PRESERVATION OF WET CEREAL GRAINS FOR ANIMAL FEED

First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet PRESERVATION OF WET CEREAL GRAI...
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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet

PRESERVATION OF WET CEREAL GRAINS FOR ANIMAL FEED Ciniro Costa

Mario De Beni Arrigoni

Antonio Carlos Silveira

Prof. da FMVZ-UNESP Campus de Botucatu CP. 560, Botucatu - SP, CEP 18.618.000. e-mail: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION

In Brazil, due to traditional agricultural practices, animal production have always been left to low fertility soils or those unsuitable to mechanization, which, associated to cattle breeds not selected for precocity, have resulted in long productive cycles and low productivity. With market globalization, beef cattle production in undergoing deep changes in order to attain more competitive indexes, especially where land prices are higher, as compared to other alternatives of the use of the soil. The import of precocious breeds, particularly for genetic improvement and industrial crossbreeding programs, was the main change in the beef cattle production system. This demands adequate feeding management in order to supply their high nutritional requirements. Moreover, the consumer market is becoming increasingly demanding, requiring the adoption quality control measurements in all stages of production by the producers. In this sense, wet cereal grain conservation is one of the fastest expanding technologies due to its efficiency in preserving the quality and the quantity of energy feeds used in beef cattle nutrition.

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Cereal grains in cattle nutrition

ROONEY & PFUGFELDER (1986) emphasized that animal production depends on corn, sorghum, and barley as main energy and protein sources, but other grains, such as wheat (PETIT & SANTOS, 1996), millet, triticale (HILL & HUTLEY, 1989), oats and rye are also used in animal feeding. Cereal grains commonly used for ruminant feeding supply high levels of starch, with corn and sorghum with an average level of 72%, whereas barley, oats, and wheat supply 57; 58 and 77%, respectively (HUNTINGTON, 1997). According to ROONEY & PFLUGFELDER (1986), starch chemically consists of the polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a linear polymer of D-glucose units with α-1,4 glycosid links, and represents about 20-30% of starch, and may vary from 0 to 80%. Amylopectin consists of a linear chain of D-glucose with α-1,4 glycosid links and branches wirh β-1,6 glycosid links at each 20-25 glucose units. It represents most of the starch in cereals, such as corn and sorghum. Physically, starch consists of granules in which amylose and amylopectin are linked by hydrogen bridges. Amylopectin is the more organized (crystalline), denser, part of these granules, offering more resistance to the penetration of water and to enzyme action. Amylose is the less organized (amorphous), less dense, part, and water can move freely through it. Starch granules are interlinked and involved by a protein layer or matrix. Starch digestibility is usually inversely proportional to its amylose content due to its interactions with the protein matrix of the starch granule (ROONEY & PFLUGFELDER, 1986). In addition, these authors point out that starch digestibility is influenced by its composition and physical form, starch-protein interaction, cell integrity of the units containing starch, anti-nutritional factors, such as tannin in sorghum, and the physical form of the ingredient. Editored by: University of Contestado - UnC - Concordia Unit - Concordia - SC - Brazil Embrapa Pantanal - Corumba - MS - Brazil c

UnC – Concordia – Brazil – 17th September 2002

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet ROONEY & PFLUGFELDER (1986) wrote that starch is insoluble in cold water, but that it reversibly expands in water up to 55 o C until water represents 50% of its total weight, with the reestablishment of chemical links with dehydration. However, if water contact is followed by temperature increases to 60-80 o C, starch is irreversibly expanded, a process called gelatinization, in which protein membranes and starch granule structure are broken down, with loss of crystal structuring and solubilization of the protein matrix involving the granules (OWENS & GOETSCH, 1988). Gelatinized starch can absorb more water, resulting in better enzymatic digestion, consequent from easier enzyme action (MELLO Jr., 1991). The efficiency of energy use of the starch digested in the small intestine is higher than that of the starch digested in the rumen, mainly because there are no energy losses in fermentation heat production (MELLO Jr., 1991), which, according to ORSKOV (1986), sum up 12-20% of the ingested energy. OWENS et al. (1986), evaluating the efficiency of the use corn and sorghum starch digested in the rumen or small intestine of steers, through simulation with regression equations obtained from results of several experiments, concluded that the starch digested in the intestine produces 42% more energy than the starch digested in the rumen. Although the small intestine is the ideal site for starch digestion, with a 20-25% higher efficiency than the rumen (WALDO, 1973), it is not recommended that processing prioritizes starch digestion in the small intestine, as, according to RUSSEL et al. (1981), OWENS et al. (1986) and NOCEK & TAMMINGA (1991), this organ is not able to digest high starch amounts for the following reasons: the pancreas is not able to secrete amylase, maltase or isomaltase in the amounts and time required for efficient digestion; sub optimal pH (6.9 is optimal) in the small intestine for maximum amylase activity; the liver is not able to metabolize the glucose digested and absorbed in the small intestine; insufficient time for the complete hydrolysis of starch; difficult access of the enzymes to the starch granules due to their insolubility or impermeability; and increased digesta passage rate; and also the interaction between these factors. Data on beef cattle fed diets with 85% whole grain corn or 80% dry-laminated sorghum suggest that up to 2.5 kg corn can be digested in the small intestine of these animals (THEURER, 1986). In dairy cows, McCARTHY et al. (1989) found that 4.6kg corn starch were digested in the intestine of animals fed 10.6kg starch/day. Despite this high capacity, the intestinal efficiency of starch digestion decreases as the amount of starch arriving at the intestine increases. It is calculated that the efficiency in this site decrease with the digestion of more than 1.5 kg starch/day in beef cattle and 3.0 kg in dairy cows (OWENS et al., 1997). Another aspect of starch digestion in the small intestine is the true use of energy. Rust (1983), mentioned by OWENS et al. (1986), fed 180 g of glucose as volatile fatty acids or infused directly in the abomasum, and found that energy retention in the rumen was only 52% of the energy digested in the small intestine. However, 87% of the retained energy derived from abomasum infusion was in the form of lipids, especially around the intestine and omentum. TANIGUCHI et al. (1995), testing the effects of the infusion of starch in the abomasum, as compared to rumen starch, aiming at studying nutrient flow through the tissues of growing steers, concluded the energy and nitrogen supply to sustain high growth rates must have higher ruminal than intestinal digestion, and must be associated to by-pass protein sources. When rumen by-pass protein and energy source are associated, the amino acid and glucose supply to the peripheral tissues is increased, and may result in fat deposition in the viscera. Visceral fat accumulation implies in lower carcass yield as compared to finishing fat deposition. Moreover, meat quality is influenced by carcass weight and finishing degree estimated by fat thickness (LUCHIARI FILHO & MOURA, 1998). Subcutaneous fat is becoming an important indicator of meat quality, as it can influence carcass cooling velocity, as it is an efficient thermal isolator (FELÍCIO, 1997). Thus, it is important to obtain carcasses with proper fat finishing in order to decrease dehydration and shortening effects caused by carcass cooling after slaughter, which can result in loss of meat tenderness (PARDI, 1993). Carcass cooling velocity depends on several factors, such as external fat finishing (VAMPRÉ, 2000). The Young Steer program of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, one of the pioneers in Brazil, requires a 3-10 mm fat thickness (ALMEIDA, 1996). In the rumen, most starch is easily and rapidly fermented by amylolytic microorganisms, although its degree mainly depends on the physical and chemical properties of the starch granules, as grains submitted to intense physical (grinding or crushing) and/or chemical (gelatinization) processing have higher ruminal digestion (OWENS et al., 1986). Other factors also influence starch fermentation rate in the rumen, such as grain:roughage ratio in the complete diet, where the higher the proportion of

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet roughage, the higher the velocity of starch digestion in the rumen (MELLO Jr., 1991). Therefore, the intensity of physical processing (grinding) of corn and sorghum grains of cattle diets is directly proportional to the roughage:grain ratio. According to ALCALDE (1997), the physical form of the grains cannot be considered as the only factor affecting energy efficiency of a diet, as roughage proportion and type may present interactions in ruminal breakdown, total digestion and performance results. In cattle feeding, when physically or chemically processed grains are added to forage, there may or not be beneficial interactions among the ingredients, designated as feed associative effects. Therefore, grinding, breaking, lamination, and flocculation processes significantly influence the amount and the site where the cereal grains are digested, and this can influence the efficiency of the use of the energy derived from starch (MELLO Jr., 1991). This author asserted that carbohydrates in ruminant diets are digested by microbial enzymes in the rumen and large intestine, and by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes in the small intestine. However, the rumen is the main site of starch digestion, with the production of volatile fatty acids and microbial protein (THEURER, 1986). Microbial protein synthesized in the rumen can be responsible for up to 70% of the daily protein requirements of ruminants (NRC, 1996), and supply 50-90% of the amino acids reaching the duodenum (HUBER et al., 1992). SANTOS et al. (1997) determined that the increase in the synthesis of microbial protein can improve the quantity and the profile of essential amino acids reaching the duodenum for absorption, which means more lysine and methionine for milk synthesis in lactating cows, and higher amino acid supply for protein synthesis in beef cattle. The quality of microbial protein is similar to that of milk protein in terms of essential amino acids, and, therefore, superior than all other commercially available protein sources (Schwab, 1994; quoted by SANTOS, 1998), which, according to SILVEIRA et al. (1999), may explain the faster muscle growth of animals in the super-young systems, when using ensiled cereal grains. Thus, the supply of amino acid requirements for intestinal absorption derived from microbial protein and rumen by-pass sources may be achieved by supplying adequate levels of rumen degradable (RDP) and non-degradable (RNDP) protein levels using diets containing different raw material with different breakdown characteristics (CERVIERI, 2000). This author observed that, at the starting stage of the feedlot in the super-young system, diet needs to have lower RDP levels when ingredients that do not stimulate microbial protein production, such as dry corn grains, are used with the aim of supplying metabolizable protein requirements in this period due to the fast muscle growth of these animals.

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Cereal grain silage and animal performance.

Wet grain silage consists of grain harvest immediately after physiological maturation (MADER et al., 1983), when the grain has an average moisture level of 28%, ranging from 25 to 30% (COSTA et al., 1999). Physiological maturation is characterized by the moment the translocation of nutrients from the plant to the grain stops, which is seen as a black layer at the base of corn grain (Popinigis, 1974; quoted by TOLEDO, 1980). At this stage, grains have maximum levels of starch and high humidity, of about 30% (BIAGI et al., 1996), although some hybrids show 35% humidity, allowing wider harvest range (of 25-32%). Physiological maturation of the corn occurs always 50 days after pollination, independent of variety and seeding time (Mundstock, 1970; quoted by VIÉGAS, 1980). The silage process of wet grains follows the same principles of roughage silage (COSTA et al., 1997). According to KRAMER & VOORSLUYS (1991), wet grain corn silage was introduced in Brazil in 1981, in the region of Castro- PR, and was initially fed to swine, and later to dairy and beef cattle. However, the first Brazilian scientific articles were published in the 1990s (JOBIM & REIS, 2001), when this technology was definitely incorporated by the national production sector (COSTA et al., 2001). COSTA (2001), determining the feeding value of roughage and dry corn grains and silages for cattle raised under the super-young system, concluded that corn silage was more cost-effective as compared to black oats hay fed as roughage, and that, independent of roughage, wet corn grain silage is the most efficient form of corn grain conservation as energy feed for cattle in feedlots in the super-young system. In USA, TONROY et al. (1974) reported that wet corn grain silage was already a standard procedure in many feedlots. The same authors quote Beenson & Perry (1958), as the first researchers who recorded increase in feed efficiency of animals fed high moisture corn ear (grain + cob) silage, and since then, other studies have also confirmed the feed efficiency of corn (Heuberger et al., 1959), and sorghum grain (Pernett e Riggo, 1967; McGinty, Penic e Bowers, 1968; Riggs e McGinty, 1970) silage.

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet TONROY et al. (1974) carried out six experiments to study the effect of several types of corn grain processing on the performance of feedlot cattle, and found that, for the same weight gain, total and corn grain daily intake was reduced from 4 to 15% and from 4 to 25%, respectively, for animals receiving wet corn grain silage as compared to whole or crushed dry corn. As to dry grains, there was no advantage of crushing as compared to whole grains in term of animal performance. However, TURGEON JR. et al. (1983) and SILVA et al. (1998) recommend corn grain grinding to ensure better efficiency of the feedlot finishing system. According to PAZIANI et al. (1999), grain grinding is a simple and practical process that can be used to obtain different particle sizes, with consequent variations in ruminal breakdown and intestinal digestion rates. Different grain particle sizes may result in different digestibilities and weight gains (HALE, 1973 and ALBRO et al., 1993). McALLISTER et al. (1993) wrote that the cuticle, as the grain’s structural carbohydrate, and the protein matrix of the starch grain have more influence on digestibility than the physical and the chemical form of starch. Histology studies - HALE (1973), with re-hydrated grains, and LOPES et al. (2001ab) with wet corn grain silage - revealed that breaking the protein matrix, which involves starch, may be essential for a better digestion of cereal grains, whereas McNEILL et al. (1975) suggest that the effect of processing on solubility or the integrity of the protein matrix influences the efficiency of starch utilization. COSTA et al. (2001), monitoring wet corn grain silage temperatures, verified that temperature immediately after the silo was closed was only 6-7 o C higher than environmental temperature (25 o C), and stabilized around the 10th day. This reinforces the assertion of Sullins et al. (1971); quoted by DANLEY & VETTER (1974), that starch gelatinization does not occur during silage, independent of method and moisture level before the start of the process. For these authors, there would be a series of protein hydrolysis inside the protein matrix that involves the starch granule. However, changes in the physical structure of the starch granules may also occur at temperatures around 52-61 o C, which are lower that gelatinization temperatures (62 to 72 o C). These changes are designated as annealing or heat-humidity treatment (FRENCH, 1984 and HEILBRONN, 1992). Despite causing similar effects, annealing occurs when highly diluted starch products (50% humidity) are submitted to heat, whereas in less hydrated products (20-35% humidity), the process is designated as heat-humidity treatment (HEILBRONN, 1992). The changes caused by these processes can also be explained by the modification of the intensity of the link between the crystalline region and the amorphous matrix of starch (HEILBRONN, 1992 e JACOBS et al., 1996). As wet corn grain silage is mostly and rapidly digested in the rumen (GALYEAN et al., 1976), it may cause a higher incidence of acidosis, which, even at a sub-acute phase, is responsible for lower feed intake, and consequently, worse animal performance (FULTON et al., 1979). Therefore, the mixture of one or more types of cereal grains, or grain processing, may increase or lower the extension and the site of starch digestion, leading to better feed efficiency. STOCK et al. (1987), working with wet corn grain silage, dried crushed corn, or a mixture of both in ratios of 67 : 33 e 33 : 67, respectively, for feedlot cattle during 70 days, found higher weight gain and better feed efficiency in animals fed wet corn grain silage and mixtures as compared to those fed dried crushed corn. The 67 : 33 mixture was the most efficient treatment, as it presented lower incidence of acidosis. The authors attributed this to the associative effect between the parts, as wet corn grain silage was mostly digested in the rumen, whereas dried crushed grain, in the small intestine. STOCK et al. (1991) also verified the associative effect on the feed efficiency of feedlot cattle fed a mixture of 67% wet corn grain silage and 33% dried broken sorghum, but not with a mixture of 50% wet corn grain silage and 50% dried broken corn. HUCK et al. (1998), aiming at determining the associative effects of combinations of flocculated sorghum grains, wet corn grain silage, and dried broken corn on the performance and carcass traits of feedlot cattle, concluded that the combination of 67% flocculated sorghum grains with 33% wet corn grain silage had the positive associative effect of 5 and 6% in daily weight gain and feed efficiency, with no changes in carcass traits. On the other hand, VAMPRÉ (2000) did not find any significant difference in performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of cattle under the super-young system fed corn grain energy feed in the ratios of 25 : 75% or 75 : 25% wet corn grain silage and/or dried corn grain, respectively.

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet

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Advantages and disadvantages of wet grain silages

As to production costs, SAMPAIO (1997) pointed out that, to maximize returns, the producer must choose the correct feed, and purchase ingredients and animals with quality and prices within the limits of each diet in order to render the production of young feedlot steers feasible. According to ALVARENGA (1997), the perspective to obtain better financial returns in beef cattle production involves breeding, rearing, and finishing activities on the same farm. According to CRUZ (1997), economically feasible cattle feedlots require technical follow-up, as well as animals with high potential for weight gain, and the integrated use of technology in the farm, developing breeding and rearing stages, in addition to feed production, especially roughage. In animals, the younger the slaughter age, the highest their biological efficiency, and consequently, the lowest the production costs (WILLIANS & BENNET, 1995). This is why the super-young steer production system as it essentially eliminates the rearing stage, is the most cost-effective system of production of quality meat in feedlots (SILVEIRA et al., 1999). As to feed, MARTIN (1996) emphasized that, from the system sustainability standpoint, the use of costs based on the cost of ingredient production corrected by a marketing factor seems to be more suitable. This proposal takes into consideration market added value due to the vertical trend of the production. In the case of cereal grain conservation for animal nutrition, the wet corn grain silage is up to 11% more cost-effective as compared to dried grains as it eliminates the cleaning and drying stages of grain pre-processing (COSTA et al., 1998). MOLIN et al. (1999) found that the cost of corn grain drying represented 11.64 and 17.5%, respectively, of the production costs, if carried out on the farm or by third parties. According to SILVA (1997), despite the availability of sophisticated systems, machinery and equipment, drying is still a critical operation in the grain pre-processing stages, which often used about 60% of the total energy used in production. VOORSLUYS (1989) found cost-savings of 11.14% when studying the use of wet corn grain silage in swine feeds, as compared to dried corn grains, due to savings in drying, taxes and freight, taking into consideration a 40-km distance. In addition, the better feed conversion of animals fed wet corn grain silage, such as ruminants (TONROY et al., 1974; MADER et al., 1991; STOCK et al., 1991; COSTA, 2001) and monogastric animals (LOPES et al., 2001ab e SARTORI et al., 2002), result in lower production costs due to feed savings. The conservation of wet corn grains as silage harvest can be made three to four weeks earlier (MADER et al., 1983; KRAMER & VOORSLUYS, 1991), allowing the seeding of another crop in the area, which maximizes land use. Moreover, an earlier harvest significantly reduces quantitative losses due to lower plant tumbling Paschoalick, 1992 and Weber, 1995; quoted by BIAGI et al., 1996), and qualitative losses caused by birds, molds and insects (Martins et al., 1994 and 1995; quoted by BIAGI et al., 1996). At the storage stage, the conservation of wet corn grain as silage also has advantages, as it does not require special silos and does not have the risk of qualitative and quantitative losses causes by molds and insects, as it happens with dried corn grains (VILELA et al., 1988; SANTOS, 1992 e SILVA, 1997), reducing potential risk of mycotoxin incidence. The results obtained in the evaluation of wet corn grain silage in animal feeding for storage periods between 56 and 365 days did not show changes in its nutritional value (MADER et al., 1991; STOCK et al., 1991). MADER et al. (1983) point as a disadvantage of wet corn grain silage lack of marketing flexibility, as compared to dried grains. Moreover, silos must be well dimensioned in order to avoid losses after they opened. JOBIM et al. (1999) found rapid microbial development on silage surface, and that wet corn grain silage and ear corn silage are prone to rapid superficial deterioration, but that this does no impair the deeper layers of the silo due to the high density of these materials.

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Final considerations

An efficient and rational beef cattle production must take into account breeds for crossbreeding, sound feeding and health management, and the proper storage and processing of feed ingredients during all stages of animal rearing.

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet

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References

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet HUNTINGTON, G.B.; Starch utilization by ruminants form basics to the brink. Journal of Animal Science, v.75, n.3, p.852-867, 1997. JACOBS, H.; EELINGER, R.C.; DELCOUR, J.A. Factors affecting the visco-amylograph and rapid visco-analyzer evaluation of the impact of annealing on starch pasting properties. Starch/Stärke, v.48, n.7, p.266-270, 1996. JOBIM, C.C & REIS, R.A. Produção e utilização de silagem de grãos úmidos de milho.In: SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA: A produção animal na visão dos brasileiros. Ed. Wilsom R. Soares Mattos et al. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 2001. p. 912-927. JOBIM, C.C.; REIS, R.A.; SCHOKEN-ITURRINO„ R.P.; ROSA, B. Desenvolvimento de microorganismos durante a utilização de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho sem brácteas. Acta Scientiarum, v.21, n.3, p.671-676, 1999. KRAMER, J. e VOORSLUYS, J.L. Silagem de milho úmido, uma opção para gado leiteiro. In.: SIMPÓSIO SOBRE NUTRIÇÃO DE BOVINOS, 4, 1991, Piracicaba, Sp. Anais... Piracicaba: FEALQ, 1991, p.257-261. LOPES, A.B.R.C.; BERTO, D.A.; COSTA, C.; MUNIZ, M.H.B. e Padovani, C.R. Silagem de grãos úmidos de milho para suínos na fase final dos 8 aos 30 kg. Boletim da Indústria Animal, Nova Odessa - SP, v. 58, n. 2, p. 181-190, 2001. LOPES, A.B.R.C.; BERTO, D.A.; COSTA, C., MUNIZ, M.H.B. e Rosa, G.J.M. Silagem de grãos úmidos de milho para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. Boletim da Indústria Animal, Nova Odessa - SP, v. 58, n. 2, p. 191-200, 2001. LUCHIARI FILHO, A. e MOURA, A.C. de. Influência do peso da carcaça e da espessura de gordura na maciez da carne bovina. Revista Pecuária de Corte, ano VIII, n.75, p.56-58, 1998. McALLISTER, T.L.; PHILLIPE, R.C.; RODE, L.M.; CHENG, K.J. Effect of the protein matrix on the digestion of cereal grains by ruminal microorganisms. Journal of Animal Science, v.71, n.1, p.204-212, 1993. MADER, T.; GUYER, P.; STOCK, R. Feeding high moisture corn. 1983. Site: http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/beef/g100.htm#ADVOHIGHMOICRN. MADER, T.L.; DAHLQUIST, J.M.; BRITTON, R.A.; KRAUSE, V.C. Type and mixtures of high-moisture corn in beef cattle finishing diets. Journal of Animal Science, v.69, n.9, p.3480-3486, 1991. MARTIN, L.C.T. Aditivos não nutritivos e anabolizantes para bovinos de corte em confinamento. In.: CONGRESSO DE ZOOTECNIA INTERNACIONAL, 1,; NACIONAL, b e ESTADUAL, 14. Anais... Porto Alegre: PUCRS, 1996. p.87-108. McCARTHY, R.A.; KLUSMEYER, T.H.; VIVINI, J.L.; CLARK, J.H. Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the smal intestine of lactating cows. Journal Dairy Science, v.72, n.7, p.2002-2016, 1989. MELLO Jr., C. do A. Processamento de grãos de milho e sorgo visando aumento do valor nutritivo. In.: SIMPÓSIO SOBRE NUTRIÇÃO DE BOVINOS, 4, 1991, Piracicaba, SP. Anais... Piracicaba: FEALQ, 1991. p.263-283. 1991. MOLIN, L.; CARDOSO, E.G.; DEVILLA, I.A. Custo de secagem e armazenamento - Parte II: Milho, Safra, 1998. In.: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA AGRÍCOLA, 28, Pelota, RS. 1999. Editado em CD-room. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (Washington, DC). Requirments domestic animals. In.: National Research Concil (Washington, DC. Nutrients Requirement of Beef Cattle. 7. rev., ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996. 240p. NOCEK, J.E. & TAMIMGA, S. Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition. Journal of Dairy Science, v.74, n.8, p.3598-3629, 1991. ORSKOV, E.R. Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, v.63, n.5, p.1624-1633, 1986. OWENS, F.N. & GOETSCH, A.L. Fermentacion ruminal. In.: El Rumiante Fisiologia Digestiva y Nutriciõn. D.C. CHURCH (Editor). Editorial Acribia, S.A. Zaragoza, Espanha. 1988, p.159-188. OWENS, F.N.; ZINN, R.A.; KIM, Y.K.; Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine. Journal of Animal Science, Albany, v.63, n.5, p.1634-1648, 1986. OWENS, F.N.; SECRIST, D.S.; HILL, W.J.; GILL, D.R. The effect of grain source and grain processing of performance of feedlot cattle: A review. Journal of Animal Science, v.75, n.4, p.868-879, 1997. PARDI, M.C. Ciência, higiêne e tecnologia da carne. Goiânia : EDUFF, 1993, v.1. 586p.

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet PAZIANI, S.F.; ALCALDE, C.R. e ANDRADE, P. Acabamento de bovinos em pastagens no período seco, utilizando-se milho inteiro e soja integral ou milho moído e farelo de soja. Acta Scientiarum, v.21, n.3, p.745-748, 1999. PETIT, H.V. & SANTOS, G.T.D. Milk yield and composition of dairy cows fed concentrate based on high moisture wheat or high moisture corn. Journal Dairy Science, v.29, n.12, p.2292-2296, 1996. ROONEY, L.W. & PFLUGFELDER, R.L. R. Factors affeting starch digestibility with special emphairs on sorghum and corn Journal of Animal Science, v.63, n.5, p.1607-1623, 1986. RUSSEL, J.R.; YOUNG, A.W. e JORGENSEN, N.A. Effect of dietary corn starch intake on pancreatic amylase and intestinal maltase on pH in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, v.52, n.5, p.1177-1182, 1981. SAMPAIO, A.A.M. Efeito da suplementação protéica associada à silagem de milho no crescimento, terminação e características da carcaça e mestiços Canchim em confinados pós desmama. Jaboticabal, 1997. 78p. Tese (Livre Docência) - FCAV, UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal, 1997. SANTOS, J.P. dos. Controle de pragas de grãos armazenados. In.: Congresso Nacional de Milho e Sorgo, 19, 1992. Anais... Porto Alegre, RS, 1992, p.191-209. SANTOS, F.A.P.; HUBER J.T.; THEURER, C.B.; SWINGLE, Z.Wu.; SIMAS, J.M.; CHEN, K.H.; CHAN, S.C.; SANTOS, J. DePETERS, E.J. Response of lactating dairy cows to various densities of shorghum grain. Journal of Dairy Science, v.80, n.12, p.2098-2103, 1997. SARTORI, J.R.; COSTA, C., PEZZATO, L.E.; MARTINS, C.L.; CARRIJO, A.S.; CRUZ, V.C.; PINHEIRO, D.F. Silagem de grãos úmidos de milho na alimentação de frangos de corte. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília - DF, v.37, n.7, p. 1009 - 1015, 2002. SILVA, J.S. Armazenamento de grãos na fazenda. Tecnologia e treinamento agropecuário. Ano II, n.5, p.27, 1997. SILVA, J.M. DA; THIAGO, L.R.L.S.; FEIJÓ, G.L.D.; PORTO, J.C.A. e KICHEL, A.N. Efeito do processamento do grão de milho na engorda de bovinos confinados. In.: REUNIÃO ANUAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA, 35, 1998. Anais... Botucatu, SP, 1998. SILVEIRA, A.C.; ARRIGONI, M.D.B., CHARDULO, L.A.L.; SILVEIRA, L.G.G.;COSTA, C. e OLIVEIRA, H.N. Sistema de produção de novilhos superprecoces. In.: SIMPOSIO GOIANO SOB PRODUÇÃO DE BOVINOS DE CORTE, 1999, Goiânia. Anais... Goiânia: CBNA, 1999. p.105-122. STOCK, R.A.; BRINK, D.R.; BRANDT, R.T.; MERRILL, J.K.; SMITH, J. Feeding combinations of high moisture corn and dry corn to finishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science, v.65, n.1, p.282-289, 1987. STOCK, R.A.; SINDT, M.H.; CLEALE, R.M.; BRITTON, R.A. High-moisture corn utilization in finishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science, v.69, n.4, p.1645-1656, 1991. TANIGUCHI, K.; HUNTINGTON, G.B.; GLENN, B.P. Net nutrient flux by visceral tissues of beef steers given abomasal and ruminal infusions of casein and starch. Journal of Animal Science, v.73, n.2, p.236-249, 1995. THEURER, C.B. Grain processing effectsa on starch utilization by ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, v.63, n.5, p.1649-1662, 1986. TOLEDO, F.F. de. Tecnologia das sementes. In.: Melhoramento e Produção de milho no Brasil. PATERNIANI, E. (Coord.) Piracicaba: ESALQ. Marprint, 2a impressão. 1980. p.571-619. TONROY, B.R.; PERRY, T.W. e BEESON, W.M. Dry, ensiled high-moisture, ensiled reconstituted high-moisture and volatile fatty acid treated high moisture corn for growing-finish beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, v.39, n.5, p.931-936, 1974. TURGEON JR, O.A.; BRINK, D.R.; BRITTON, R.A. Corn particle size moistures roughage level and start utilization in finishing steers diets. Journal of Animal Science, v.57, n.3, p.739-749, 1983. VAMPRÉ, M.P.C. Restrição alimentar e processamento de grãos de milho no desempenho, característica de carcaça e qualidade de carne de bovinos no sistema superprecoce. Botucatu, 2000. 46p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - FMVZ - UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu, 2000. VIÉGAS, G.P. Práticas culturais. In.: Melhoramento e Produção de Milho no Brasil. PATERNIANI, E. (Coord.) Piracicaba: FEALQ. Marprint, 2a impressão, 1980, p.376-428, 1980. VILELLA, H.; SILVA, J.F.C.; VILELLA, D.; SILVESTRE, J.R.A. Alterações do valor nutritivo dos grãos de milho (Zea mays, L.) durante o armazenamento. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia, Viçosa, v.17, n.5, p.428-433, 1988. VOORSLUYS, J.L. Viabilidade da silagem de milho úmido. Journal da Dirat, n.69, p.9, 1989. WALDO, D.R. Extent and parttion of cereal starch digestion in ruminants. Journal of Animal Science, n.4, v.37, p.1062-1075, 1973.

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet WHEELER, T.L.; CUNDIFF, L.V.; KOCH, R.M.; CROUSE, J.D. Characterization of biological types of cattle (Cycle IV): Carcass traits and longissimus palatability. Jounal of Animal Science, v.74, n.5, p.1023-1035, 1996. WILLIANS, C.B. & BENNETT, G.L. Application of a computer model to predict optimum slaughter and points for different biological types of feeder cattle. Journal of Animal Science, v.73, n.10, p.2903-2915, 1995.

Figure 1 — Wet corn grain harvest.

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First Virtual Global Conference on Organic Beef Cattle Production September, 02 to October,15 - 2002 — — Via Internet

Figure 2 — Partial view of the silo during ensiling process.

Figure 3 — Front view of the open silo

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