PRESENTATION OUTLINES  National

Policy on Climate Change forests and ecosystems  Emissions trends from land use change  Forest mitigation and adaptation measures

National Policy on Climate Change: G l and Goals d Aspirations A i ti for f Forestry and Ecosystems



Synergy between forest mitigation and adaptation

 Science

based actions  Way Forward

Principles

National Policy on Climate Change •

P1: Development on a Sustainable Path –

Policy statement: p to fulfill ensure climate-resilient development national aspirations for sustainability

•

P2: Sustainability of Environment and Natural Resources – Initiate actions on climate change issues that contribute to environmental conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

•

P3: Integrated Planning and Implementation –

•

•

Resources

Mitigation

Development Resilience

Economy

Social

Economic Vulnerability

Industry



Economic Resilience

Finance



Trade 

Land

Agriculture

Water

Industry

Forestry

Biotechnology

Biodiversity Mineral

Climate Resilient Development

Food Security Water Sufficiency Irrigation Livelihood Safety & Security Social Welfare

Climate Proof Development

International involvement on climate change will be based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.

Key Actions to Achieve Goals

Adaptation Development Vulnerability

Improve participation of stakeholders and major groups for effective implementation of climate change responses.

P5: Common but Differentiated Responsibility –

Climate Change

Integrate climate change considerations into development planning and implementation.

P4: Effective Participation –

OVERALL FRAMEWORK

Integrate climate change responses in national development plans to fulfil the country’s aspiration for sustainable development.

Emission Reduction / Sink Enhancement Carbon Offset Schemes Climate Friendly Technology Financing & Investment Insurance Schemes

Low Carbon Economy

 

Integrate balanced adaptation and mitigation measures into policies and plans on environment and natural resources Conserve and enrich carbon pools in natural ecosystems including plantation and promote rehabilitation of sensitive and degraded ecosystems through sound management practices and land use planning Identify and recognise the attribute and value of ecosystem services and integrate into the development planning process Develop national carbon accounting systems (MRV) and baseline studies of forest ecosystems Develop multiple national and hydroclimate projection models for identifying vulnerabilities and assessing potential impacts of climate change

Climate Resilient Economy

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CO2 Emissions from FF and LUC (1960-2009)







Integrate climate change considerations at the plannning level by applying tools that includes the following:  Integrated environmentally sensitive areas  Strategic environmental assessment  Economic Evaluation Ecological Services  Sustainable Development Indicators Establish and implement a national R&D agenda on climate change taking into consideration areas including forestry and ecosystem services Institutionalise measures to strengthen effective linking of climate science and policy

CO2 emisssions (PgC y-1)

Key Actions to Achieve Goals 10 8

Fossil fuel

6

LUC emissions now ~10% of total CO2 emissions

4 Land use change

2 1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Time (y) Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400

Emissions from Land Use Change (1850(1850-2009) 1000

CO2 emisssions (Tg C y-1)

CO2 emisssions (TgC y-1)

Emissions from Land Use Change (1850-2009)

Tropical Temperate

Time (y)

800 600

Latin America S & SE Asia Tropical Africa

400 200 0 -200

Time (y)

R.A. Houghton 2010, GFRA 2010

R.A. Houghton 2010, personal communication; GFRA 2010

Anthropogenic Global Carbon Dioxide Budget Forests, Ecosystems and Climate Change Forests respond sensitively to climate change • Increased number and scale of natural disasters at local level causing wide-spread and unusual changes g in forest due to climate change g • Forest plays an important role in global carbon cycle and holds significant carbon stocks, thus influencing climate change • Adaptation measures ensure continued ecosystem services that are essential for human well being •

Global Carbon Project 2010

2

Carbon Stocks of Malaysian Forest (FRA, 2010) Carbon (Million metric ton) - Malaysia 1990

2000

2005

2010

Carbon in above-ground biomass

2276

2869

2711

2590

Carbon in below-ground biomass

546

689

651

622

Sub-total: Sub total: Living biomass Carbon in dead wood

2822

3558

3361

3212

n.a

n.a

n.a

47

45

44

Carbon in litter

43

Sub-total: Dead wood and litter Soil carbon TOTAL

Future Baselines – Forest Cover

n.a

n.a

n.a

n.a

2869

3603

3405

3255

Adaptation Imperative  Forestry - sector where synergies exist between mitigation

Policy intervention:

and adaptation  Adaptation and mitigation measures interlink and

compatible mitigation and adaptation interventions provides greater benefits especially to local communities while addressing global concern  These synergies enhance diversification of resources, reduce risk, stablize livelihoods and enhance forest resilience to climate change through sustainably managed forest  Linking

Approaches for Forest Adaptation  No 

intervention

Business as usual, assuming forest will adapt like in the past

 Reactive 

 Planned 



intervention

Interventions post disturbances/change

intervention

Redefining forestry management and goals in view of climate change related risks and uncertainties Science to support interventions

SFM and Climate Change  SFM

provides a flexible, robust, credible and well-tested framework for simultaneously reducing carbon emissions, sequestering carbon and enhancing adaptation to climate change  supply environmentally products, protect biodiversity, protect water quality, etc

3

Integration of Thematic Elements of SFM in adaptation strategies 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

Extent of forest resources • maintaining significant forest cover and stocking; Biological diversity-its conservation and management; Forest health and vitality-reducing fires, pollution, invasive species, pests and diseases; Productive functions • maintaining i t i i production d ti off wood d and d non-wood d forest f t products; Productive functions-in relation to soil, hydrological and aquatic systems; Socio-cultural and economic functions • the support provided by forests to the economy and to society; and Legal, policy and institutional framework- to support the above themes

Synergies between Mitigation and Adaptation Adaptation measures

Adaptive function

Mitigation

Biodiversity

Mangrove conservation

Protection against storm surges, sea level rise and coastal inundation

Conservation of carbon stocks

Conservation of species that live or breed in mangroves

Forest conservation and SFM

Maintenance of nutrient and water flow

Conservation of carbon stocks and sequestration capacity Reduction emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

Conservation of habitat for forest plant and animal species Resilient ecosystem

Preventions of landslides

Synergies between Mitigation and Adaptation

Science to Support Adaptation Measures  Need for interaction between policy makers, researchers

Adaptation measures

Adaptive function

Mitigation

Biodiversity

Restoration of degraded wetlands

Maintenance of nutrient and water flow, quality, storage and capacity Protection against floods or storm inundation and fires

Reduced emissions from soil carbon mineralization

Conservation of wetland flora and fauna through maintenance of breeding grounds and sites for migratory species

Diversification of agricultural production to cope with changed climatic conditions

Carbon storage in both above and below ground and soils

Establishment of agroforestry in agricultural land

Conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscape

Effects of Climate on Forest Productivity and Biodiversity

and forest managers for effective application of research outputs 

Insufficient data

 Multi-scale forest monitoring g vital for pplanned adaptation p to

forest management  Remote sensing for early detection of forest change & health  Vulnerability and risk assessment of changes within and outside forest especially for tropical forest complex interdependence of organism and narrow climatic niche

Aboveground Biomass Changes Pasoh

9



10

8

Rate (Mg/ha/yr)

Need a long term data to detect changes on stand structure, aboveground biomass, net productivity  Long term ecological plots proved useful eg Pasoh and Lambir 50 ha plot

7

Lambir

8

6 5

6

4 4

3 2

2

1 0 -1

1987

1992

1998

-2

0 1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

-2 Growth (Mg/ha/yr)

Mortality

Net

Growth (Mg/ha/yr)

Mortality

Net

• Aboveground biomass growth rate • AGB mortality rate •Increased mortality due to drought •Fast growing group had greater mortality than slow growing Chave et al 2008

4

Way Forward •

Science based actions – – –

• • •

Impact assessment of climate change on ecosystems and biodiversity Modeling of forest ecosystem response and vulnerability Long term monitoring programs with frequent re-measurement cycle

Cost benefit analysis and economic impacts Identify management interventions that yield useful outcomes Review of national law and legislation – –

THANK YOU

Benefit sharing system Payments for ecosystem services

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