of coastal ecosystems by the fishermen community in the Environmental Protection Area of the Restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Patrick de Oliveira1, Alexandre Verçosa Greco2, Ana Angélica Monteiro de Barros3, Maria Célia Rodrigues Correia4, Ana Tereza Araújo Rodarte5, Douglas de Souza Pimentel6 12345

UFRJ, Museu Nacional, Laboratório de Biologia Floral 3 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 3

6

[email protected]

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e Universidade Federal Fluminense. 6

[email protected]

Keywords: traditional knowledge, caiçaras, fruits Brazilian coastal ecosystems have suffered the consequences of a disorderly human occupation in recent years. Thus, most relations between mankind and environment are still unknown, especially in restinga’s environment The appropriation of natural resources implies the construction of a new environment, which expresses the culture of a particular community. In this sense, the history of humanity is closely allied to domestication and use of plants for food, medicine, construction material or habitat for game animals (Worster, 1991). Plants represent a crucial role in the survival of human kind. The present study took place on the fishermen’s community of Vila de Zacarias, which occupies part of the Environmental Protection Area of Maricá, located in the city of Maricá (RJ, Brazil). Maricá’s Restinga is formed by a plain of sand ridges acroos five kilometers between the sea and Guarapina-Maricá lagoon system, composed of Barra, Padre, Maricá and Guarapina Lagoons. The lagoon system communicates with the sea through artificial channels of Ponta Negra (Guarapina) and Costa (Maricá), ending at Alto Mourão Hill at Serra Tiririca Massif (Perrin, 1999). The Environmental Protection Area was created

by State Decree 7230 from April 23th 1984, at the coordinates 22°52’-22°54’S and 42°48’-42°54’W, with a total area of 8.3 km2 (PEREIRA et al. 2001). This decree included part of the lagoon and the surrounding area of Maricá and the subdivision of land for urban purposes, deforestation, removal of local vegetation characteristic, hunting and trapping animals, besides it prohibited changing the profile of natural terrain. The community of Vila de Zacarias occupies the region about 200 years, using natural resources for survival. The focus of the present study was based on the use of restinga’s fruits. To obtain information regarding the use of fruits, semi-structured questionnaires were used, which contain questions about people’s knowledge about the fruits. Fourteen residents were interviewed and aged from 50 to 91 years old. Twenty four species were reported by residents, being the majority from Myrtaceae family. This family is one of the main fluminense’s restinga representatives with higher species richness (Araujo, 2000). The main used fruit was Cambui (Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg), consumed directly as food or inserted into local cachaça bottles to flavor the drink. The collected data exemplify the

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cultural wealth of the Caiçara population that must be preserved as much as the restinga. This work contributes to understand cultural relationship with the Maricá Restinga’s ecosystem, reinforcing the need for a conservation plan that brings together the environment features and local culture.

References ARAUJO, D.S.D. 2000. Análise florística e fitogeográfica das restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro. Tese (Doutorado em Geografia). Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 169p. Pereira, M.C.A.; Araujo, D.S.D.; Pereira, O.J. 2001. Estrutura de uma comunidade arbustiva da restinga de Barra de Maricá - RJ. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, São Paulo, v. 24, n. 3. Perrin, P. Evolução da costa fluminense entre as Pontas de Itacoatiara e Negra: Preenchimento e restinga. In: Lacerda, L.D.; AraUjo, D.S.D.; Cerqueira, R. & Turcq, B. (eds.) Restingas: origens, estruturas, processos. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, CEUFF, p. 65-74, 1984. WORSTER, D. Para fazer História Ambiental. Estudos Históricos, v. 4, n. 8, p. 198-215, 1991.

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Concurrent Session F Boosting Connectivity: Trans-boundary Parks and Corridors

Session organizer:

Taiichi Ito, University of Tsukuba, School of Life and Environment Sciences, Japan

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

Environmental compensation and biodiversity bank in brazil: study case Harpia harpya eagle at green farm CO2free project, Itaquiraí, MS Eder Zanetti1, Luiz Samartano2 1,2 1

Green Farm CO2FREE

[email protected] 2

[email protected]

Keywords: Environmental Compensation, Green Farm CO2FREE, Biodiversity Bank, Harpia Harpya Introduction While human-made capital such as roads, industries and buildings appreciate with their increase, natural capital suffers devaluation from degradation and fragmentation. It is urgent to generate adequate conditions for natural capital introduction within properties, municipalities, states and federal government’s GDP accountability. Valorization of natural capital is the only path to achieve green infrastructure monetary appreciation, otherwise it will keep its vanishing pace. Environmental Compensation is an attempt to address such situation, creating tools and regulation to enforce environmental damage accountability and measure to compensate for acceptable levels of disruption. In Brazil, transaction cost involved are too high and private participation is insignificant. New legislation has been introduced in order to allow an increase on private investment towards selling of environmental compensation to business under environmental licensing. A move that has been capture by Green Farm project in Mato Grosos do Sul, Brazil.

Environmental compensation in brazil Environmental issues emerged within formal brazilian legislation at industrial zoning for critically polluted

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areas guidelines by Law 6803/1980. Environmental impacts evaluation and compensation to assure main ecological process were incorporated by Law 6938/1981 – National Environmental Policy. The National Council on Environment – CONAMA was always involved on regulating environmental compensation procedure, some include Resolutions 01/1986 and 03/1987. Brazilian national constitution, in 1988, contains the 225 article and several disperse itens regarding State and civil society environmental roles. CONAMA 02/1996 and 237/1997 also addressed environmental licensing and compensation. Law 9985/2000, regulated by Federal Decree 4340/2002 complemented by 6848/2009 had specifics on environmental compensation, as CONAMA 371/2006. In Brazil, Business and development projects under licensing procedures holding significant environmental impacts, described within Environmental Impacts Assessment and Environmental Impacts Reports – EIA/RIMA, must compensate for those impacts towards payments for environmental compensation. Until 2011 the single option available for entrepreneurs was to collect values from those appraisals to a federal compensation fund, turned to strengthen federal Conservation Units management. In an attempt of searching for better results when applying financial resources of environmental compensation, the IN 20/2011 (MMA/ICMBIO)estates at its 11th article: “For fulfilling fixed environmental compensation, the

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Boosting Connectivity: Trans-boundary Parks and Corridors

entrepreneur can opt for executing it by its own means, being able to, for achieving it, contract third parties including financial institutions, preferably official ones…”. Also, the Law 12651/2012 – Native Vegetation at its 41st article, 6th paragraph says: “landowners located at buffer zones surrounding Integral Protection’s Conservation Units are eligible to receive technical and financial support from environmental compensation...”. The Brazilian Fund for Biodiversity – FUNBIO is already working at organizing state level environmental compensation funds. However it is imperative to have a regulation on the previous quoted 11th article to provide legal assurances to the process. In the case of biodiversity, private initiative participation represents a great decrease on project costs and increase on effectiveness, transparency and monitoring. Public agents do not need to engage at project development, implementing and monitoring and can play them role at over viewing and eventually approving project activities with high quality, since they hold the power to demand compliance and effective implementation, under the threat of fines and other legal actions.

Biodiversity banks Over the last 120,000 years, planetary species lost (large mammals, birds and other vertebrates) has been directly related to human population growth rates at specific regions. Within the last 10,000 years every mammal with more than 1 t has been extinct from inhabited areas as well as a large number of vanished endemic species. Between 1600 and 1900 circa of 75 species were extinct, same number as between 1900 and 1975. Some 24% of mammal, 20% of all river fisheries and 12% of bird species are threaten around the globe. Ecosystem services are provided, but not remunerated. The recognition of their societal role and importance is a form of promoting sustainable development. Environmental and ecosystem goods and services are linked to the Millennium Development Objectives – MDO number 7, in the sense they can be used to integrate sustainable development objectives within national policies and programs and reverse the lost

of natural resources Ecosystem services have a global value estimated at US$33 trillion per year (WBCSD, 2009) with strong participation by Brazilian entities, considered one of the main global players in a growing green economy. On the other hand destruction of flora and fauna costs US$ 3.1 trillion yearly to the world, around 6% of all nations’ GDP. In Brazil, the Amazon forest alone it is estimated US$ 4 trillion per year can be assigned as the value of ecosystem services. However, currently, there are only a few isolated cases of Payment for Ecosystem Services - PES in place. Nevertheless the number of local, sub-national, national, regional, international and global public and private institutions and organizations including industry, agriculture, construction, energy concessionaries, transport, reforestation, universities, research centers, NGOs, foundations and others, interested on PES and EGS are growing fast. With the aim of producing scientific and political proposal to incorporate this new reality to daily economic activities, the Intergovernmental Science and Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has been assembled and its headquarters are in Bonn, Germany. The IPBES is the ultimate forum at global level responsible for organizing and supplying information on the theme of biodiversity and ecosystem services to all governments on the planet. It will provide a mechanism of support for decision-making around the theme and identify tools and methodologies relevant for governments. IPBES was officially established in April, 2012, by more than 100 countries present at the second general assembly in Panamá, as an independent intergovernmental body, jointly administrated by the United Nations Environmental Program, the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and the United Nations Development Program.

Biodiversity Banks Around the Globe Transactions involving biodiversity totaled US$ 2-3 billiion in 2010 from 64 active programs of various types running, with the United States leading the

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market with a share of US$ 2,4 billion (MADSEN, CARROLL e KELLY, 2010). In 2012 those payments for biodiversity went over US$ 4 billion, some other US$ 5 billion / year are estimated to be needed for having all world threathen species preserved on biodiversity banks (MACCARTHY etall, 2012). Brazil has some 1,8 million species spread all over its territory (IPEA, 2010).

Threaten and Endangered Species in Brazil Brazil and 17 other countries hold 70% of global biodiversity, with Brazil alone accounting for up to 305. Brazilian Conservation Units represent 17,4% of the country, with 310 Federal, 620 State nd 59 municipal. Even so, Brazil has 75% of its threatened fauna and flora species without any management measure. At the country there is none DNA study covering amphibians threaten with extinction and only 3% of birds under risk do have some. On reptiles those studies don’t cover 15% and only 22% of mammals. Owner of the largest world biodiversity, Brazil has 627 fauna and 472 flora species threaten with extinction (IPEA, 2012).

Opportunities in Brazil Annual cost estimates of Brazilian National Conservation Units System – SNUC (from portuguese: Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação) is minimum US$ 1,5 billion / year, while current federal budget goes bellow US$ 300 million / year. To create 1,099 biodiversity banks for private and public investors funding on threatened species would allow inflows of around US$ 1 billion / year to reduce pression and cooperate with Conservation Units objectives.

Opportunities in Atlantic Forest In Brazil, within Interior Atlantic Forest region, there are 25 million people, from which 18.6 million are urban and 6.4 million rural, spreading over seven states:

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Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e São Paulo, divided in 1,374 municipalities. The region goes over Paraguay’s 123 municipalies and Argentina’s 75 municipalities. All those cities hold candidates to sponsor biodiversity credits from species within it.

Opportunities at the Parana River International Biodiversity Corridor within the region comprehended by Interior Atlantic Forest there is the Alto Paraná Forest Ecoregion, located close to Paraná and other large rivers. Those forests play an essential ecological role on sustaining water quantity and quality by avoiding erosion and superficial flows. This region has under it the Guarani acquifer, one of world largest and most populated ones, and its forest cover has been reduced as much as 99%. At Itaquiraí region the Atlantic forest is eventually extinct from private properties, with the few remaining under significant levels of degradation.

Green farm project Green Farm CO2FREE project is an initiative promoted jointly by Green Farm, a private company and CO2FREE, a NGO. The project goal is to rehabilitate, maintain and enhance ecosystem services supply from best practices of land use, using the project area as a major prototype for future interventions. Green Farm CO2FREE project is located at BR 487, Itaquiraí – MS. The project is adjacent to Ilha Grande National Park, in Parana state. Green Farm CO2FREE approach to access, evaluates, manage and report on ecosystem services provision from the area is based on a current list of 40 different types of those nature assets. The ecosystem services provided by different land uses are identified using a framework of general characteristics of the landscape, addressed to each strata in order to include it as one or another group and specifics (support – carbon cycle, Cultural – Recreation and P&D and so on).

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The use of the list helps to identify possible links between the service provided by ecosystem and the impacts from different human activities. Using the same list production and service chains can identify particular impacts. Those impacts when identified using similar procedures as those on the field will result in compatibility of assessments, generating the possibility of mutual compensation. The methodology involves three mains steps: stratification, clear objective statement and adequacy. Stratification is done by assessing current land uses and ecosystem services they provide. Clear objective statement is made by Sustainable Ecosystem Services Management Plans - SESMP (strategic, tactic and operative). Adequacy is prescribe by the plan and also monitored according with the baseline and monitoring methodology adopted at each ecosystem service management procedure, as stated on the SESMP.

Harpia harpya eagle biodiversity bank Green Farm CO2FREE project believes that biodiversity lost can be avoided and to cope with that objective it has produced methodology and project document for a BIODIVERSITY BANK in Brazil. The Green Farm CO2FREE Biodiversity Bank is aiming at revert extinction threats over 5 Brazilian fauna species. The first credits to become available come from Royal Eagle (Harpiaharpya), threaten all over Latin America and included within a National Plan for the species conservation. The project is located within the priority conservation areas of International Biodiversity Corridor of Parana River and at the buffer zone surrounding Ilha Grande National Park, a Federal Integral Protection Conservation Unit, therefore perfectly aligned with the new national environmental legislation. The Biodiversity Bank documents include definition of a Service Area, MRV methodology, Conservation Easement, species fund (for perpetuity of management), crediting estimate procedure and environmental license of the activity. The Green Farm CO2FREE Biodiversity Bank

shows private sector potential of improving conditions for threatened biodiversity species conservation, investing on avoiding their extinction. The project supplies reliable, traceable, transparent and accurate accountability of all its aspects, contributing to enhance companies’ results from environmental compensation payments. Harpia harpya is within the Brazilian Official list of Threaten species, institute by normative nº 3/2003 (Ministry of Environment - MMA). The specie is included into the National Plan for prairie birds. Harpia eagle is considered ”conservation dependent”, which means it needs investment on biodiversity banks creation in order to avoid its full extinction within Interior Atlantic Forest. Harpia harpyja(Linnaeus, 1758) Royal Eagle. Status in other lists: Cites: Apendice I; IUCN: NT; states: RS: probably extinct; PR: critically endargered; SP: critically endargered; RJ: critically endargered; MG: probably extinct (ICMBIO, 2008). The Atlantic Forest’s Harpia harpya was orginallly dispersed over 110 million ha. Interior Atlantic Forest is one of the remaining ecoregions with worst conservation status. The largest track of semidecidual seasonal forest with some 47 million ha included the Alto Parana Atlantic Forest ecoregion (Parana Jungle), also known as Interior Atlantic Forest, from which that are only 2.7% remaining on sparse and fragmented areas ( (RBMA, 2004). The Royal Eagle needs at least 100 ha of continuous forest land with a home range over 800 ha (ICMBIO, 2008). In Mato Grosso do Sul state it’s been registered at Bodoquena montains. Local populations are assumed to be declining wherever found (ICMBIO, 2008). Within the region of natural occurence there are less than 700,000 ha with this capacity, carrying capacity of circa of 1,000 individuals (SAMARTANO e ZANETTI, 2012). Itaquirai’s Interior Atlantic Forest region is the place where Green Farm’s Royal Eagle Biodiversity Bank is located. This region use to have the Royal Eagle, it

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was extinct locally and Green Farm is responding by creating the first commercial genetic variability bank for the species. At Green Farm’s Royal Eagle Biodiversity Bank the species is being deposited in order to assure its perenity. Over 500 bird species were identified within this region, some rare as Purple Breasted Parriot and Royal Eagle. Some of the most threaten primates occur, as Black Lion Monkey. Painted Panther, Royal Eagle, Ariranha and Wild Pigs are some of the native species demanding large forest tracks to survive over time, a significant challenge for fragmented and fragile landscapes. Royal Eagle biodiversity bank at Green Farm intends to start the process of rehabilitaion by contribution on forming of a regional network conservation dedicated. The bank is primarly regulated by Normative 169/2008, towards the Porto Bonito Wild Animals Conservation Nursery – CCASC Porto Bonito (from portuguese: Criatorio Conservacionista de Animais Silvestres para Fins de Conservaçao). The overvall project aims at 365 individuals within it 28,000 m2 wild animals dedicated infrastructure, starting by 37 individuals from 5 species: Harpiaharpya (1 adult couple), Caimam latirostris (1 male and 10 female); Crax fasciolata (2 couples); Cuniculus paca (2 male and 10 female) and; Tapirus terrestris (1 male and 3 female). Finantial budgeting and schedule for implementation reached US$ 1,5 million over 3 years, with an annual cost of US$ 600,000. The Royal Eagle biodiversity bank looks into assuring species perenity by selling environmental compensation credits to companies under environmental licensing process. The Service Area of this bank covers Interior Atlantic Forest ecoregion, justifiable by its landscape coherence and adherence to ecosystem service provision principles.

on free market allowing individuals and corporations to obtain profit from threaten wild animals protection from credit selling, with prices determined by the market itself. Biodiversity banks emerge as a corporate strategy to determine monetary values of conserved habitat and species, perform within markets, simplifies and make lincensing process more agile – since local, state and federal laws regulates it. One of the main advantages on having a biodiversity bank is related to its implementation before the damage is done, avoiding habitat and species lost. Compensation activities within legislation EIA/RIMA covers damages that are about to occur, while the bank is established long before development projects being planned. It is part of a conservation and preservation effort covering species that are not formally covered by management plans at conservation units, a complementary activity. Apart from the regulatory or voluntary framework for biodiversity banks establishment there are ecological criteria: species adequacy, relation Rehabilitation X Maintenance, Area adequacy, Service Area, Conservation Factors and Credits, property, credit sales schedule, monitoring, permanence, species management, habitat, guidelines for habitat management for target species, neighboor areas interaction and others. Global climate change poses new challenges (CARROL, FOX e BAYON, 2008). Green Farm Royal Eagle’s Biodiversity Bank developed, tested and validated the ”Royal Eagle Baseline and Monitoring Methodology for Wild Animals Conservation Nursery – Genetic Variability – GFMRVSEBVGHarpia 001/2012 (from portuguese: Green Farm Mensuração Relatório e Verificação de Serviço Ecossistêmico de Biodiversidade de Variabilidade Genética de Harpia harpya, versão 001 de 2012).

Mensurable, Reportable and Verifiable Methodology (MRV)

Credit Ammount

To be considered valid a Biodiversity Bank must comply with regulation. The Bank is an enterpreneurship based

From an embrionary form of multiples, biodiversity banking evolve to incorporate Discounted Free Cash

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Flow (DFCF) as price parameter for credits release (CARROLL, FOX e BAYON, 2008). For species its genetic variability, population and community are the main indicators used for crediting, used related to a new individual, or the increase on individuals of a local popualation. Area can be applied together with habitat rehabilitation. Same parameters should be used by companies under environmental licesing to measure, report and verify their own impacts.

Credits Emission Schedule and Pricing Biodiversity banks are implement on phases. Each phase can generate a determined number of credits, which can be emitted after auditing bankholder performance compliance levels. Time for implementation will depend on size, number os species, habita and other local parameters. Credit emission schedule follows this implementation and auditing process, with a cost attached to each of them. Each bank has its own price, as well as its on demand, which are the basis for pricing credits. Green Farm Royal Eagle Biodiversity bank has 2 credits already performed and licensed worthing US$ 300,000, for being used at the Interior Atlantic Forest Ecoregion (AS001/12 Harpiaharpya).

Conclusion Royal Eagle Biodiversity credit represents an effort to build a network of investments driven towards preservation and conservation of threten species of Brazilian Fauna and Flora. The bank is implemented before the damage is done at the most suitable site and the investments are adequate to provide for the species perenity.

were planed, implemented and are currently monitored to generate benefits for companies under environmental licensing requiring environmental compensation, as state by the legislation. The bank is itself licensed.

References: BRASIL. Lei 12651/2012. Lei da Vegetação Nativa. Acesso no site: http://www.planalto. gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/ L12651compilado.htm em 29/12/2012. 2012. INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE BIODIVERSIDADE – ICMBIO. Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação de Aves de Rapina. Acesso no site: https://gestao.icmbio.gov. br/menu/manejo-para-conservacao/planos-deacao-para-conservacao/aves_de_rapina_cs3.pdf em 22/09/2012. 2008. ICMBIO. Instrução Normativa no. 20, de 22 de novembro de 2011. Acesso no site: http://www. icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/in202011.pdf em 29/12/2012. 2011. INSTITUTO DE PESQUISA ECONÔMICA APLICADA IPEA. Sustentabilidade Ambiental no Brasil: Biodiversidade, Economia e Bem-Estar Humano. Brasília, DF. Disponível no site: http:// www.ipea.gov.br/portal/images/stories/PDFs/ comunicado/110217_comunicadoipea78.pdf .58 pgs. 2010.

This conservation modality has grown from scratch to a US$ 5 billion / year market over a few years, and methodologies for determining credit value evolved following new demand regulation, including DFCF parameter for pricing. Green Farm’s Royal Eagle Biodiversity Bank and credits PROCEEDINGS of the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference 2013

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Enlargement Protected Areas System by Increasing Connectivity Taiichi Ito1, Akihiro Nakamura2 , Atsushi Kawabata3 1

University of Tsukuba, Japan 1

[email protected]

Keywords: Aichi biodiversity targets, connectivity, corridor, protected area management categories, zoning One of the Aichi biodiversity targets of COP10 expects at least 17 per cent of terrestrial areas consists of connected systems of protected areas by 2020. To realize such a goal, enlargement of existing protected areas as well as establishment of new ones are required. In case of PAs in Japan, three approaches are practical. First, expanding existing protected areas is more realistic in buffers than in cores according to MAB biosphere reserve zoning model (UNESCO, 1974). In case of Japan’s natural park system, the ordinary zones with agricultural and residential areas can be recognized as the buffers of MAB. Increace of such buffers makes the park boundary invisible, but boosts connectivity with surrounding areas. Second, designating new protected areas is more realistic in protected landscape (V) or managed resource protected areas (VI) of IUCN protected area management categories (Dudley, 2008). Especically category VI was added in 1994 with recognition of sustainably managed forests including urban ones. Urban-fringe forests or Satoyama in Japan is occasionally designated as prefectural natural parks as sub-category of national parks based on Natural Park Law of 1957. Such parks can be interpreted as VI or V of the IUCN categories as well as the buffers of the MAB zoning model. Third, corridors (Shafer, 1990) or greenways (President’s Commission on American Outdoors, 1986) should be recognized as protected areas as well as part of them. In the United States, Applachian trail with wide corridors proposed in 1921 (MacKaye, 1921) became a category of national park sytem in 1968. Influenced by this, Japan also started long-distance trail sytem in 1970. However, such trails do not have legal support out of natural parks. On the ohter hand, some prefectural natural parks have

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corridor-like forms. This suggests that long-distance trails with corridors can be designated as prefectural nature parks. The IUCN categories do not mention about the size or shape of protected areas, but corridors can be classified as category VI or other protected areas. In Japan, nesting and overlapping of protected areas, zones and corridors bring confusions. The result is omitting of some protected areas from the United Nations list (Chapes et al. 2003). The understanding that these three are interchangiable seems important. References Chape, S. et al. (compilers) 2003 2003 United Nationas list of protected areas. IUCN and UNEP-WCMC, 44pp. Dudley, N.(editor) 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area managemntr categories, IUCN 86 pp. MacKaye, B. 1921 An Appalachian trail: aproject in regional planning, Journal of American Institute of Architects, 325-330. President’s Commission on American Outdoors (1986) Report and recommendations to the president of the United States, US Government Printing Office, 209 pp. Shafer, G.L. 1990 Nature reserves: island theory and conservatin practice, Smithonian Institution Press, 189 pp. UNESCO 1974 Programme on MAB task force on: criteria and guidelines for the choice oand establishement of biosphere reserves.

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Session organizer:

Rogério Cunha de Paula, ICMBio, Brazil

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Adult environmental education for top predator conservation in protected areas Mayla Willik Valenti1, Haydée Torres de Oliveira2 1,2

São Carlos Federal University, Brazil 1

[email protected] 2

[email protected]

Keywords: biodiversity, community participation, critical dialogic environmental education Introduction The practice of conservation is showing that management based only in technical interventions is not enough and that communicative interventions are fundamental to maintain biodiversity (Castillo, 2003). Accordingly, species conservation projects need community involvement for the environmental education (EE) process to be successful in the long term (Curti; Valdez, 2009). Indeed, many papers report the perception of biological researchers regarding the necessity of including educational actions in conservation projects (Alegre, 2007; Curti; Valdez, 2009; Barreda-Leyva, 2010; Espinosa; Jacobson, 2012). Although adults are the main decision makers in biodiversity conservation, frequently this audience is not considered in EE programs. This choice can be explained by the misconception of adult incapacity to learn and by leaving all responsibility of changing the world to children (Guimarães, 2004). On the contrary, Freire (2005) argues that all people know something and ignore other things. Thus, all people can learn by intersubjective dialogue. According to this author, the dialogic learning and the critical approaches of environmental education are valid for a great diversity of audiences (Flecha, 1997; Guimarães, 2004). The concept of lifelong learning, adopted by UNESCO in the 1970s, can help us to argue about the importance of adult education (Flecha; Mello, 2012). Among other aspects, it recognizes that permanent learning is essential for survival and improvement of life quality; there are many systems, places, means and modes of learning and it is necessary to ensure learning

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opportunities for all people, throughout their entire lives (Torres, 2006). Nevertheless, the adult EE practice has not been reflected well in literature and research (Lunge; Chubb, 2009) and has potential to move forward through the expansion of the dialogue with educational theories (Fisher, 2009). Lunge and Chubb (2009) indicate that in North America, the theory and practice of adult EE are underdeveloped. In Brazil, studies that associate non-scholar adult education and EE did not relate characteristics of adult life with pedagogy strategies for EE (Fisher, 2009). Many studies have discussed initiatives for engaging community in participatory management in protected areas, but they have focused more on social issues than on adult education theories. While many papers in conservation show some attitude changes in populations after educational actions (Alegre, 2007; Curti; Valdez, 2009; Barreda-Leyva, 2010; Espinosa; Jacobson, 2012), they also report resistance of people in making changes when they cause economic and cultural impacts on their lives (Curti; Valdez, 2009; Espinosa; Jacobson, 2012). Thus, the aim of this study was to search for EE actions that could enhance the relations of the surrounding community of a protected area (PA) in the central area of São Paulo State (Brazil) with top predator populations, like puma (Puma concolor). The growth of cities and roads in this region are pressuring a puma population, particularly by habitat losses, road kills and conflicts with humans and their livestock (Miotto et al., 2011). Moreover, educators working in protected areas of the region have difficulties in mobilizing the surrounding

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community (Oliveira et al., 2011). In this context, we investigated limiting and transformative factors for developing an EE program with adults.

study. The product of this interpretation was discussed in each group of interviewees to re-interpret the data with the participants. The results presented and discussed here were produced in this dialogical process.

Methodological procedures

Results

We carried out communicative discussion groups with seven people working with EE in two protected areas in Itirapina, central São Paulo State (Brazil). The ecological station and experimental station of Itirapina are adjacent to each other and share an integrated management plan, staff and administration. Thus, in this paper we refer to both of them as protected areas and, when necessary, we distinguish their categories. The city has approximately 15,000 inhabitants and is contiguous with the areas. We take the problem of puma conservation as a background of the dialogue. Recently, a puma was found in the urban area. In the surroundings there are also many small farms in which puma can prey on livestock. On the other hand, there is difficulty in dialoguing with the surrounding community. These elements have informed our choice about the study area.

In the three dialogical discussion groups we found 20 limiting dimensions and 21 transformative dimensions for developing an EE process with adults in PAs considering puma conservation as a background. First, we present them separately. Subsequently, we discuss them as associated to each other.

We promoted three communicative discussion groups according to the critical communicative methodology (Gómez et al., 2006). Individuals were grouped by their history of working together to enable real equalitarian dialogue between participants. In this process, the understanding was based on the arguments and not on participants’ positions of power. Furthermore, all the arguments could be criticized in order to make it possible for them to be validated (Gómez et al., 2006). The role of the researcher was to include in the dialogue theoretical elements about EE and dialogical learning, as well as her experience as a researcher and environmental educator. In the first meeting with each group, we asked questions about the experience of participants in adult EE and limiting and transformative dimensions for developing an educational program with adults in the PA. The dialogue was recorded and transcribed, and then the units of analysis were organized into categories. After that, we described and interpreted the information, linking it to theories of environmental education and the aims of the

Limiting dimensions Local residents and tourists are responsible for negative impacts in the studied PAs and in the surroundings. It is possible that they do not know they are impacting the environment or why their practices are illegal. The PAs were created without community participation, which could be the origin of the lack of dialogue with the community. Initially, the focus was forestry production and research for conservation of native tree species. Besides, before being a protected area, the region was a farm - indeed, most people call the experimental station area “little farm”. In addition, the population of the city, the tourists and even the employees of the areas know little about the conservation goals of the PAs. The absence of infrastructure and staff is the greatest obstacle for developing EE actions with adults. Therefore, the educators prefer to work with children, using the infrastructure of schools and teacher support. This situation is common in other PAs of the region. We observed that people are unaware of either these difficulties or the need of community participation for the maintenance of the areas. Another obstacle for dialoguing with the surrounding community is related to the characteristics of adulthood. Many people are not organized in formal groups and the spaces where they are grouped and organized are usually not focused on educational actions, as children in school

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are. Moreover, adults frequently have a full schedule, other priorities and less willingness to participate in extra activities. Another worry concerns non-dialogical, imposing activities that do not favor adult education. There is a deficit in communication actions like putting up educational signs and distributing flyers on the roads and using local radio and websites. On the other hand, there is difficulty in keeping in contact with the audience and access the results of this kind of action. We also discussed activities performed with adults that usually prioritize working for a problem solution over enjoying leisure time or an aesthetic experience.

or positively. The contact with these audiences can be performed by visiting small landowners, approaching tourist at toll stations and calling the residents for a workshop. Moreover, children can participate in educational activities and be encouraged to dialogue with their family and employees of the PAs, who are able to act as disseminators of knowledge in the community. Some activities with adults will be put into practice in the area soon, such as the distribution of flyers with information about road kills at the toll stations, workshops with the community and college education for the employees of the PAs.

Transformative dimensions

Discussion

Many people have positive interactions with the studied PAs, like good memories and aesthetic experiences. We observed that people who fish or hunt also like to be in touch with nature. Besides, the proximity with urban areas facilitates the access of people to the experimental station, where public use is permitted.

The studied context has shown the importance of implementing adult EE programs in central São Paulo State PAs. According to Blair (2008), adult EE is one of the key principles for the effectiveness of a community program. In Itirapina, negative interactions with the PAs and with predators have been registered. In addition, most people know little about conservation goals and actions of the studied PAs. These aspects show a limited dialogue with the community. Based on an initial diagnosis (Oliveira et. al., 2011), we presume that this reality also occurs in other protected areas. The UNESCO defines adult EE as a permanent process in which individuals gain awareness of their environment and acquire the knowledge, values, skills, experiences and also the determination which will enable them to act individually and collectively to solve present and future environmental problems (…) as well as to meet their needs without compromising those of future generations (UNESCO, 1999, p. 4)

In the PAs, we identified possibilities of partnerships with universities, NGOs, an existing project developed with young people in at-risk situations, schools, city hall, local radio and road toll concessionaires. Many of these institutions have already been partners of the PA on education actions and the results, in general, were significant. Some principles and criteria were pointed as important. Enhancing participant knowledge and thinking is required when planning activities with adults. Working from a concrete problem, for example, the predation of puma on livestock can help to mobilize landowners. Besides, reestablishing contact with nature and using species that people imagine as flagship species can attract attention to biodiversity conservation. We identified different adult audiences in Itirapina: small landowners, floating population, permanent residents, tourists, participants of a social project and the employees of the protected areas. Each of them interacts with fauna, including predators, directly or indirectly and negatively

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The studied context and the UNESCO definition indicate that adult EE may be transformative for biodiversity conservation, as well as for human life quality. The main obstacle for an adult EE program is the lack of infrastructure and staff of the PAs, but partnerships can be a way to overcome this limitation. In Itirapina this difficulty was cited in different moments in the dialogues. Indeed, there is a gap between the needed and implemented investments in Brazilian protected areas.

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On the other hand, collaboration from other institutions and researchers was pointed out as a way to put some ideas into practice. Similarly, Curti and Valdez (2009) highlighted the importance of partnerships to overcome the challenge of working with a small staff. Although collaboration is welcome, it is important to emphasize that it is the government’s responsibility to support EE programs in the PAs, since this is guaranteed by law An adult EE program for biodiversity conservation in PAs needs to consider the characteristics of adulthood and must be based on some principles. As our data show, adult life has some peculiarities that can hinder the approach to this audience. One of the main problems in adult education is not considering these characteristics and carrying out an educational process similar to childhood education (Flecha; Mello, 2012). Therefore, this has to be taken into account when planning adult EE even in a non-scholarly context. Dialogue, appreciation of local knowledge, obtaining instrumental knowledge and sense of belonging were indicated as important principles on this process. All of them were also cited in papers about educational actions for biodiversity conservation with communities (Alegre, 2007; Blair, 2008; Curti; Valdez, 2009; Barreda-Leyva, 2010; Espinosa; Jacobson, 2012). The combination of many kinds of approaches and educational actions can make an adult EE program for predator conservation more efficient. We identified a great diversity of adult audiences in the studied context. Each of them interacts with fauna, including predators, directly or indirectly and negatively or positively. This information shows that biodiversity conservation is a complex issue and it is necessary to use different strategies considering the particularities of each group. A dialogical diagnosis is fundamental for this process (Cerati; Souza, 2009; Torres; Oliveira, 2008). Additionally, we listed a number of actions that could be put into practice in the studied area. This list includes sporadic and continuous activities and both direct and indirect ways for approaching adults. In the literature, many descriptions of experiences cite a great variety of activities carried out (Quevedo et al., 2006; Curti; Valdez, 2009; Pádua, 2010). Based on this information and considering the diversity of audiences and interactions involved in this educative

and transformative process, we understand that the association of different actions can promote a successful adult EE program. The theoretical foundations and principles for adult environmental education are still in development (Lange, 2010). In this study, we seek to contribute to the advance of this field associated to biodiversity conservation. In subsequent studies, our results will be related to a dialogue with the surrounding community of Itirapina’s PAs. Thus, we expect to enlarge the knowledge of this reality and the possibilities of transformation. We trust that dialogical learning (Flecha, 1997) and critical communicative methodology (Gómez et al., 2006) can greatly contribute to develop practice and research in adult EE field. Acknowledgements – We are thankful to Carolina, Helena, Diógenes, Fernando, Mariano, Matheus and Paulo for their participation on this research; to CNPq and FAPESP for financial support of Top Predators Network – SISBIOTA; to CAPES for the scholarship to the first author; and to André Valenti for English review.

References Alegre, S. I. 2007. Talleres comunitarios de educación ambiental para la introducción del pensamiento ambiental a nivel local. DELOS: Desarrollo Local Sostenible, Málaga, v. 1, n.0. Disponível em . Acesso em: 04 nov. 2011. Barreda-Leyva, N. 2010. Vinculando a la comunidad en los conteos de aves rapaces migratorias (Aves: Falconiformes) en el este de Cuba. Ra Ximhai, 6(3):478-486. Disponível em: Acesso em: 15 mar 2012 Blair, M. 2008. Community environmental education as a model for effective environmental programmes. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, v. 24, p. 45-53.

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Castillo, A. 2003. Comunicación para el manejo de ecosistemas. Tópicos em Educación Ambiental, v. 3, n. 9, p. 58-71.

Guimarães, M. 2004. Educação ambiental crítica. In: LAYRARGUES, P. P. Identidades da educação ambiental brasileira. Brasília: MMA. p. 25 – 34.

Cerati, T. M.; Souza, A. Q. 2009. Educação Ambiental de Percepção: o caso do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo - Brasil. Rev. eletrônica Mestr. Educ. Ambient, v.23, p. 232-250. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 14 jan. 2012.

Lange, E.A. 2010. Environmental Adult Education: A Many-Voiced Landscape. In C. Kasworm, C.; Rose, A.; Ross-Gordon, J. (Eds.) Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp.305-315.

Curti, M.; Valdez, U. 2009. Incorporating Community Education in the Strategy for Harpy Eagle Conservation in Panama. The Journal of Environmental Education, v. 40, n. 4, p. 3-15. Disponível em: Acesso em: 15 mar. 2012. Espinosa, S.; Jacobson, S. K. 2012. Human-Wildlife Conflict and Environmental Education: Evaluating a Community Program to Protect the Andean Bear in Ecuador. The Journal of Environmental Education, v. 43, n. 1, p. 55-65. Fisher, N. B. 2009. Educação não-escolar de adultos e educação ambiental: um balanço da produção de conhecimentos. Revista Brasileira de Educação. v. 14, n. 41, p. 371-398. Flecha, R. 1997. Compartiendo palabras: el aprendizaje de las personas adultas a través del diálogo. Barcelona: Paidós. 157p. Flecha, R.; Mello, R. R. 2012 A formação de educadoras e educadores para um modelo social de educação de pessoas jovens e adultas: perspectivas dialógicas. Revista FAEEBA. v. 21, n. 37, p. 39-52.

Lange, E.; Chubb, A. 2009. Critical environmental adult education in Canada: Student environmental activism. New directions for adult and continuing education. n. 124, p. 61-72. Miotto, R. A. et al. 2011. Monitoring a puma (puma concolor) population in a fragmented landscape in southeast brazil. biotropica, p. 98-104. Oliveira, S. M. et al. 2011. Educação ambiental para a conservação da biodiversidade em unidades de conservação do nordeste paulista. In: Seminário Brasileiro sobre Áreas Protegidas e Inclusão Social, V, 2011, Manaus. Anais eletrônicos... Manaus: Sapis, CD-ROM. Padua, S. M. 2010. Primate Conservation: Integrating Communities Through Environmental Education Programs. American Journal of Primatology, v.72, n.5, p. 450-453. Quevedo, A. et al. 2006. Loros amenazados de la Cordillera Central de los Andes de Colombia: una iniciativa de conservación basada en la investigación y la educación ambiental. Conservación Colombiana, n. 1. Disponível em: 270 ha; N = 15) Figure 1. Study area. A) Brazilian Atlantic Forest, original

distribution in Brazil; B) Forest remnants of Paraná State; C) Iguaçu National Park and main economics activities surrounding the park.

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(Fig.01), according to Brazilian law nº 8.629/1993. The farms were grouped in smaller (very small + small) and larger (medium + large) because the similarities in its management systems, and we applied a chi-square statistic test to assess relationship between farm size and livestock depredation report. The chi-square test was significant (X-square = 16.5, df = 1, p < 0.01) for the relationship between depredation and farm size. Smaller farms had lower frequency of livestock reports than larger ones.

Discussion A probable explanation for observed results is related to the management systems adopted by different groups. Large farms are dedicated to extensive cattle ranching in large paddocks surrounded by barbed or flat wire fences and employing few human herders, which makes cattle more susceptible to predation. On the other hand, small farms have small dairy herds handled daily in small paddocks often surrounded by simple electric fences, but losses have more economic and personal importance. To other large carnivores, like wolves, the farm size, herd size and further distance of herd from human dwellings were also related to more incidences of predation events (Mech et al. 2000). Results shows the relationship between carnivore depredation and economical aptitude of farms along the region and points out two different strategies of action regarding to farms size. Any actions will be fettered by social, cultural, economical and political obstacles over civil and governmental spheres, requiring intense articulation skills of the place makers.

Bruner, A.G.; Gullison, R.E.; Rice, R.E. & Da Fonseca, G.A.B. 2001. Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291, p. 125–128. De Angelo, C.; Paviolo, A.; Wiegand, T.; Kanagaraj, R. & Di Bitetti, M.S. 2013. Understanding species persistence for defining conservation actions: A management landscape for jaguars in the Atlantic Forest. Biological Conservation, 159, p. 422-433 Conforti, V.A. & Azevedo F.C.C. 2003. Local perceptions of jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor) in the Iguaçu National Park area, south Brazil. Biological Conservation, 111, p. 215221. Gubert-Filho, F. A. 2010. O desflorestamento do Paraná em um século. In: Sonda, C. & Trauczynski, S.C. (Eds.). Reforma agrária e meio ambiente: teoria e prática no estado do Paraná. Curitiba: ITCG, p. 15-25. Margarido, T. C. C. & Braga, F. G. 2004. Mamíferos. In: Mikich, S. B. & Bérnils, R. S. (Ed.s) Livro vermelho da fauna ameaçada no Estado do Paraná. Curitiba: Instituto Ambiental do Paraná. Mech, L.D.; Harper, E.K.; Meier, T.J. & Paul, W.J.D. 2000. Assessing factors that may predispose Minnesota farms to wolf depredations on cattle. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, p. 623-629. Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, p. 853-858.

References

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. 1996 Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.

Brocardo, C.R. & Cândido-Jr, J.F. 2012. Persistência de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Revista Árvore, 36, p. 301-310.

Paviolo, A.; De Angelo, C.D.; Di Blanco, Y.E. & Di Bitetti, M.S. 2008. Jaguar Panthera onca population decline in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest of Argentina and Brazil.Oryx, 42, p. 554–561.

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Ribeiro, M.C.; Metzger, J.P.; Martensen A.C.; Ponzoni, F.J. & Hirota, M.M. 2009. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 142, p. 1141–115. Tamang, B. & Baral, N. 2008. Livestock depredation by large cats in Bardia National Park, Nepal: Implications for improving park–people relations. The International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 4, p. 44-53. Woodroffe, R. 2000. Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation, 3, p. 165–173.

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

Presenting a georeference model for sighting of wild animals Thiago Duarte Mota1, Rogerio de Paula2 , Jean Pierre Santos3, Carlos Roberto Bastos Araujo Filho4, Ronaldo Morato5, Rose Morato6

1

UFRJ/COPPE/IVIG, Rio de Janeiro RJ 1

2

[email protected]

CENAP, Estrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi, 8600, Baierro da Usina, Atibaia SP 2

3

[email protected]

Instituto Pro-Carnivoros, Parque Edmundo Zanoni, Atibaia SP 3

4

[email protected]

UFRJ/COPPE/IVIG, Rio de Janeiro RJ 4

[email protected] 5,6

5

ICMBIO, Atibaia - SP

[email protected] 6

[email protected]

Keywords: Databanks, Georeference, GPS, Sample, Predation, Systems, Bioinformatics.

Abstract Many activities have been developed in the last years to implement technological solutions for the documentation, manipulation, control and tracking of wild animals. We can mention the use of GPS for the tracking of tagged animals, collars of radiofrequency, besides the development of databanks for the storage and disclosure of the collected information. Next to the Databank of ICMBIO / CENAP / Atibai for the control of predation, we created a system to document the sighting of animals and associated predation, and the data from socioeconomic protocols applied to the land properties as well as documentation from georeferenced video, photos or audio. This work consists in the presentation of an electronic applicative accessed through any mobile dispositive (telephone, tablet, notebook, etc) for the georeferenced electronic registry of sighting and predation to be imputed to the Databank of the Projects of ICMBIO – CENAP

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of the Environmental Health Ministry. This tool was especially generated as a source for the georeferenced control of field samples from various places, projects and categories. Our objective is to present a tool that can collect georeferenced data from sighting, predation, or documentation of land properties and through this system, created to document, register and make accessible the sampled data, dispose this unified and georeferenced Databank of ICMBIO-CENPA through the internet for the access, for non-commercial purposes, of other researchers. Initially, information from two protocols was collected referring to predation by wild animals and to the socio-economic information on the properties where predation occurred or the animals were seen. These protocols were analyzed by biologists and veterinarians participants in the project and all the information oral and documented was used for the creation of the Georeferenced Databank. All this material was made available on the internet through a

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web platform system, in PHP language and PostgreSQL Database, where through applicatives for android and IOS it can be accessed by mobile phones and collect the georeferenced data. Even if the equipment is without access to the web, through this tool it can file the data and as soon as they gain access they can transmit the information to the data center. Applicatives were structured separately to allow use in any type of technology, for the objective of being multiplatform and be able to obtain data when an agent/researcher is in the field looking for information. With this information we can provide many other details of the sighting, of what is happening in the area, in the region, for all is related with the georeferenced data.

a standard pattern for documentation of all entries received in the institution.

Introduction

The technical team for systems development used as manager of WEB applications the WAMP for the machines that used Windows as the software for the management of the system. For the development of the tools we used the software SVN Tortoise as controller of the version of the system. The management of the databank was done through PostgreSQL version 8.3. For the development of the WEB system, we used the software Eclipse developed in Java and generating pages for the system in PHP. For the application designed for mobiles, cell phones and tablets, we used the plug-in ADTPlugin that together with Eclipse allows us to edit codes in android and all this to be stored in the SQLite – local databank of the mobile equipment for storage of information collected in the field.

Technology is evermore becoming a part of our daily activities , and so is the use of information registered in Databanks for species and individuals. These informations are often not made widely available and in many databanks they are not georefered through longitude and latitude coordinates. Even so, studies are being undertaken to explore different ways of providing availability of information as well as ways to generate, file and make available samples and data on predation that are georefered, for studies and control, and for reporting and sharing among research institutions. The process of field registration, documentation and availability of blood, serum and photographic samples as well as others, are examples of the kind of samples that can be worked as georefered , and formated for padronization of a wild animals research databank.

Objective The objective of this work is to present an internet tool created to register and document as well as to make available the processes and the collection of samples and the predation events of wild animals received by ICMBIO-CENPA from researchers or research institutions, with georefered data, so providing

Material and Methods Our team, that took part in the development of the Project and in the building of the databank, included six people from the IT area and four from the environmental area (biologists, veterinarians, etc). During the development of the tool we used PC type microcomputers with Windows 7 operational system and also PC type microcomputers with Ubuntu (Linux version) operational system, a telephone, and a tablet with android operational system.

To make this system available to be used in the field, we used a WEB Server,a microcomputer type Server, with Windows 2008 Server operational system, PostgreSQL databank, WAMP, webplate 10/100 Ethernet, connected through the web. All access to the system can be done through any kind of equipment with access to the internet with a web navigator (Mozilla, Internet Explorer or other internet navigation program). With this, we can allow access to all in the academic community.

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Processes and Outcomes The registry of collected samples in the field can be done through a mobile device such as a cellphone or tablet with android system, that through an aplicative installed in the device, will be able to photograph, film or record an audio of an animal. This information will be stored in the mobile equipment, in its local databank, called SQLite, which on finding a data web, internet, will transmit the information to the databank server.

JavaScript (scripts language frequently used for building pages in the Internet) and the Databank Postgre SQL, we biult a tool for the management, construction, record and registry of samples and predation, separated by diverse indicators, such as institution, collection place, type of sample, etc. The model used in this relational databank has several tables such as traps, individuals, species, gender, family, sample, type of individual, kind of material, procedence, build-up, build-up registry, habitat, project, program, etc.

The generation of registries and documentation of samples and predation can be answered through the system with the use of protocols for information capture that have been developed by the technical team.

To access the system in the mobile equipment, figure 1, the user must enter user identification and password. Having done this, he will enter the list of collected animals.

These sample registration protocols are answered by the user of the system, identified through a login and password. With the results from the protocols we created the structures of the databank for the entry of samples, and these gave origin to the tables that establish relations in the database. The material was developed through program language PHP, with Ájax and made available in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) format.

Figure 1 – Entry to the system with control of user and

Protocols were established and separated by areas, considering the samples, socioeconomic data, property or place of sample collection data, etc, and were made available for access and registry through the internet. Our main objective was to develop a tool and a Databank where ICMBIO may not only register all samples collected in the field in georefered format, but also may do this automatically with any dispositive without the need of a computer.

password with different profiles for persons or groups.

Figure 2 – List of registry already imputed in the system.

Not finding such a tool available in the market, providing for all the needs of ICMBIO – CENPA and other institutions that participate in their research projects on wild animals, we developed a system to attend the demands of biologists, veterinarians and other professionals linked to the study of the Brazilian fauna. Using program languages PHP, Ajax, HTML,

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After entering identification and password the user

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will see the list of registries already entered and will be able to register a new animal,as can bee seen in figures 3 and 4. At this point the system is ready to capture the georefered data and record the information on the databank of the mobile equipment, as can be seen in figures 5 and 6. In the next figures we can understand what the researcher is capable to associate to the system of the Predation Databank after the capture of the georefered data in the field. We can see details of the sample such as date of collection, place, etc., and associate images to the sample, since the register can be done for a photograph (as could also be a blood sample, urine, hide, etc). Once the field images are captured, and all the samples, data, predation or other events, the researcher can return to his base, be it a hotel, home, etc ,with access to the internet and transmit the data from the mobile equipment to the central databank. This is the system or Databank where the system is running, on a server, such as was described above.

Figure 5 – Data on position with latitude and longitude captured by the mobile equipment.

Figure 6 – Picture of an animal. We can insert a video, an

image, or even the audio of an event, with one or more registries associated.

Figure 3 – Entry of data of a new event (data of a spotting, data of an animal, of a predation or of a field collection).

In the images bellow we can see how the system works in the internet environment where I am transmiting the collected data.

Figure 4 – Filling of the data-fields.

In figures 7 to 14 we can see the documented individuals, the lists and the ways to research an individual that already has data registered in the database. The identification of registries can be generated through an individual identity and the file of his documents as a microchip, localization collar or ring. We can also store information on the coordenates of the material collection besides its localization, such as the team who proceded to the collection, traps used, and even the program, project or research line to which it is associated, and classify the samples.

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Figure 7 – Registry of the local of an event collected in the field.

Figure 12 – Advanced research, or a search possibility in the database.

Figure 8 – List of an individual and all its data. Through the

databank system, if the individual has been documented, we can see all the locations were he was detected with the georefered data that was collected.

Figure 13 – Example of search for all individuals of a species

Figure 9 – Registry of many individuals accessed by the system through the internet.

Figure 14 – Search for a specific individual.

Figure 10 – Map with location were the individual was seen or tracked.

Figure 11 – Example of a list of data from the system, where through the left lateral menu other filters can be applied.

The system also allows, through the group of administrators, the listing of samples associated to the research lines, programs and projects of the institution; the requirement of traps for capture and afterwards the registration of what was captured and generated a sample. This application allows for many kinds of reports associated to the main predation databank. All information obtained today through research of members of our group and sponsored by the institution have their data registered and georefered. As the main result we have the criation of a single structure database where we can register all our information, with data from fieldwork campaings stored immediately in georefered format and the archive also in a georefered database. With this, in the future, we can list an area presenting all campaings developed there, all the collected material , all that was seen in the area, all

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predations, etc, and with this elaborate an environmental map of all that can be found in the area. All this provides indicators and data relevant for the researches of the institution, and aims to provide an answer to the rising demand from researchers for consistent and safe data, and also foster the habit of georefered research providing a significant return to society.

Topografia, Georreferenciamento. Florenzano, T.G Teresa Gallotti. Iniciação em Sensoriamento Remoto, Segunda Edição. Oficina de Textos.

References Santos, J.P. 2007. Análise quantitativa e métodos preventivos de predação de animais domésticos por canídeos selvagens no entorno do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra. Monografia de Graduação. Instituto Superior de Educação – UNIFOR-MG. Formiga. Spercoski, K.M. Morais, R., Morato, R. Paula, R.C., Azevedo, F.C., May Junior, J. A, Santos, J. P., Reghelin, A.L., Wildt, D., Songsasen, N. 2012. Adrenal activity in maned wolves is higher on farmlands and park boundaries than within protected areas. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 179 (2): 232–240 Corral, L. 2007. Avaliação da predação de criações domésticas por lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) no entorno do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, MG, Brasil. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. Niederauer, J., Desenvolvendo Websites com PHP, Editora Novatec, 2004, Edição 2, 272. Ramakrishnan, R., Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Banco de Dados, Edição 1, Editora McGraw Hill. Marchini, S., Cavalcanti S.M.C., Paula, R. C. de, Predadores Silvestres e Animais Domésticos Guia Prático de Convivência Atibaia, São Paulo, Brasil, 2011. Ramos, D. Geodésia na prática. GPS Geodésia, PROCEEDINGS of the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference 2013

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Concurrent Session H Conservação da Natureza e Desenvolvimento Rural (language Portuguese)

Session organizer:

Ana Margarida Euler, Amapá State Forestry Institute, Brazil

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The impact of timber forest management on the livelihoods of local managers: Case study of the Mamirauá Reserve of Sustainable Development Philippe Waldhoff 1, Saulo E.X.F. de Souza 2, Edson Vidal 3, Andrea Abdala 4 1

Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas (IFAM); ESALQ/USP 1 [email protected] 1,2,3,4 Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz ESALQ/USP;

Keywords: Amazon, sustainable use reserve, community based forest management. Introduction The dimensions and possibilities to community based forest management are expressive. Approximately 44% of the territorial area of Legal Amazonia is occupied by protected areas, from which 49% is composed by Indigenous Territories and 33% by Reserves of Sustainable Use (PEREIRA, 2010). Of the total 290 million hectares of the currently registered Brazilian public forests, half of these (145 million) are handled for communitarians (SFB, 2010). According to various actors that could be protagonists of forest management, it is considered community or familiar based when the management plan is executed by familiar agriculturists, settled from agrarian reform and by traditional people and communities, and that the activities performed by outsources does not mischaracterize this definition, since the reported plan continues under community responsibility (BRASIL, 2009). Treating strictly the community based management; the common use of some resources is established by arrangements influenced by an extensive net of relations, rules and social values that determine the process of including and excluding other people from using resources (DIEGUES, 2001). Even considering such a diversity of factors influencing and shaping community based forest management,

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it has been considered as a strategy to reduce deforestation (BRAY et al., 2008), to strengthen land tenure and use rights (MOLNAR ET AL., 200O) and to reduce poverty by the time that conciliate conservation and sustainable use of forests (HAJJAR, 2011; RADACHOWSKY et al, 2012). Nevertheless, in some cases the conservation of ecosystems has been more efficient than the improvement of livelihoods (THOMS, 2008), or yet, eventually failed in respect to both expectations (MARSAHLL, 2006). Looking upon such diversified expectations brought by community based forest management; we identified the perception of forest users related to ultimate changes related to their livelihoods and to forest conservation. The established hypothesis is that the community based forest management could improve the livelihoods of protagonists while contributing significantly to environment conservation.

Methodology Study area This research was developed at Mamirauá Reserve of Sustainable Development (Mamirauá RSD), which encompasses a total area of 1,124,000 ha, situated on the Medio Solimões River, State of Amazonas. The studied communities lye between the rivers Solimões, Japurá

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and Paraná do Aranapú. This region is composed by flooded forests where meadow ecosystems predominate (ALENCAR, 2010), and where the water level of rivers could even oscillate 12 meters along the year. Economic activities are performed according to the water regime. The main activities are agriculture and fishing during dry season, while wood harvesting is the only income source for many families during flooding season (PIRES, 2004, apud Ayres et al, 1997). Data collection We adopted the study case methodology (LUDCKE; ANDRÉ, 1986), through data collecting based on structured and semi structured interviews, besides documental analysis (BARBETTA, 2012; LUDCKE; ANDRÉ, 1986). Participant observation was performed during work development together with communities in their forest management areas (BERNARD, 1988). We adapted the tool “Sustainable Livelihoods Framework” (DFID, 1999) in order to assess the impacts of sustainable forest management on the managers livelihoods. The interviews were followed by a script of questions based on the method presented by Kusters et al (2005), comparing forest management with traditional wood harvest executed before the implementation of the current management system, or in some cases, with other work activity. The methodology separates the indicators related to life conditions into distinct groups, which were considered as dimensions. Dimensions and indicators were defined through a wide review and discussion done by researches of the Laboratory of Tropical Forestry, from ESALQ/ USP, encompassing: (i) Human dimension – safety, environment and feeding at work; access to school; use of traditional knowledge; learning new knowledge; vision of the productive process; leisure access and; happiness; (ii) Social dimension – work opportunity and income; internal relationships within community; external relationships between groups/institutions; organization participation; female empowerment; (iii) Physical dimension – changes in community infrastructure and goods; changes in household infrastructure and goods; changes in work infrastructure and goods; equitable

access to work equipment; (iv) Financial dimension – adding value to the product; income regularity; equitable income distribution; independence of external human and physic resources and; (v) Natural dimension – conservation of managed resources; access control to resources; environmental conservation. Data analysis Each indicator was assessed through questions that, when answered, met an ordinal scale of five levels (-2= very negative; -1 negative; 0= neutral; 1= positive; 2 very positive). We analyzed data through descriptive statistics and exploratory analysis ( B A R B E T T A , 2012). Besides, we used the triangulation technique to compare data collected from forest managers with those collected from specialists and documental analysis (VERDEJO, 2010).

Results We performed 41 interviews with forest managers representing 19 communities which are involved, or had already been involved with community based forest management for wood, during the period between January and March 2013. Within the scope of this work we defined as forest managers, the people directly involved in one or more activities related to forest management, since planning, forest operations, transport, and even product sales. The system of forest management adopted inside Mamirauá RSD was defined in a participative manner, considering the characteristic systems of the reserve communities, the traditional use of forest resources and stocks availability. (PIRES, 2004). The absence of specific rules to forest management in meadow areas led to the adoption of the rules from simplified community forest management, legally instituted through the Act 2,788, from September 28th 1998, which subsidized the elaboration of Sustainable Forest Management Plans in Mamirauá RSD (QUEIROZ; PERALTA, 2006). Thus, the implemented system of forest management considered the traditional knowledge about logging in meadow ecosystems, which included new exploration

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techniques to reduce damages to the forest and improve the workers security (PIRES, 2004). We identified environmental conservation (natural dimension) as the main positive impact of the forest management, while aspects related to the input of resources (financial dimension) was the main fragility. Such a result corroborates the one found by Thoms (2007) when studying changes in life conditions promoted by community based forest management in Nepal. This author argued that community management has obtained limited results in improving life conditions, despite great success for conservation.

Figure 1- Results of timber forest management on the livelihoods of forest managers.

Among five indicators of the financial dimension, three

presented negative results: (i) income regularity; (ii) income duration and; (iii) independence of external agents. To forest managers in Mamirauá RSD, income irregularity is the main limiting factor to the activity development. The main factors causing income irregularity are related to the delay of the inspections and the emission of environmental licenses, as well as to differences on the flooding levels. The centralization by Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas (IPAAM), responsible by inspections and license emissions in Manaus, the lack of trained human resources and divergent interpretations of the

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rules are the main barriers related to environmental licensing of forest management plans (KIBLER, 2008). Another factor related to income irregularity has a natural cause and is related to the flooding levels. The forest management performed along the meadows of Mamirauá RSD predicts that logs could be carried via fluvial. To make it happen, after cutting the trees is expected that the water level, during the flooding season, reaches those cut trees and allows draining them to the river. When floods are weak and the water level dos not reach the previously cut trees, it cannot be removed and commercialized, thus causing loss of production in many cases. The conservation of natural resources was the main effect of the forest management for wood. Nevertheless, in a conjectural analysis, we noticed that it is due to either the promotion of forest management in the reserve, or even to the establishment of Mamirauá Ecological Reserve in 1990, transformed into a Reserve of Sustainable Development in 1996. According to Pires (2001; apud PIRES, 2004), illegal logging reduced 25,7% with the implementation of forest management programs, environmental education and inspection by environmental agents from the community. Notwithstanding, the author highlighted the challenges to implement sustainable ways of using timber resources. The conservation of managed species was highlighted among natural dimension. According to interviwees, before they were harvested without criteria and conservation concern, and after management they started to follow the rules established legally. Another important factor is the access control to resources, because with the implementation of management, areas were defined communally, being formally delimited to the forest management and the access to areas and resources inside the reserve, collectively accorded. Relating to human dimension, the results found were positive in general. The acquisition of new knowledge related to sustainable forest management through trainings and capacity building was the factor that most contributed for it. Other important factors were the use of traditional knowledge, those commonly used for forest exploration before management and that continued to

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be applied, and the happiness feeling showed by the interviewed managers when cited satisfaction with the work and its outcomes. The community based forest management also generated positive outcomes related to the social dimension. Results indicated that the participation of managers in the process of organizing the activity was real in the majority of the targeted communities, including the formalization of community associations and representation in specific forums. Although the social dimension showed a negative result relating to female empowerment. Besides impeding women involvement in forest management activities, when they were rarely involved, they prepared meals and were not properly recognized, being unconsidered for payments. Finally, relating to the physic dimension, the results showed that the income from forest management allowed buying and maintaining work materials and equipment, besides transportation of managers. Relating to work, the only used equipment are chainsaws, and relating to transportation, the use of little stern engines (5hp) in canoes, called “rabetas”. Therefore, the technological level of materials and equipments is very low in this kind of management. The income from forest management also provided the acquisition of household electrical appliances, or rebuilding their own houses.

Conclusion The improvement in forest conservation is associated mainly to the conservation of commercial interest species and to the control of access and use of resources, which are results from wide actions related to the reserve creation associated to higher control promoted by the implementation of forest management in the communities. Such management led communities to establish boundaries for proper managed areas inside each community, which generated collective agreements of use of these areas and recognition either in the local level or in the presence of outside institutions. By the other hand, despite such managed timber presents a distinct value in the market, the challenges

found to overcome the licensing and commercialization barriers have prevented continuity of the process. Rules and laws ordering sustainable forest management did not considered the complex agrarian system and the productive arrangement of communities, generating difficulties for the activity licensing and, associated to it, annual changes in the flood regime lead to irregularities of production and income. Due to its barriers, but not restricted to them, forest management has had difficulties to keep people interested in the activity. We considered “Sustainable Livelihoods Framework” as a proper method to assess the results of the community based forest management at Mamirauá RSD, once it allowed identifying the need of improvements related to financial outcomes, and thus contribute to overcome the presented barriers and became a sustainable activity. This way, community based forest management has been more efficient for forest conservation and for improving some social aspects. Acknowledgment This study was developed with support from the Government of Amazonas State, through the Foudation for Research (FAPEAM), with the grating of the scholarship Program PRO-DPD/AM. Local support was given by Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development. Special thanks for Elenice Assis do Nascimento by dialogue with the community and discussions, and to Marina Losi Monteiro for the help with the interviews. References Alencar, E. F. 2010. Memórias de Mamirauá. Instituto de Desesnvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, AM, 292p. Barbetta, P. A. 2012. Estatística aplicada às ciências sociais. Ed. da UFSC. 8ª. ed. Florianópolis. 318p. Bernard, H. R. 1988. Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Ed. Sage Publications. Califórnia. 518p. Brasil. Decreto No. 6.874, de 05 de junho de 2009.

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Institui, no âmbito dos Ministérios do Meio Ambiente e do Desenvolvimento Agrário, o Programa Federal de Manejo Florestal Comunitário e Familiar. Disponível em: . Acessado em: 30.03.2012 Bray, D. B.; Duran. E.; Ramos, V. H.; Mas, J-F; Velasquez, A.; MacNab, R. B.; Barry, D.; Radachowsky, J. Tropical deforestation, community forests, and protected areas in the Maya Forest. Ecology and Society. 13(2). 56. 2008.

learned from Mexico and Bolivia and policy implications for decision-makers. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Cambridge. 2006 Molnar, A.; Gomes, D.; Souza, R.; Vidal, N., Hojer, R. Community Forest enterprise markets in Mexico and Brazil: new opportunities and challenges for legal access to the forest. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 27 (1e2), 87-121. 2008. Pereira, Denys et al. Fatos Florestais da Amazônia 2010. Belém: IMAZON, 2010

Diegues, A. C. Repensando e recriando as formas de apropriação comum dos espaços e recursos naturais. In: In: Espaços e Recursos Naturais de Uso Comum. Org.: Diegues, A.C.; Moreira, A. C.C. USP. São Paulo. 2001

Pires, A. 2004. Princípios e processos na implantação do manejo florestal comunitário na RDS Mamirauá. In: Terras Indígenas & Unidades de Conservação da natureza: o desafio das sobreposições. Fany R. (org). Instituto Socioambiental, São Paulo, p. 558-563.

DFID. 1999 Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Department for International Development. UK. ?p.

Queiroz, H.L.; Peralta, N. Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável: Manejo Integrado dos Recursos Naturais e Gestão Participativa. In: Garay, I e Becker, B.K (Orgs.). Dimensões Humanas da Biodiversidade. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2006.p.447- 469

Hajjar, R.; McGrath, D.G.; Kozak, R. A.; Innes, J.L. Framing community forestry challenges with a broader lens: case studies from Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Environmental Management. Elsevier, v. 92, p. 2159-2169, 2011. Kibler, J. F.; Silva, L. N. da. Articulação nacional e internacional no Projeto Floresta Viva. T & C Amazônia. Manaus???. Ano VI, n.15, out. 2008. Kusters, K.; Belcher, B.; Ruiz-Pérez, M.; Achdiawan, R. 2005. A method to assess the outcomes of forest product trade on livelihoods and environment. Bogor Barat, Indonésia. CIFOR Working Paper No. 32. 23p.

Radachowsky, J. et al. Forest concessions in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala: A decade later. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 268, n. 0, p. 1828, 2012. SFB. Plano anual de manejo florestal comunitário e familiar: período 2011. Brasília, 2010. 148 p. Disponível em: < http://www.youblisher.com/ p/155818-Plano-Anual-de-Manejo-FlorestalComunitario-e-Familiar-PAMFC-2011/>. Acesso em: 15.04.2012

Ludke, M.; André, M. E. D. A. 1986. Pesquisa em educação: abordagens qualitativas. Editora Pedagógica e Universitária. São Paulo. 99p.

Thoms, C. A. Community control of resources and the challenge of improving local livelihoods: A critical examination of community forestry in Nepal. Geoforum, v. 39, n. 3, p. 1452-1465, 2008.

Marshall, E.; Schereckenberg, K.; NEWTON, A. C. (eds). Commercialization of non-timber forest products Factors influencing success. Lessons

Verdejo, M. E. 2010. Diagnóstico rural participativo: guia prático DRP. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário. Brasília. 62p.

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Tropical forest seed production chain: Diagnosis in communities of Alto Xingu, Brazil Sarah Domingues de O. Andrade1, Danilo I. de Urzedo2 Edson Vidal 3 1,2,3

Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brasil.

Keywords: non-timber forest products, rural development, socio-biodiversity

Diagnosis of seed productionin the Upper Xingu communities Cultural and socioeconomic vision of the production chain Multiple use forest management (MFM) encompasses the valuation of ecosystems from management of timber and non-timber systems to payment for environmental services. MFM is praised as an important strategy that meets the demands of diverse actors, in addition to being anecological way of harvesting and to adding more value to forests, making them more robust to conversion(García Fernández et al, 2008).Thus, this contemporary approach has been recognized as an important tool to promote the maximization of forest production with the conservation of ecosystems, guaranteeing greater community governance regarding the production system, as well as greater security of household income (Panayotou,1992).Additionally, community forestrysupports cultural diversity and traditional and local knowledge, present in the local community (Charnley, 2007).In this way, management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), such as forest seed, is an important means to promote the consolidation of a community forestry model. However, the production chains of NTFPs have many functional limitations, which currently are conferred on the forest seed sector, presenting serious deficiencies in order to meet the growing demand for ecological restoration projects in

Brazil. In this context, the study of productive forestry chains consists of a relevant instrument to evaluate the functional system and seek new alternatives that consider the reality of the communities that promote their articulation. The present study aims to diagnose factors influencing the tropical forest seed production chain in the Upper Xingu communities in the Amazon watershed, analyzing production bottlenecks and how they can be mitigated in order to create a structured chain of non-timber forest products. The data collection was carried out by means of semistructured questionnaires and participant observation in three cores of the Seed Network of Xingu, involving family farmers (Confresa and Canabrava do Norte), indigenous core (ethnic Ikpeng) and urban collectors (Canarana and Nova Xavantina), involving 32 local actors (53% female). The following factors were assessed of local production of seeds: (i) distance of areas; (ii) distance for production; (iii) equipment and materials; (iv) credit and financing; (v) analysis of the physiological quality of seeds; (vi) technical assistance; (vii) training courses; (viii) security of the collector. From these variables,their respective attributes according to the degree of consolidationwere defined,ranked on a crescent ordinal scale of 1 to 3. From these data,the consolidation rate of seed production (CRSP)was calculated, according to Equation 1.

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Where: i: indicator of different factors. Fi: indicator of production consolidation.

Regarding the values of the CRPS, the family farmers presented the highest value (0.51), followed by urban collectors (0.46) and indigenous core (0.20). These data suggest that family farmers and urban collectors are in a process of achieving greater governance in production when compared to the indigenous core. However, each core of study has specific features, which implicate in diverse forms in the factors studied, as illustrated by Figure 1.

Regarding production, family farmers and indigenous people need to traverse greater distances, spanning more than 15 Km, to transport the seeds to the storage chambers located in the centers of cities (Indigenous = 1.00; family farmers = 1.00; urban collectors = 3.00), resulting in higher production costs or even in disturbance on the physiological quality of lots. However, these two cores traverse smaller distances to access the collection areas, whether in areas that cover their territories or the surrounding areas, which are less than 5 Km (indigenous = 3.00; family farmers = 3.00). In contrast, urban collectors travel more than 250 miles to collect seeds in third areas or in fragments on the edge of highways (urban collectors = 1.00). The highest incidence of participation in training courses was observed in the family farmers’ core and indigenous people’s core (indigenous = 2.27; family farmers = 2.78; urban collectors = 1.50). This is due,

Figure 1- Factors affecting seed production of indigenous core, family farmers and urban collectors from Upper Xingu.

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possibly, to the inclusion of seed productionactivity in the scope of action of other environmental projects that are implemented by local institutions in those communities, which does not occur in the urban context. The plots sowing to analyze the physiological quality consists of a widespread technique employed by both family farmers and urban collectors (indigenous = 1.00; family farmers = 1.89; urban collectors = 2.83). Thereby, the collectors begin to monitor the rate of seed emergence, which improves the quality of the monitoring techniques used in production. The group which presents the greatest quantity and diversity of materials and equipment is the urban collector (2.50) followed by family farmers (2.22), a result both of financial investments and of the creativity and innovation of these actors.On the other hand, the same factor generates constraints in indigenous production (1.00), which faces lack of materials and equipment for production, although there is potential to apply traditional materials and equipment (matting, sieves and baskets made from natural fibers) to furnish this demand, enriching the local culture. This factor is possibly enhanced by access to financing and credit, which is more widespread among family farmers (2.56) and collectors (1.50) when compared with the indigenous core (1.00).

directly to the different social and cultural realities. Nevertheless, the communities had deficiencies with regard to technical assistance, safety and transportation, factors that directly affect the cost of production, technical instruction, seed quality and the welfare of the collectors. Therefore, access to credits and financing is essential to the articulation of new instruments for the structuring of local seed production.

References Panayotou, T. & Ashton, P.S. 1992. Not by timber alone: economics and ecology for sustaining tropical forests. Washington, DC and Covelo, California, Island Press. García-Fernández, C; Ruiz-Pérez, M; Wunder, S. Is multiple-use forest management widely implementable in the tropics?, Forest Ecology and Management, Volume 256, Issue 7, 20 September 2008. Charnley S, Fischer AP, Jones ET: Integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into forest biodiversity conservation in the Pacific Northwest. Forest Ecology and Management  2007,  246:1428.

All cores studied express seriousshortageof technical assistance (indigenous = 1.00; family farmers = 1.00; urban collectors = 1.08), which may affect the quality of seeds, as well as in the joint and the group’s involvement. Furthermore, safe seed collection was an obstacle in the cores (indigenous = 1.00; family farmers = 1.67; urban collectors = 2.00) mainly due to the non-adoption of techniques and equipment for vertical rise, which may threaten the health and well-being of the collectors. Although family farmers and urban cores had better overall performance in production, the studied communities feature a broad diversification in local demands for seed production, a fact that speaks

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Legal forest reserv – transition from rural use to urban use

Fernando Almeida Costa1, Alisson Santos Neves2 Natanael Antunes Abade3

1,2,3

Instituto Brasília Ambiental – IBRAM, Brasília – DF 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected]

Keywords: legal forest reserve, subdivision of land, urbanization, environmental liabilities The balanced environment, collective right established in 1988 Constitution of Federal Republic of Brazil, is sought through various normative instruments by Brazil. Among them are the establishment of protected areas by law, such as the Nature Conservation Units, Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Forest Reserves. They all contribute to the maintenance of ecological processes and ecosystem services essential to human needs, and for that limit the use and occupation of land, whether in public or private property. The Legal Forest Reserve Areas - LFRA are mandatory to all rural properties, with the function to guarantee the sustainable use of these, coupled with creation of ecological corridors that must link to the other protected areas. The law provides that the LFRA maintenance is required until its gets obtained approval to urban subdivision, through licensing installment of the respective property, with the concomitant public registration in official extrajudicial authority.  However, mainly due to technological and operational limitations of the State’s administration, this legal requirement is not fulfillment in much of rural properties, which implies harm to the natural collective patrimony. But such default is compounded when it is not considered in the environment licensing process of

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parceling urban land, resulting in a kind of prescription of environmental liabilities of the property, which is in transition from rural use to urban use. Added to this, the fact that the environmental regularity of rural properties amenable to urban use, usually severely charges the landlord or the entrepreneur who undertakes regular routes to land subdivision. This onus is due to the requirement for forest compensations and / or environmental compensations during the environmental licensing administrative procedure. These compensation mechanisms was designed so that environmental impacts are mitigated. In the case of the Distrito Federal, Federation Unit of Brazil, there are the demand of forest compensation to planting of 30 native trees for every single native tree removed. However, areas devoid of the minimum percentage of native vegetation required by law, not infrequently pass off these mechanisms of environmental management, 1"#"5 &-5 .)5 ."5  ),'(.#)(5 \*,-,#*.#)(5 ) 5 environmental liability’ because there is no charging to maintenance the minimum of vegetation required for regularity , whether preserved or in recovery. It is observed so that much environmental damage to the community as a lack of equality in the treatment of administered by the State.

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Figure –Legal forest reserves overlaid on urban expansion plan of Distrito Federal-Brazil

From various observations on administrative procedures pending in Organ executor of environmental policy of the Distrito Federal, in 2012, this article proposes guidelines for the mitigation of biodiversity loss and ecosystem services arising from the conversion of rural use to urban use of defaulters properties in the definition and/or maintenance of legal forest reserve area in the Distrito Federal, Brazil.

References COSTA, F.A ; NEVES, A. S; ABADE, N.A. 2013. Legal Forest Reserve – Transition from rural use to urban use. Not Published

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Concurrent Session I Private Sector on Nature Conservation

Session organizer:

Giovana Baggio de Bruns, TNC, Brazil

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Mato Grosso healthy & prosper: Green Infrastructure proposal Eder Zanetti1, Paulo Borges2 1 1

Green Farm CO2FREE

[email protected] 2

Instituto Ação Verde.

2

[email protected]

Keywords: Green Economy, Green Infrastructure, Mato Grosso; PNBSAE.

The global regime of trade & environment is, and will be, directed to look into opportunities for promoting world sustainable development. The global environment, international development and trade are pillars of such discussion; reflected within UNEP, UNDP, World Bank, IMF, FAO, WHO and WTO, among others. Today most of the discussion is directed to free trade of environmental goods and services and quality certification criteria for differentiation of products and services at international trade. The perspective of growth in a Green Economy is based on countries willingness to adopt measures for promoting EGS and PES as ways to contribute for a global sustainable development. While there is a great risk of losing markets, clients and reputation from unsustainable practices, the opportunity shines for corporations adopting precautionary measures to evaluate, mitigate and compensate for negative impacts on ecosystem services such as carbon cycling, water quality & quantity provision, biodiversity cultivation and many others (see MEA2005). Green Economy insertion depends on the level of environmental and social commitment of production and service chains and early initiatives are promoted towards Corporate Socioenvironment Responsibility – CSR procedures. In Mato Grosso this has been approached towards an overall project of Green Infrastructure building, directed to provide and interconnected network of rivers, lagoons, wetlands, forests, pastures and other natural areas of regional significance for the natural

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resource base. Grey infrastructure of roads, damns, airports and so on will have to adapt and comply with green infrastructure master plan for their implementation, which actually speeds up licensing process and public scrutinizing of development projects. Mato Grosso Healthy and Prosper master plan has the mission of “Assuring State’s environmental quality and sustainable development of all ecosystems for this and the future generations”. The Green Infrastructure proposal aims at assuring the State’s environmental quality will be kept over the years throughout na interconnect system of micro, meso and macro regions working for healthy ecosystems. It is the first Project of this magnitude in Brazil and one of the largest in the planet, comprising over 22 million of private and public Conservation Units and their buffer zones, river’s margins (Corridors of River Ecosystem Reserves) and private and public properties all over the Sate. The proposal looks for implementing it towards a Public-Private-Partnership already initiated with the Platform for Business with Environmental & Ecosystem Goods and Services (PNBSAE - www.pnbsae.com.br), performing carbon (and other ecosystem services) payments for individuals, organizations and institutions complying with the overall objectives and within eligible areas. Three yearly payments has been performed in 2010, 2011 and 2012, benefiting three local communities and serving as field demonstration of project activities and objectives.

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Assessment of High conservation value areas in a private forest company (Fibria –Aracruz Unit) Ana Paula Correa do Carmo1, Ana Paula Pulito2, Antonio do Nascimento Gomes3 Fibria Celulose S.A [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 Nascimento Consultoria 3 [email protected] 1,2

1

Keywords: high conservation value, landscape analysis, private conservation areas, landscape planning, criteria definition ibria has established itself as a brazilian company engaged in sustainable forest management capable of creating value from renewable resources. The company owns about 900,000 hectares of land in seven states within Brazil. Fibria’s lands are managed with eucalypt plantation forests dedicated to wood production (57%) in mosaics with native vegetation dedicated to conservation purposes (37%). The company’s certified forest areas in the states of Bahia, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais (which comprises Fibria’s Aracruz Unit) were the object of an assessment of high conservation value areas (HCV) as proposed by FSC standards in 2012. The assessment comprises the interpretation of the six global definition of HCV, following ProForest and HCV Network. Lacking a national interpretation of HCV, we established quantifiable criteria to define HCVs at each category, using the company geographical database, public information from environmental agencies and NGOs, as well as historical data from biodiversity studies and monitoring conduced inside de forest management areas. The list of criteria defined to limit each HCV were: HCV 1 – Private conservation units or areas inside conservation units of restricted use; Areas assembling more than 5 species critically threatened with extinction (the average plus a standard deviation of the number of critically threatened species in the previously studied forests); Areas assembling more than 135 species threatened, rare or endemic (the average plus a standard deviation of the number of species with these characteristics in the previously studied forests); Areas assembling more than 100

individuals of the same migratory bird species in a single observation; HCV 2 – Core-area fragments with a significant total area compared to the total area of legal conservation units at each Environmental Unit; Core-area fragments adjacent to a conservation unit of restricted use; Core-area fragments with a total area feasible to maintain a population of an “umbrella” species (Tapirus terrestris in this case); HCV 3 – Core-area fragments of endangered ecosystems with a representative total area at each Environmental Unit; HCV 4 – Watersheds that have a water collecting point, more than 50% of its total area occupied by Fibria’s lands and an index of water availability lesser than 30%; Areas with more than 45% of terrain declivity; HCV 5 – Areas within 9 km of local communities, with natural resources (food, drinking water, medicine or other forest products that generates income) needed for the survival of at least 25% of the community with no available alternatives; HCV 6 – Areas with religious (sacred) sites or historical monuments linked with the identity of an ethnical group or essential to the culture of local communities or indigenous groups; Areas with cultural, archeological or historical value in a national or international level. Based on the above listed criteria Fibria identified 21 HCV areas (totalizing about 12.000). At each identified HCV area, specific actions are in place to assure the maintenance and enhancement of each identified value. Also, the company monitoring programs included those areas aiming to evaluate the effect of the management applied to its conservation and the perpetuation of its benefits.

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The importance of natural areas conservation in the private sector - a regional perspective Ivone Satsuki Namikawa1, Samantha Nazaré de Paiva2 Klabin SA, Brazil [email protected] 2 [email protected] 1 ,2

1

Keywords: Mosaic Forest Landscape Management, Conservation, Private Areas The conservation of natural areas on private forest companies, is a constant challenge in apparent contradiction with the best economical land use. However, the conservation of natural areas and the maintenance of the landscape mosaic through ecological corridors, brings significant environmental improvements . The maintenance of biodiversity, the quality and quantity of water, carbon sequestration and soil conservation, among other benefits, results in improvements for the community and for own forest operation by minimizing the incidence of pests and diseases and ensuring sustainable forest productivity. Strategic actions that promote the conservation and restoration of natural forest areas inside and outside company lands are critical to the ecological corridors establishment in the region, expanding the concept of landscape management. Among the external actions, the ”Matas Legais” Program, established in a partnership between the company Klabin SA and Non Governmental Organization Apremavi - Association for the Preservation of the Environment and Life, has accounted since 2008, 437 farmers. It accomplished the demarcation of 768.61 ha of permanent preservation areas, with a donation of 310,655 seedlings of native species for restoration in the state of Paraná. This program began in the state of Santa Catarina in 2005 and was expanded to Paraná state, in the areas of influence of the company in 2008. Regarding own company areas, several actions are performed, as the establishment of Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN) of Monte Alegre, with 3852.3 hectares in

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1998, and the definition of forest management model implemented in the company since the 70’s based in a mosaic system. Also a methodology for identifying areas of high conservation value, was initiated in mid-2007and are being developed based in a strong monitoring system. These methodology is being used to prioritize the integrity of natural environment and to monitore fauna and flora. It will help to know the exixting biodiversity and possible impacts of forest management. As a result of these actions and others, it appears that the intensification of technical advice to small farmers reflects positively on increasing the extent of ecological corridors and greater awareness of stakeholders on nature conservation issues mainly related to biodiversity, soil and water, as well as the better planning of their land use. In company´s own areas, the different monitoring programs indicate that forest management run by the company, has several environmental benefits because the planted forests, interspersed with natural forest fragments - called mosaic model, allow the wildlife movement through corridors, including large mammals, such as the puma - Puma concolor. The numbers obtained in the monitoring of fauna and flora quantitatively demonstrate the importance of this forest management model. Regarding to landscape, the conservation of forest fragments in areas larger than legal environmental requirements - areas of legal reserve and permanent preservation areas – changed positively the natural landscape of Telemaco Borba region.

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Private Sector on Nature Conservation

Monitoring ecological processes for Fibria’s Environmental Restoration Program Roberto Mediato1, Angelo Conrado Moura2, Tathiane Santi Sarcinelli3, Juliano Ferreira Dias4, Ana Paula Pulito5 1,2,3,4,5

Fibria Celulose S.A., Aracruz-ES, Brazil 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] 4 [email protected] 5 [email protected]

Keywords: restoration models, monitoring indexes, Atlantic Forest, private initiative Fibria Celulose S.A. is the global leader in short fiber pulp, operating three plants and a forest base of 974,400 hectares, of which 352,000 is intended for environmental conservation. Fibria’s Environmental Restoration Program has the goal of promoting the restoration of 30.000 ha by the year 2025. This Program, which began in 2010, has already promoted restoration activities in more than 6,000 hectaresdistributed among the company’s properties located in Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia States. Among the restoration techniques employed by the Program are the planting of native species, enrichment with high species diversity, natural regeneration conduction and exotic and invasive alien species control. The planting is done with great diversity of species, employing two functional groups: filling and diversity. The filling group consists of fast-growing and wide canopy species, which provide rapid closure of the planted area. On the other side, the diversity group includes slow-growing and/or narrow canopy species that attract wildlife and enhance the diversity of the area. The areas under restoration process are evaluated using a monitoring tool that consists of field evaluations, data consolidation, interpretation of results and improvement actions based on operational recommendations.

Monitoring indexes were defined in terms of their relevance in the ecological restoration process, such as native and exotic and invasive alien plants density, number of species, percentage of accordance with the planting methodology,  proportion of successional groups, equitability index (proportion of planted species), average height of planted individuals, pioneer species index, species dispersion index, and percentage of crown cover. The results obtained with the monitoring tool are useful to validate or improve the restoration techniques and adopt operational improvements, bringing gains in environmental quality and reducing operating costs. Also, this tool can lead to the development of new restoration models.

References ATTANASIO, C.M. 2008. Technical Manual: restoration and monitoring of riparian vegetation and the Legal Reserve for Agricultural certificationbiodiversity conservation in coffee plantations. Imaflora, Piracicaba, 60 p.

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Magro, T. C.; Rodrigues, L. M.; Silva Filho, D. F. ; Polizel, J. L.; Leahy, J.; (Eds.) 2013. Protected Areas and Place Making: How do we provide conservation, landscape management, tourism, human health and regional development?

UEHARA, T.H.K., GANDARA, F.B. 2009. Books of riparian forest. Secretary of State for environment, biodiversity and natural resources. SMA, New York, 68 p. RODRIGUES, R. R., BRANCALION, P.H.S., ISERNHAGEN, I. 2009. The Atlantic forest restoration Pact: concepts and referential actions of forest restoration. LERF/ESALQ: BioAtlântica Institute, São Paulo, 264p. RODRIGUES, R. R., BRANCALION, P.H.S., PADOVEZI, A., FARAH, F.T., VIANI, R., BARRETO, T. E. 2011. Monitoring Protocol for programs/projects of forest restoration. The Atlantic forest restoration Pact. 2011, São Paulo, 40 p.

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Biodiversity Conservation Planning for Klabin S.A. in Brazil: a corporate experience in partnership with The Nature Conservancy Giovana Baggio de Bruns1, Leandro Baumgarten2, Anna Julia Passold3, Marcelo Matsumoto4, Camila Kotsifas5, Ivone Satsuki Namikawa6, Samantha Nazaré de Paiva7 , Mireli Moura Pitz 8 The Nature Conservancy, Curitiba-PR, Brazil, [email protected] 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] 4 [email protected] 5 [email protected] 6,7,8 Klabin S.A., Brazil 6 7 [email protected] [email protected] 8 [email protected] 1,2,3,4,5

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Keywords: Biodiversity Conservation Plan, Conservation Areas Planning (CAP), The Nature Conservancy, Klabin, FSC - Forest Stewardship Council, biodiversity monitoring, Atlantic Forest. The natural remnants owned by forest companies in Brazil are a huge conservation asset representing hundreds of hectares in endangered ecosystem like the Atlantic Forest. Its value becomes even greater when their biodiversity is well known and the conservation and restoration efforts are focused on the resilience of their fauna, flora and natural resources. More so for companies certified by Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and other certification schemes, such Klabin S.A. Those companies are making significant improvements in the stewardship of natural remnants, mainly regarding High Conservation Values Areas functionality and landscape planning.

Biodiversity management was planned using MIRADI, software developed specifically for multi-stakeholder conservation projects.

The Nature Conservancy and Klabin established a partnership to develop a Biodiversity Conservation Plan for company´s natural areas which form a mosaic within Pinus and Eucalyptus plantations on the most threath ecosystem in Brazil: Atlantic Forest.

Although region-wide high impact threats were not observed, the assessment indicated that the most frequent issues were invasive species in grasslands (pinus and exotic grass species), illegal hunting, forest fires and cattle impacts on native areas usually caused by neighbor communities. These threats can cause problems for biodiversity maintenance, therefore monitoring is crucial to improve stewardship and restoration efforts. The Conservation Targets suggested for monitoring were: endangerous birds and midsize mammals (jaguar,deer and monkey), sensitive habitat (savanna, Atlantic forest and araucaria forest). Also several special fragments were considered HCV areas

The methodology used for site evaluation, monitoring plan development, and landscape design was based on Conservation Areas Planning (CAP), a worldwide known methodology developed by TNC, and GIS tools applied to landscape analysis and planning. The GIS tools used were - LandFrag, Corridor Design and LegalGeo, the last one is developed by TNC in Brazil.

Areas located in 3 watersheds were evaluated in Southern Brazil, in Santa Catarina State. In this region 47% of the land is occupied by pinus and eucalyptus plantations and the company owns almost 64 thousand hectares of natural areas, (46% of Klabin’s properties). Even though most of the natural fragments (average size from 15 ha to 45 ha) present low integrity, the remnants of high integrity are larger, representing on average 92% of the total area of the natural fragments.

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due to biodiversity relevance and/or their importance for community. The fragments located within Klabin´s areas are part of important remnants of Atlantic Forest in this region, notably the Araucaria forests ecosystem. Combining monitoring of biodiversity conditions with continuous improvement of stewardship actions and relationship projects with surrounding community is crucial for threat reduction and maintenance of fragments quality. It is important to highlight that Klabin has already adopted several environmental procedures in forestry activities and has a restoration plan in place to minimize impacts on natural resources as well as a relationship and environmental education program. References

Granizo, T. et al. 2016. Manual de Planejamento para a Conservacao de Areas, PCA. TNC y USAID, Quito, 204p. Klabin S.A. 2012. Plano de Manejo Florestal Santa Catarina. Klabin S.A, Otacilio Costa, 182 p.

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Private Sector on Nature Conservation

Innovation and Biodiversity Conservation Vinicius Suassuna Gonçalves dos Reis1, João Carlos Augusti2, Ana Paula Pulito3

1

Fibria Celulose S.A., Rodovia Aracruz-Barra do Riacho, s/n, km 25, Aracruz-ES, Brazil, 1 [email protected] 2 ,3 Fibria Celulose S.A. 2 [email protected] 3 [email protected]

Keywords: Fibria, pulp, conservation, biodiversity, mosaic, forest plantation Fibria has established itself as a Brazilian company engaged in sustainable forest management capable of creating value from renewable resources. With 19,000 employees, the company operates in seven states within Brazil. Fibria owns 975,000 hectares of land, of which 352,000 hectares (36%) are dedicated to conservation purposes. The wood is used for pulp production, supplying global demand for high-quality products from ,.#ŀ5*&(.5 ),-.-85Ļ5)'*(3\-5'#(5',%.-5,5 Europe (42%), North America (25%) and Asia (23%). #,#\-5 ),-.5*&(..#)(-5 ,5 &).5#(5 .",5").-*).-5 for conservation, the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, the Cerrado and the Pampa. Fibria is developing biodiversity conservation initiatives and projects to reduce loss in these endangered biomes, with a feasible cost, in eight thematic areas: wildlife protection, conservation areas, restoration, landscape management, participation in conservation forums, environmental education, biodiversity-community projects, terrestrial and marine monitoring. Its projects and initiatives align with the
#"#5 ,!.-65 ."5 )'*(3\-5 !)&-5 ,5 .)95 '*,)05 forest management in order to reduce negative impacts of operations and increase positive impacts; Protect high conservation value areas and endemic, endangered and rare species; Mainstream biodiversity conservation in its practices through environmental education and biodiversity-related community projects. The Sustainable ),-.5 )-#-5#(#.#.#05#-5)(5) 5#,#\-5')-.5#'*),.(.5 projects. Taking the landscape as a unit of management, the collaboration between companies and nongovernmental organizations represents an opportunity

to test collaborative biodiversity conservation. Environmental units for biodiversity monitoring were created and the methodology was converged to drive actions from the different companies toward a common goal. Priority areas for restoration were also identified. A biodiversity-community project, the Brazilian Parrot (Amazona aestiva) Project, helped to decrease birdtrafficking. In three years, the proportion of nests that were disturbed fell from 95% to 11%. Artificial nests were installed and environmental education initiatives were developed. As a result, disturbance of nests began to decrease. The concept of using artificial nests was adopted by the community. Residents installed nests near ."#,5")/--5(5()151."5)0,5."-85#,#\-5*,#0.5 natural heritage reserves (RPPN) and other preservation areas also play important roles. In 2011, a nature reserve in the state of São Paulo owned by Fibria was considered relevant by ICMBio in conserving the southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides), a species of spider monkey that is endemic to Brazil. The number of species identified #(5 #,#\-5 ,-5 #-5 )(-.(.&35 #(,-#(!65 ,0&#(!5 ."5 biodiversity importance of landscape mosaics, where forest plantations alternate with native forests. After more than 10 years developing biodiversity conservation projects, it has become clear that more environmentally and cost-effective projects are needed. In order to scale-up its conservation initiatives, Fibria decided to work alongside partners and stakeholders, with a broad biodiversity conservation planning process and allied initiatives. The move toward valuation of ecosystem services that would allow for the communication and

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promotion of biodiversity conservation is promising but it must evolve as part of a process that influences decision-making.

References 2011. Sustainability Report Fibria. Avaiable in: http:// www.fibria.com.br/rs2011/pt/. Mesquita, C.A.B. 2012. Sustainable Forest Mosaics. Series 3. Conservation International, Rio de Janeiro, p. 1-40.

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Index of Authors A

E

Abade, Natanael Antunes.......188 Abdala, Andrea.......180 Andrade, Sarah Domingues de O........185 Araujo, Luciana G........46 Augusti, João Carlos.......199

Edwards, David.......96 Euler, Ana Margarida.......179 Evija, Plone.......136 Ezebilo, Eugene E........92

B Bahia, Natália C. Fidelis.......46 Ball, Alaine.......122 Barros, Ana Angélica Monteiro de.......129, 139 Baumgarten, Leandro.......197 Beisiegel, Beatriz.......159 Berkes, Fikret.......26, 34, 43 Borges, Paulo.......192 Brocardo, Carlos R........155, 168 Brokaw, Lilla Jessica.......137 Brun, Eleandro José.......80 Brun, Flávia Gizele König.......80 Bruns, Giovana Baggio de.......191, 197 Buļipopa, Nataļja.......136 Burns, Robert C........116 Bussolotti, Juliana Marcondes.......108

C Campbell, Michael.......25, 44, 59 Carmo, Ana Paula Correa do.......193 Castello, Ana Carolina D........62 Castro, Juliana Ferreira de.......73 Castro, Rodrigo.......114 Chagas, Germano F........32 Chamy, Paula.......46 Coelho, Samuel.......62 Correia, Maria Célia Rodrigues.......139 Costa, Fernando Almeida.......188 Couto, Hilton Thadeu Zarate do.......80

D Davidson-Hunt, Iain.......44, 45 Dias, Juliano Ferreira.......195 Dobbert, Lea Yamaguchi.......69 Duntemann, Mark.......90

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F Farinaci, Juliana S........46 Filho, Carlos Roberto Bastos Araujo.......159, 172 Fredman, Peter.......91, 96, 102 Freitas, Rodrigo Rodrigues de.......53

G Gomes, Antonio do Nascimento.......193 Greco, Alexandre Verçosa.......139 Guimarães, Solange T. de Lima.......108

H Hanazaki, Natalia.......27 Haque, C. Emdad.......40

I Idrobo, C. Julián.......44, 45 Ilze, Stokmane.......136 Ito, Taiichi.......141, 148

J Jensen, Frank S........89 Jensen, Frank Søndergaard.......96

K Kawabata, Atsushi.......148 Khan, Shah Raees.......40 Kotsifas, Camila.......197

L Laven, Daniel.......102 Leite, Eliana Cardoso.......62, 79

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Lemos, Ginessa Corrêa.......100

M Magro, Teresa Cristina.......10 Marques, Mel Simionato.......27 Matsumoto, Marcelo.......197 Mediato, Roberto.......195 Miranda, Flávia.......114 Morato, Ronaldo.......159, 172 Morato, Rose.......159, 172 Moreira, Jasmine Cardozo.......95 Mota, Mauricio Tavares da.......79 Mota, Thiago Duarte.......159, 172 Moura, Angelo Conrado.......195

N Nakamura, Akihiro.......148 Nakamura, Elaine Mitie.......27 Namikawa, Ivone Satsuki.......194, 197 Neves, Alisson Santos.......188

Robim, Maria de Jesus.......100, 108 Rodarte, Ana Tereza Araújo.......139 Rodrigues, Apolonio.......155, 168 Ronqui, Daniele.......114 Ross, Helen.......52

S Samartano, Luiz.......142 Santos, Jean Pierre.......172 Santos, Vania Mara Moreira dos.......95 Sarcinelli, Tathiane Santi.......195 Silva Filho, Demóstenes Ferreira da.......10, 61, 69, 80, 86 Seixas, Cristiana S........46 Seixas, Cristiana Simão.......53 Sievänen, Tuija.......96 Silva, Marina Xavier da.......155, 168 Souza, Saulo E. X .Franco de.......32, 180 Stein, Taylor V........21 Stuart, Nicole.......90

T

O

Teixeira, Getulio Batista.......100

Oliveira, Haydée Torres de.......150 Oliveira, Patrick de.......139

U

P Pacheco, Reinaldo T. Boscolo.......103 Paiva, Samantha Nazaré de.......194, 197 Passold, Anna Julia.......197 Paula, Rogério Cunha de.......149, 159, 172 Pimentel, Douglas de Souza.......115, 129, 139 Pitz, Mireli Moura.......197 Polizel, Jefferson Lordello.......69 Portela, Samuel.......114 Premauer, Julia.......34 Pulito, Ana Paula.......193, 195, 199

R Raimundo, Sidnei.......73, 103 Reinius, Sandra Wall.......102 Reis, Vinicius Suassuna Gonçalves dos.......199

Urzedo, Danilo I. de.......137, 185

V Valenti, Mayla Willik.......150 Viana, Sabrina Mieko.......86 Vidal, Edson.......32, 137, 180, 185 Viergever, Marcel.......114 Vistad, Odd Inge.......96 Vogliotti, Alexandre.......155, 168

W Waldhoff, Philippe.......180 Williams, Daniel R........15

Z Zanetti, Eder.......142, 192 PROCEEDINGS of the Protected Areas and Place Making Conference 2013

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International Scientific Committee Alexandre Schiavetti,

Maria Isabel Amando de Barros,

Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil

MS. Forest Engineer, Brazil

David M. Edwards,

Peter Fredman,

Forest Research, United Kingdom

Mid Sweden University and the European Tourism Research Institute, Sweden

Daniela Custódio Talora, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil

Rogerio Cunha de Paula, CENAP – ICMBio, Brazil

Demóstenes Ferreira da Silva Filho, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Brazil

Silvio Frosini de Barros Ferraz, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Brazil

Dorothy H. Anderson, College of Natural Resources, NCSU, USA

Taiichi Ito, University of Tsukuba, School of Life and Environ. Sciences,

Douglas de Souza Pimentel,

Japan

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Taylor Stein, Frank S. Jensen,

University of Florida, School F. Resources and Conservation,

Forest & Landscape Denmark, University of Copenhagen

USA

Jessica Leahy,

Teresa Cristina Magro

School of Forest Resources, University of Maine

ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Brazil

Katia M. P. M. de Barros Ferraz,

Tuija Sievänen,

ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Brazil

Finnish Forest Research Institute, Finland

Leide Y. Takahashi,

Yu-Fai Leung,

Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza, Brazil

College of Natural Resources, NCSU, USA

Maria Inez Pagani, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Brazil

SPONSORS:

PARTNERS:

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EXECUTIVE PRODUCER:

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Precisamos de pessoas para dar sentido aos lugares. São necessários lugares para dar sentido à vida das pessoas. The role of mankind as custodian gives meaning to places, and places are a point of reference in people’s lives.

Pictures by Teresa Magro

ISBN 978-85-86481-25-3

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