TRANSPARENCY 16 Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 1
R EPASO Preterite Tense of Regular Verbs
Use the preterite to talk about actions that you or others completed in the past. Here’s how: Preterite of Regular Verbs
yo tú usted, él, ella nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes, ellos(as)
escalar escalé escalaste escaló escalamos escalasteis escalaron
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Escalé una montaña hoy. I climbed a mountain today.
correr corrí corriste corrió corrimos corristeis corrieron
salir salí saliste salió salimos salisteis salieron
Salimos de la casa a las cinco de la mañana. We left the house at five o’clock in the morning.
Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in the yo form to preserve pronunciation. All other forms are regular.
Verbs with Spelling Changes in the Preterite yo Form
yo tú
(c Æ qu)
(g Æ gu)
(z Æ c)
practicar practiqué praticaste
navegar navegué navegaste
organizar organicé organizaste
¿Quién organizó la excursión? Who organized the trip?
¡Avancemos! 3
Yo organicé la excursión. I organized the trip.
Unidad 1, Lección 1
16
TRANSPARENCY 17 Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 1
R EPASO Irregular Preterites
The following verbs have irregular stems and irregular endings in the preterite. Here’s how: i-Stem Verbs
u-Stem Verbs
uv-Stem Verbs
hacer querer venir
haber poder poner saber
andar anduvestar estuvtener tuv-
hic-/hiz-* quisvin-
hubpudpussup-
Preterite Endings -e -iste -o
-imos -isteis -ieron
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
*The stem of hacer is hiz- for the usted/él/ella form only. (Ella hizo la tarea.)
j-Stem Verbs
Preterite Endings
decir traer conducir
-e -iste -o
dijtrajconduj-
-imos -isteis -eron
Other Irregular Verbs in the Preterite ser and ir
dar
ver
fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
di diste dio dimos disteis dieron
vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron
¡Avancemos! 3
The verbs dar and ver have regular -er/-ir preterite endings but with no written accent marks.
Unidad 1, Lección 1
17
TRANSPARENCY 18 Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 2
R EPASO Imperfect Tense
In Spanish, use the imperfect tense for actions that were ongoing, recurring, or incomplete in the past. How do you conjugate verbs in the imperfect? Here’s how:
Regular Verbs in the Imperfect
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
yo tú usted, él, ella nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes, ellos(as)
parar
mantener
reunir
paraba parabas paraba parábamos parabais paraban
mantenía mantenías mantenía manteníamos manteníais mantenían
reunía reunías reunía reuníamos reuníais reunían
Siempre manteníamos el carro limpio.
We always kept the car clean.
Irregular Verbs in the Imperfect ir
ser
ver
iba ibas iba íbamos ibais iban
era eras era éramos erais eran
veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían
¡Avancemos! 3
Eran las ocho y veíamos la puesta del sol. It was eight o’clock and we were watching the sunset.
Unidad 1, Lección 2
18
TRANSPARENCY 19 Gramática, Unidad 1, Lección 2
R EPASO Preterite vs. Imperfect
You already know two tenses that refer to the past, the preterite and the imperfect. How is each tense used? Here’s how: • Use the preterite tense to describe an action or series of actions completed in the past. Aquel día, Pedro fue a la playa y jugó al voleibol playero.
That day, Pedro went to the beach and played beach volleyball. • Use the imperfect tense for ongoing actions or states of being in the past without focusing on their beginning or end. Always use the imperfect to say what time it was or what the weather was like in the past.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Elena siempre iba a la playa cuando hacía buen tiempo.
Elena always used to go to the beach when the weather was nice.
• Sometimes you need the imperfect and the preterite in the same sentence. Use the imperfect to tell what was going on in the background. Use the preterite for the interrupting action or main event. Yo nadaba cuando Pedro llegó a la playa.
¡Avancemos! 3
I was swimming when Pedro arrived at the beach.
Unidad 1, Lección 2
19
TRANSPARENCY 10 Gramática, Unidad 2, Lección 1
R EPASO Tú Commands
To tell someone to do or not to do something, use command forms. How do you form the affirmative tú command? Here’s how: Regular affirmative tú commands are the same as the usted/él/ella form in the present tense. Present Tense: Juan recoge y recicla las latas. Juan collects and recycles the cans.
Affirmative tú Command:
Juan, ¡recoge y recicla las latas, por favor! Juan, collect and recycle the cans, please!
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
The following verbs are irregular in the affirmative tú command form.
decir
hacer
ir
poner
salir
ser
tener
venir
di
haz
ve
pon
sal
sé
ten
ven
¡Ve a la tienda! Go to the store!
¡Di la verdad! Tell the truth!
You form negative tú commands by changing the yo form of the present tense. -ar verbs -er, -ir verbs Yo gasto mucho dinero.
-o changes to -es -o changes to -as ¡No gastes demasiado dinero!
The following verbs are irregular.
dar
estar
ir
ser
no des
no estés
no vayas
no seas
No estés triste.
¡Avancemos! 3
Don’t be sad.
Unidad 2, Lección 1
10
TRANSPARENCY 11 Gramática, Unidad 2, Lección 1
R EPASO Other Command Forms
To use affirmative and negative commands for usted, ustedes, and nosotros, start with the yo form of the present tense. Here’s how: For regular verbs, drop the -o, and add the command ending.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Infinitive
Present Indicative
tirar
yo tiro
hacer
yo hago
elegir
yo elijo Usted
Command Forms Ustedes
Nosotros
¡(No) tire!
¡(No) tiren!
¡(No) tiremos!
¡(No) haga!
¡(No) hagan! ¡(No) hagamos!
¡(No) elija!
¡(No) elijan!
¡(No) elijamos!
Profesora, ¡elija a un representante! ¡No tiremos basura en el parque! Professor, choose a representative!
Let’s not litter in the park!
• To say let’s go, use vamos. • To say let’s not go, use no vayamos. Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar require a spelling change (cÆqu, gÆgu, zÆc) in usted, ustedes, and nosotros command forms. organizar
Representantes, ¡organicen sus papeles antes de salir! Representatives, organize your papers before leaving!
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 2, Lección 1
11
TRANSPARENCY 12 Gramática, Unidad 2, Lección 2
R EPASO Pronouns with Commands
In Spanish, the placement of object pronouns depends on whether a command is affirmative or negative. Here’s how: In affirmative commands you attach object pronouns to the end of the verb. In negative commands, they go before the verb and after no. affirmative: negative:
Julia, describe tu comunidad.
Descríbela.
No me digas la respuesta.
No me la digas.
before Remember: If both object pronouns begin with the letter L, change the indirect object pronoun to se.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Enrique, explícale tu punto de vista a Raquel.
Explícaselo.
When using the command form of a reflexive verb with an object pronoun, the reflexive pronoun comes before the object pronoun. before ¡Ponte las botas!
¡Póntelas!
¡No te pongas las botas!
before
¡No te las pongas!
With the nosotros command, drop the -s of the ending before adding the reflexive pronoun nos. drop attaches ¡Organicemos una reunión!
¡Organicémonos!
Let’s organize a meeting!
Let’s get organized!
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 2, Lección 2
12
TRANSPARENCY 13 Gramática, Unidad 2, Lección 2
R EPASO Impersonal Expressions + Infinitive
To state an opinion, or to suggest that something should be done without indicating who should do it, use an impersonal expression plus an infinitive.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Here’s how: Impersonal expressions combine the usted/él/ella form of the verb ser and an adjective. The verb ser can be in any tense. Form of ser
Adjective
Es Fue Era Va a ser
bueno difícil fácil importante imposible interesante malo mejor necesario posible
+
Add the infinitive to state your opinion. Es malo presentar información falsa.
It’s bad to present false information.
Fue bueno entrevistar al director.
It was good to interview the director.
Era interesante escuchar las entrevistas.
It was interesting to listen to the interviews.
Va a ser difícil cancelar la teletón.
It’s going to be difficult to cancel the telethon.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 2, Lección 2
13
TRANSPARENCY 10 Gramática, Unidad 3, Lección 1
Future Tense You have already learned how to refer to future events by using ir + a + infinitive. Spanish verbs can also be conjugated in the future tense. You add endings directly to the infinitive to form the future tense of regular verbs.
Here’s how: Infinitive
Future Endings
jugar
-é -ás -á
proteger
+
traducir
-emos -éis -án
Él traducirá el informe para mañana.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
He will translate the report for tomorrow.
All verbs have the same endings in the future tense.
Protegeremos a nuestros niños. We will protect our children.
Some verbs are irregular in the future tense. You change their stems before adding the regular future tense endings. Irregular Future Stems Infinitive
Stem
Infinitive
Stem
Infinitive
Stem
haber poder querer saber
habrpodrquerrsabr-
poner salir tener venir
pondrsaldrtendrvendr-
decir hacer
dirhar-
You can also use the future tense to wonder or make a guess about something. ¿Qué hará Carlos hoy? I wonder what Carlos is doing today.
¡Avancemos! 3
Jugará al tenis con Emiliano. He’s probably playing tennis with Emiliano.
Unidad 3, Lección 1
10
TRANSPARENCY 11 Gramática, Unidad 3, Lección 1
Por and Para The prepositions por and para have distinct uses in Spanish. How do you know which one to use? Here’s how: Use por to indicate. . . • the idea of passing through • general rather than specific location • how long something lasts
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
• the cause of something • an exchange • doing something in place of or instead of someone else • a means of completing an action Use para to indicate. . .
El tren pasa por Panamá. ¿Hay un basurero por aquí? Vivimos en San Salvador por muchos años. No tenemos el agua por la sequía. Cada día pagamos más por el petróleo. Estoy muy enfermo hoy. ¿Puedes trabajar por mí? Hablamos por teléfono.
• for whom something is done Damos una fiesta para mamá. María se va para Panamá con su • destination familia. Este regalo es para la abuelita. • the recipient of an item Leemos el periódico para • the purpose of an action informarnos. Para mí, la innovación es • an opinion importante. Miguel es alto para tener dos • a comparison or contrast años. Hay que terminar la tarea para • a deadline mañana. ¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 3, Lección 1
11
TRANSPARENCY 12 Gramática, Unidad 3, Lección 2
Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs The present subjunctive is formed in the same way as most command forms. Start with the present tense yo form. Drop the -o and add -e to -ar verbs and -a to -er/-ir verbs.
Here’s how:
These forms are the same.
yo tú usted, él, ella nosotros(as) vosotros(as) ustedes, ellos(as)
hablar
tener
escribir
hable hables hable hablemos habléis hablen
tenga tengas tenga tengamos tengáis tengan
escriba escribas escriba escribamos escribáis escriban
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Es imprescindible que hables claramente.
It is imperative that you speak clearly.
You have to change the spelling of some verbs to maintain proper pronunciation.
becomes
criticar investigar penalizar proteger extinguir
¡Avancemos! 3
critique investigue penalice proteja extinga
Es raro que un músico critique su música. It’s strange that a musician criticizes his own music. Es necesario que él proteja a los ciudadanos. It’s necessary that he protect the citizens.
Unidad 3, Lección 2
12
TRANSPARENCY 13 Gramática, Unidad 3, Lección 2
More Subjunctive Verb Forms Some verbs are irregular in the subjunctive. How are they conjugated? Here’s how:
dar
estar
ir
saber
ser
The subjuntive of haber is haya.
dé des dé demos deis den
esté estés esté estemos estéis estén
vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayáis vayan
sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepáis sepan
sea seas sea seamos seáis sean
Verbs ending in -ar and -er have the same stem changes as in the present indicative.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
cerrar (e Æ ie) Es importante que cierres la puerta. It’s important that you close the door.
volver (o Æ ue) Es bueno que yo vuelva pronto. It’s good that I am returning soon.
The stem changes for -ir verbs follow the same pattern as in the present indicative for all forms except nosotros and vosotros, where they change e Æ i or o Æ u. divertirse (e Æ ie, i) Es imprescindible que se diviertan. It’s important that they have fun.
dormir (o Æ ue, u) Es necesario que todos durmamos aquí. It’s necessary that we all sleep here.
Verbs that change e Æ i in the present indicative have the same stem change in all forms of the present subjunctive. pedir (e Æ i) Es mejor que tú pidas primero y que nosotros pidamos después de ti. It is best that you order first and that we order after you.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 3, Lección 2
13
TRANSPARENCY 10 Gramática, Unidad 4, Lección 1
Subjunctive with Ojalá and Verbs of Hope You have already learned how to form the subjunctive. After verbs of hope, use the subjunctive if there is a change of subject. Here’s how: Use the indicative for the verb expressing a hope or wish and the subjunctive for the verb with a new subject. Verbs of Hope desear esperar querer
+
que
indicative
+
different subject
+
subjunctive
subjunctive
Ella quiere que su hijo se comporte bien. She wants her son to behave well.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Use the infinitive and omit que if there is no change of subject. El niño quiere comportarse bien. The boy wants to behave well. Ojalá also expresses hope. It has only one form and cannot be conjugated. Ojalá can be used with or without que. Either way, it is used with the subjunctive. Ojalá no llueva mañana. I hope it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
¡Avancemos! 3
Ojalá que tengamos tiempo. I hope we’ll have time.
Unidad 4, Lección 1
10
TRANSPARENCY 11 Gramática, Unidad 4, Lección 1
Subjunctive with Verbs of Influence You already know how to use the subjunctive after verbs that express hope. You also use the subjunctive after verbs used to influence the actions of others by, for example, suggesting or prohibiting an action. Here’s how: Use the indicative for the verb of influence and the subjunctive for the second verb. Verbs of Influence aconsejar dejar exigir
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
verb of influence indicative
insistir (en) mandar pedir
+
que
+
prohibir recomendar sugerir
different subject
+
subjunctive
subjunctive
Sugiero que llegues temprano.
I suggest that you arrive early.
The indicative is used for the first verb because it states a fact. The subjunctive is used for the second verb because it expresses a possibility rather than a fact, and because there is a change of subject.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 4, Lección 1
11
TRANSPARENCY 12 Gramática, Unidad 4, Lección 2
Subjunctive with Doubt You need to use the subjunctive after expressions of doubt because they suggest that the second verb may be untrue. Here’s how: Expressions of Doubt dudar es dudoso
es imposible es improbable
expression of doubt
+
no es cierto no es verdad
que
+
no estar de acuerdo con no estar seguro(a) de
different subject
+
subjunctive
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Marta no está segura de que tengamos tiempo para ver la película. Marta is not sure that we have time to see the movie. Note that the word no can change the meaning of an expression and affect whether you need to use the subjunctive or indicative form of the second verb. expresses doubt
subjunctive
expresses certainty
indicative
Dudamos que Jorge conozca al músico. No dudamos que él tiene talento. We doubt that Jorge knows the musician. We do not doubt that he has talent.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 4, Lección 2
12
TRANSPARENCY 13 Gramática, Unidad 4, Lección 2
Subjunctive with Emotion After expressions of emotion in Spanish, you must use the subjunctive regardless of whether or not the information is true. Here’s how: Use the indicative for the verb that expresses emotion and the subjunctive for the verb that follows. Expressions of Emotion alegrarse (de) encantar enojarse es una lástima
es sorprendente es triste estar contento(a) estar emocionado(a)
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
expression of emotion
+
que
+
estar triste gustar sorprenderse (de) sentir
different subject
+
temer tener celos de tener miedo de es una pena
subjunctive
Nos alegramos de que tú actúes con honor. We’re happy that you act honorably.
Me gusta que podamos elegir. I like that we can choose.
No me sorprendo de que sea difícil. I’m not surprised that it’s difficult.
Temo que no me entiendas. I’m afraid you don’t understand me.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 4, Lección 2
13
TRANSPARENCY 10 Gramática, Unidad 5, Lección 1
Subjunctive with Conjunctions Some conjunctions must be followed by a subjunctive verb form. How do you know which ones? Here’s how:
Always use the subjunctive after the following conjunctions because they express doubt or uncertainty about whether or notthe events in the second part of the sentence will happen. Conjunctions Used with Subjunctive
a fin de que a menos que
antes (de) que con tal (de) que
en caso (de) que para que
sin que
No gastes tus ahorros a menos que sea necesario. Don’t spend your savings unless it’s necessary.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Voy a imprimir las fotos para que todos las miren. I’m going to print the photos so that everyone can look at them. When the conjunctions above are used without que, the verb that follows must be in the infinitive form. Tendrás que comer antes de que salgas. You’ll have to eat before you leave. Tendrás que comer antes de salir. You’ll have to eat before leaving.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 5, Lección 1
10
TRANSPARENCY 11 Gramática, Unidad 5, Lección 1
Subjunctive with the Unknown Verbs like buscar, querer, or necesitar plus que are used with the subjunctive when they introduce something that is not known for certain. Here’s how: Use the indicative for the first verb and the subjunctive for the second verb. Quiero una computadora portátil que no cueste mucho. I want a laptop computer that does not cost much. You also need to use the subjunctive with expressions that ask about something that may not exist. ¿Hay... que... ?
¿Conoces... que... ?
¿Tienes... que... ?
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
¿Tienes un teléfono que toque música? Do you have a phone that plays music? The subjunctive is used in a similar way when these expressions are used with no to say that something may not exist or definitely does not exist. No hay... que...
No conozco... que...
No tengo... que...
No conozco a nadie que publique poesía. I don’t know anyone who publishes poetry. To talk about things that definitely do exist, use the indicative. Hay un sitio web que tiene la información. There is a Web site that has the information.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 5, Lección 1
11
TRANSPARENCY 12 Gramática, Unidad 5, Lección 2
Conditional Tense To say what someone would or wouldn’t do, use the conditional tense. Here’s how: All verbs, whether they end in -ar, -er, or -ir, have the same endings in the conditional. Add the endings directly to the infinitive of regular verbs.
Infinitive
conditional endings
llevar resolver
+
discutir
-ía -ías -ía
-íamos -íais -ían
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Angélica discutiría la situación y resolvería el problema con nuestra ayuda. Angélica would discuss the situation and she would resolve the problem with our help. Verbs that are irregular in the future tense have the same irregular stem in the conditional. You still use the regular conditional endings.
Infinitive
Stem
Infinitive
Stem
Infinitive
Stem
haber poder querer saber
habrpodrquerrsabr-
poner salir tener venir
pondrsaldrtendrvendr-
decir hacer
dirhar-
Yo pondría el escáner aquí. Así lo tendríamos al lado de la computadora. I would put the scanner here. That way we would have it next to the computer.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 5, Lección 2
12
TRANSPARENCY 13 Gramática, Unidad 5, Lección 2
Reported Speech Use reported speech to relay information about what someone said, without using a direct quote. Here’s how: The second verb in a sentence with reported speech can use the preterite, the imperfect, or the conditional. To report what people said they did, use the preterite. Nico dijo, «Fui al teatro». Nico said, “I went to the theater.”
Nico dijo que fue al teatro. Nico said that he went to the theater.
To report what people said they were planning to do, use the imperfect.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Nico dijo, «Voy al teatro». Nico dijo que iba al teatro. Nico said, “I’m going to the theater.” Nico said that he was going to the theater. To report what people said they would do in the future, use the conditional. Nico dijo, «Iré al teatro». Nico said, “I will go to the theater.”
Nico dijo que iría al teatro. Nico said that he would go to the theater.
Remember that if you use decir to express what someone told another person to do, you use the subjunctive for the second verb. Nico dice que vayas al teatro. Nico says that you should go to the theater.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 5, Lección 2
13
TRANSPARENCY 10 Gramática, Unidad 6, Lección 1
Past Participles as Adjectives Past participles are frequently used with the verb estar to describe the result of an action. Here’s how: To form the past participle, drop the infinitive ending and add -ado to -ar verbs or -ido to -er and -ir verbs. arreglar arreglado esconder escondido pedir pedido ar ir e ir er r ar When the past participle is used as an adjective, be sure the ending agrees in number and gender with the noun it describes. agrees
El horno está arreglado. The oven is fixed.
agrees
Las tapas están pedidas. The appetizers are ordered.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Irregular Past Participles
Infinitive
Past Participle
Infinitive
Past Participle
abrir decir descubrir escribir freír hacer imprimir
abierto dicho descubierto escrito frito hecho impreso
ir morir poner resolver romper ver volver
ido muerto puesto resuelto roto visto vuelto
La ducha no funciona. Está rota. Todas las mesas están puestas. The shower is not working. It’s broken. All the tables are set.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 6, Lección 1
10
TRANSPARENCY 11 Gramática, Unidad 6, Lección 1
Present Perfect Tense To talk about events that have already happened (or not happened), use the present perfect tense. Here’s how:
Conjugate the verb haber in the present tense and add the past participle of the main verb. In the present perfect, the past participle always ends in -o.
haber he has ha
hemos habéis han
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
Ella ya ha ido de tapas. She has already gone out to eat.
+
past participle
Rosa nunca ha robado nada. Rosa has never stolen anything.
When you use object or reflexive pronouns with the present perfect, you put them before the conjugated form of haber. ¿Alberto te ha comprado el billete? Sí, me lo ha comprado. Has Alberto bought you the ticket? Yes, he has bought it for me. There is a written accent over the i in the past participle of -er and -ir verbs with a stem that ends in a, e, or o. traer
traído
oír
oído
leer
leído
No he leído la nueva novela de Pérez Reverte. I have not read the new novel by Pérez Reverte.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 6, Lección 1
11
TRANSPARENCY 12 Gramática, Unidad 6, Lección 2
Past Perfect Tense Use the past perfect tense to show that an event had already occurred (or not occurred) at a specific moment in the past. Here’s how:
Conjugate the verb haber in the imperfect tense and add the past participle of the main verb. The past participle always ends in -o.
haber había habías había Yo había visitado Toledo antes.
habíamos habíais habían
+
past participle
I had visited Toledo before.
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
When used with another verb, the action expressed with the past perfect occurred before the other past action. Cuando Felipe volvió, sus tíos ya se habían ido. When Felipe returned, his aunt and uncle had already gone. The words ya and todavía are often used with the past perfect tense. Ya is used in affirmative statements and means already. Irma ya había salido cuando Alberto llegó. Irma had already left when Alberto arrived. Todavía is used in negative statements and means not . . . yet or still . . . not. Maite todavía no había comprado el pan cuando la panadería cerró. Maite still hadn’t bought the bread / hadn’t bought the bread yet when the bakery closed.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 6, Lección 2
12
TRANSPARENCY 13 Gramática, Unidad 6, Lección 2
Future Perfect Tense Use the future perfect tense to express what will have happened by a certain time in the future. Here’s how:
Conjugate the verb haber in the future tense and add the past participle of the main verb. In the future perfect, the past participle always ends in -o.
haber
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company.
habré habrás habrá
habremos habréis habrán
+
past participle
El lunes, habremos visto el famoso cuadro de El Greco. On Monday, we will have seen El Greco’s famous painting. The future perfect is often used with para or dentro de + a time reference. Para entonces Elena habrá explorado la ciudad. By then Elena will have explored the city. Dentro de tres meses habré aprendido mucho. Within three months I will have learned a lot. You also use the future perfect tense to speculate about something that may have happened in the past. ¿Cómo se habrá roto el brazo Miguel? No sé. Se habrá caído. How could Miguel have broken his arm? I don’t know. He must have fallen.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 6, Lección 2
13
TRANSPARENCY 10 Gramática, Unidad 7, Lección 1
Imperfect Subjunctive You already know when to use the present subjunctive. To express the same ideas in the past, use the imperfect subjunctive. How do you use it? Here’s how:
Expressions of hope, doubt, emotion, or opinion in the past are followed by verbs in the imperfect subjunctive.
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To form the imperfect subjunctive, remove the -ron ending of the ustedes/ellos(as) preterite form and add the imperfect subjunctive endings. Infinitive
Preterite
tomar saber pedir
tomaron supieron pidieron
Endings drop -ron -ro -ro n n
+
-ra -ras -ra
-´ramos -rais -ran
The endings are the same for all -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. Note the accent mark in the nosotros(as) form, placed on the vowel immediately before the ending. El profesor de música quería que nosotros tomáramos parte en el coro. The music teacher wanted us to take part in the choir. Yo dudaba que alguien supiera la respuesta correcta. I doubted that anyone would know the correct answer.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 7, Lección 1
10
TRANSPARENCY 11 Gramática, Unidad 7, Lección 1
Subjunctive of Perfect Tenses In Spanish, the perfect tenses always use a form of the verb haber with the past participle of the main verb. When the subjunctive is required, you must use the subjunctive form of haber. Here’s how:
Use the present perfect subjunctive after a verb in the present tense. You form it with the present subjunctive of haber plus the past participle of the main verb. haya hayas haya
hayamos hayáis hayan
+ past participle
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Espero que tú hayas decidido redactar el anuario este año. I hope that you have decided to edit the yearbook this year. Use the past perfect subjunctive after a verb in the past tense. You form it with the imperfect subjunctive of haber plus the past participle of the main verb. hubiera hubieras hubiera
hubiéramos hubierais hubieran
+
past participle
Paco dudaba que hubiéramos trabajado de salvavidas el verano pasado. Paco doubted that we had worked as lifeguards last summer.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 7, Lección 1
11
TRANSPARENCY 12 Gramática, Unidad 7, Lección 2
Si Clauses A si clause is a hypothesis about what will happen or what would happen in particular circumstances. The verb in the si clause can be in the simple present or the imperfect subjunctive form. Here’s how: To predict the result of a likely event, use the simple present in the si clause and the future tense in the main clause to express the outcome. Si dejamos de comer comida chatarra, perderemos peso. If we stop eating junk food, we will lose weight.
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To express how things would be if circumstances were different, use the imperfect subjunctive in the si clause and the conditional in the main clause. Si Ana cantara en el coro, no tendría tiempo para redactar el anuario. If Ana were to sing in the chorus, she would not have time to edit the yearbook. In both cases above, the order of clauses can be reversed. Perderemos peso si dejamos de comer comida chatarra. Ana no tendría tiempo para redactar el anuario si cantara en el coro.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 7, Lección 2
12
TRANSPARENCY 13 Gramática, Unidad 7, Lección 2
Sequence of Tenses The subjunctive form used depends on the indicative tense used in the main clause. How do you know what form of the subjunctive to use? Here’s how:
You use the present subjunctive or present perfect subjunctive after the following indicative tenses.
simple present present progressive future present perfect
Es bueno que hayas decidido. Está prohibiendo que salgas. Será mejor que me llames. He sugerido que trabajes más.
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You use the imperfect subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive after the following indicative tenses. preterite imperfect *past progressive conditional past perfect
Prohibió que saliera. Era bueno que hubiera decidido. Estaba prohibiendo que salieras. Preferiría que escribieras más. Había sugerido que salieras.
*grammar point of the next lesson.
Depending on what you want to express, ojalá can be used with any subjunctive form. Ojalá (que) sigas la carrera de derecho. I hope you pursue a career in law. Ojalá (que) hubieras estudiado ingeniería. I wish you had studied engineering.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 7, Lección 2
13
TRANSPARENCY 10 Gramática, Unidad 8, Lección 1
Past Progressive You already know how to form the present progressive to emphasize that a present action is in progress.To say that an action was in progress, use the past progressive. Here’s how: The most common form of the past progressive is the imperfect of estar plus the present participle of the main verb. In this form, it often expresses an action that was interrupted. ¿Qué estabas haciendo cuando te llamé ayer? What were you doing when I called yesterday?
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Estaba escribiendo un cuento y escuchando música. I was writing a short story and listening to music. To emphasize that an action continued for a period of time and then came to an end, use the preterite of estar plus the present participle of the main verb. Estuvimos hablando toda la tarde. We were talking all afternoon. Use a preterite form of the verbs continuar, seguir, or quedarse with the present participle to emphasize the continuation or start of an ongoing action. Cuando mi hermana se acostó, me quedé escribiendo mi autobiografía. When my sister went to bed, I kept on (went back to) writing my autobiography.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 8, Lección 1
10
TRANSPARENCY 11 Gramática, Unidad 8, Lección 1
Conjunctions After some conjunctions the subjunctive is always required; after others, the indicative may be used. How do you know what verb form to use? Here’s how:
a fin de que a menos que
The subjunctive is always used after the following conjunctions. antes de que con tal (de) que
en caso de que para que
sin que
Vamos a reunirnos en caso de que alguien tenga preguntas. We are going to meet in case anyone has questions.
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The following conjunctions can be used with the indicative or the subjunctive. cuando después de que
en cuanto hasta que
tan pronto como
You use the indicative to say that the outcome definitely occurred in the past. You use the subjunctive to say that the outcome may occur in the future. Leí hasta que terminé el cuento. I read until I finished the story.
Trabajaré hasta que termine el poema. I will work until I complete the poem.
The conjunction aunque is used with the indicative when followed by a known fact, but with the subjunctive when it is not known if the information presented is true. Fact: Aunque es tarde, salimos ahora. Uncertain: Aunque esté lejos, vamos a pie.
¡Avancemos! 3
Even though it is late, we are leaving now. Even if it may be far, we are going on foot.
Unidad 8, Lección 1
11
TRANSPARENCY 12 Gramática, Unidad 8, Lección 2
Se for Unintentional Occurrences Unintentional occurrences are expressed in a way that is impersonal, suggesting that no one is responsible for the outcome. Here’s how:
The verb is expressed with the impersonal pronoun se and agrees with the subject. An indirect object pronoun indicates the person to whom the action occurred.
Verbs Used to Express Unintentional Occurrences acabársele (a uno)
perdérsele (a uno)
caérsele (a uno)
quedársele (a uno)
ocurrírsele (a uno)
rompérsele (a uno)
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olvidársele (a uno) Se me olvidaron las entradas al teatro. I forgot the theater tickets. El tiempo se te acaba. Your time is running out. To clarify or emphasize the indirect object pronoun reference, use a + the person (noun or pronoun). A Colón se le ocurrió buscar una nueva ruta al Oriente. It occurred to Columbus to look for a new route to the East. A mí se me cayó el vaso, pero a José se le cayeron los platos. I dropped the glass, but José dropped the plates.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 8, Lección 2
12
TRANSPARENCY 13 Gramática, Unidad 8, Lección 2
Uses of the Subjunctive The subjunctive expresses ideas whose certainty may not be known. Here’s how:
Use the subjunctive when there is a change of subject after verbs that express hope, doubt, influence, or emotion. Espero que él se dé cuenta del error. Es dudoso que nosotras podamos venir. Recomendó que Ana escribiera dramas. Me alegro de que los actores sean tan buenos.
Also use the subjunctive to talk about what is unknown or indefinite. Buscamos actores que conozcan el drama.
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Some conjunctions are always followed by the subjunctive. Lee el libro antes de que veas la película. Les enseño para que sepan todo. With conjunctions of time, use the subjunctive if the action may occur in the future. Me quedaré hasta que termine la función. Vete tan pronto como Cristina llegue. Remember that aunque is followed by the subjunctive when it refers to something whose outcome is not known. Aunque llueva, jugaremos el partido.
¡Avancemos! 3
Unidad 8, Lección 2
13
