Primary & secondary resources – towards an integrated perspective
World Resources Forum WRF: Workshop Urban Mining – Challenges and Opportunities Beijing, October, 23rd, 2012
Dr. Rainer Kündig, Swiss Geotechnical Commission SGTK ETH-Zurich CH-8092 Zurich www.sgtk.ch
Raw materials in Switzerland? where, when, how much....
New perceptions
Environmental aspects Raw materials & technologies
Classification & criticalities Knowledge transfer Coupling effects
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Expo 1883: Swiss national exhibition 1. official map on mineral resources in Switzerland
Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
AWEL Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft
Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
Raw material groups –> categories –> actual situation & trends
Direct application e.g. gravel, sand, building stones, gypsum
Manufacturing (major technical process) e.g. cement, bricks, ceramics
Ore mining e.g. ore, energy resouces, industrial minerals
Past (in Switzerland)
Actual & future (secondary materials) e.g. reuse, recycling, recovery, waste to resource AWEL Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft
Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
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Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
Reserves
Today: economic, profitable Resources extractable with appropriate technology
economic feasibility
Today: known
Resource base
decreasing geological knowledge
Neither reserves nor resources represent a fixed quantity ! They predominantly reflect the intensity of geological exploration activities, driven by economic development and technical progress, which results in a continuous transformation from resources to reserves.
AWEL Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft
Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
Reserves
Today: economic, profitable Resources extractable with appropriate technology
economic feasibility
Today: known
Resource base
decreasing geological knowledge
Neither reserves nor resources represent a fixed quantity ! gy j They predominantly reflect: Kthe exploration activities, driven ic Geolo Hanghø conof omgeological arenintensity US) nd E a from E y t) (G g e d lo rn n trotechnical la by economicigudevelopment and progress, which results in a continuous e n (inte e P f s re o re G t F rtmen rk and nmato of Deparesources transformation reserves y of De Head from l Surve ica
Geolog
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Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
Last «discovery of gold» in Switzerland ...
ca. 100 ppm Gold !
KEZO Hinwil (ZH)! June, 2011!
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The mines of the future ...
«in-use stocks» versus «in-ground resources»
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Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
Reserves – Environment – Restrictions AWEL
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How much ?
Quality – Availability – Processing
Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
Massn Abfall ahmenplan zur 2011··· und Res source 2014 nwirts
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r, Relle R rmin of. A burg GE r P f yo ugs urtes ersity A o c s re Univ Pictu
Mineral resources & statistics ... British Geological Survey (Web) www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/
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Gravel resources in Switzerland: past & future -> are we heading towards an end point ?
construction zones, other land planning reserves traffic
groundwater protection
theoretical (geological) resources (reserves)
2012 ! demand, consumption (gravel)
Reduction due to extraction
environmental protection zones
«Reduction» due to environmental protection
forest
Gravel resources as mentioned in 1850
Luft
after Jäckli et. al. (1985): Beiträge zur Geologie der Schweiz, geotechnische Serie 68
PS: this slide was published first in 1985 !
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Massn Abfall ahmenplan zur 2011··· und Res source 2014 nwirts
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15. Nov. 2009, NZZ am Sonntag
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production of ballast in Swisss quarries
Construction of the track bed
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Source: www.flickr.com-> where the minerals are
Criticality ...
supply risk –>
Fig He ure ( in a Ge d of terne D olo gic epar t) from al S tme n : Ka urv ey t of P ren H of D etr a enm olog nghø ark y an j and d Ec Gre ono enla mic nd Geo (GE log US y )
Figure after «Critical raw materials for the EU, Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials»
economic impact –>
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Common language ? AWE L Amt
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Abfa ll, Was ser,
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• • Mas sn Abfal ahmenpl an zu lr 2011 und Res sour ···20 cenw 14
a walk through the material cycle ... classic way of «geological thinking» vs. open minded recognition/comparision of primary and secondary resources/cycles ore minerals, ore grade, extractability, occurrence, dissemination/dissipation, ... establishing of analogies
irtsch
aft
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Massnahmenplan zur Abfall- und Ressourcenwirtschaft 2011···2014
Deposits and Occurrences ?
Deposits: those natural accumulations of usable minerals and rocks, which are in size and content sufficient for an economic recovery. Mineral and rock bodies that are too small or too poor to ever be mineable, called occurrences. –> precious stones / elements / material –> locally above average accumulation of substances in the earth's crust enrichment factors: Ø Iron content, earth‘s crust: 4.3% ---> Iron deposit (app. 60%) Ø Copper content, earth‘s crust: 0.0025% ---> Copper deposit (app. 1%) Ø Gold content, earth‘s crust: 0.002 g/t ---> Gold deposit (app. 10 g/t) Gold in dry incinerated bottom ash
---> factor 15 ---> factor 400 ---> factor 5000
---> up to 300 g/t !!!
• dynamic interaction of the core, mantle and crust of the earth and the hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. • complex interaction of different boundary conditions and processes
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• complex interaction of secondary materials, life cycles, society and technology
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Occurences of mineral resources in Switzerland!
Element or mineral paragenesis (association)
Morphology
Dimension, importance and classification
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quarry, extraction (e.g. limestone & marl)
fabrication (e.g. cement factory)
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Common vocabulatory ? • • • • •
geological vs. technical processes public perception equivalence of primary and secondary resources ecological impact & ecological backpack .....
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