Poverty in South Africa Risenga Maluleke DDG: Statistical Collections & Outreach Statistics South Africa 23 September2014
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Presentation Overview • Background information about poverty in SA
• The Poverty Line • Poverty 2006 and beyond • Other facets of poverty • Multi-dimensional poverty • Poorest municipalities
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Poverty and inequality in South Africa • Major concern for all (Government, Civil Society Ogarnisations (CSOs), Business, etc.)
– Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) • Halve poverty and unemployment by 2014
– National Development Plan • Reduce the proportion of the population living below a lower bound poverty line (R443 in 2011 prices) to 0% by 2030 • Reduce inequality (gini-coefficient) from 0,7 to 0,6 by 2030
– Millenuim Development Goals (MDGs) • Halve poverty and hunger by 2015
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Importance of statistics in the fight against poverty and inequality “But we do at last have results with which we can work, the numbers that count for the nation. It will take time to absorb the full detail of this intricate picture of our complex society but the broad outlines should act as the clarion call to re-dedicate ourselves in every sector of the society, to the historic mission of a generation charged with transforming South African’s society in order to eradicate the poverty and imbalances that derive from our past. ” Nelson Mandela - during the handover of Census 96 results to President Mandela 1998.
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
R321 Food poverty line
The Food Poverty Line • Provides an unambiguous threshold of absolute deprivation. Represents the amount of money required to purchase the minimum required daily energy intake •
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Approach used in Philippines, Zimbabwe and Myanmar
R443 Lower-bound poverty line
R321 Food poverty line
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
The Lower-bound Poverty Line • Provides an austere threshold below which one has to choose between food and important non-food items •
Practiced in Indonesia, Ecuador and Sri Lanka
R620 Upper-bound poverty line
The Upper-bound Poverty Line • Provides an unambiguous threshold of relative deprivation below which people cannot afford the minimum desired lifestyle by most South Africans
R443 Lower-bound poverty line
R321 Food poverty line
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
•
Practiced in Peru, Kenya and Turkey
If South Africa was a community of 100 individuals . . .
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Food poverty line
2006 12,6 million
In 2006, 27 individuals were poor, living in extreme poverty, below the food poverty line (R210)
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Food poverty line 20 11 06 10,2 million
In 2011, this dropped to 20 individuals (R321)
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Upper-bound poverty line
2006 27,1 million
In 2006, 57 individuals were poor, living below the upperbound poverty line (R431)
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Upper-bound poverty line
20 11 06 23 million
This decreased to 46 individuals in 2011 (R620)
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Population of South Africa living below the food poverty line 2006 - 2011
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Social Grant and Self Declared Hunger
Numbers in millions The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Social Grant and Self Declared Hunger
Numbers in millions The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Social Grant and Self Declared Hunger Social Grant beneficiaries have increased from 2.6m in 1997 to 16.6m in 2012
Numbers in millions
13.4m in 2002
to 6.6m in 2011 The number of persons who reported to experience hunger has gone down by 6.8m from 2002
* GHS 2009 did not ask about experienced hunger
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Gross Domestic Product from 2004 to 2012
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Real Final Consumption Expenditure
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Inflation from 2004 to 2012
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National Poverty Lines (Headcount) by Province 100 90 80
% Population
70 60 50 40 30 20
10 0
LPL
UPL
WC
EC
NC
FS
KZN
NW
GP 2006
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MP 2009
LP 2011
Poverty share of households by province in 2011
KwaZulu-Natal 23%
Mpumalanga 8% Gauteng 13%
Northern Cape 2%
North West 8% Western Cape 6%
Eastern Cape 18% Free State 6%
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Limpopo 16%
Poverty incidence by sex of household head (upper bound poverty line) 60 50
55.7%
54.6% 43.9%
40 30
34.8%
33.6%
25.7%
20 10 Female
Male
0 2006
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
2009
2011
Poverty incidence by population group of household head (upper bound poverty line) 60 50
51.2%
52.1%
40
40.3%
30 20 Black African Coloured
10 .5%
.9%
2006
2009
.4%
0
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
2011
Indian/Asian White
Poverty incidence by education level of household head (upper bound poverty line) 90 80
76.7%
78.1% 65.%
70 60 50
40
None Some primary
30
Primary
20 10
Some secondary
2.5%
5.6%
Matric
2.8%
0 2006
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
2009
2011
Higher
Education level zero income, age & level of education 80% 70%
No income
60%
No schooling
50%
Grade 11
40%
Grade 12
30%
Diploma
20% Bachelors degree
10% 20
30
40
50 Age
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
60
70
80+
Inequality between 2006 and 2011 Gini coefficient 0 = Perfect Income Equality (Each person has equal share) 1 = Perfect Income Inequality (All income goes to one person)
Gini coefficient (income per capita including salaries, wages and social grants) Gini coefficient (expenditure per capita excluding taxes)
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
0.72
0.70
0.69
2006
2009
2011
0.67
0.65
0.65
Multidimensional Poverty
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Lack of income
Lack of employment
Lack of basic services
What is poverty? No ownership of assets
Social exclusion
Inability to take part in decision making
Inability to afford basic needs
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Poverty is multifaceted and can be defined in various main ways: •Objective •Relative •Subjective (self-perceived)
The four dimensions of poverty (SAMPI)
Child mortality (death of child under 5)
Health Education
Years of schooling (completed 5 years of schooling)
School attendance (school-aged child out of school)
Lighting
Deprivation cut-offs
(no electricity)
Heating (no electricity)
Cooking (no electricity)
Living standards Economic activity
Water (no piped water)
Sanitation (no flush toilet)
Dwelling (informal/traditional/caravan/tent)
Assets (no radio/TV/phone/car)
Unemployment (adults unemployed)
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Skills development challenges in South Africa Coloured African Low-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Semi-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24
1994
-8,9 -9,7 -7,4 -8,3 -6,9 -22,1
41,9 48,0 36,0 37,8 40,0 40,2 43,8 47,2 44,7 53,8 33,2 54,5
1,8 0,2 3,4 9,1 21,3
15,1 17,9 11,3 19,3 12,3 19,6 16,4 21,4 17,5 15,2 9,3 10,0
2,9 8,0 7,3 5,0 -2,3 0,7
6,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
Indian
%
50,0
1994
2014
60,0
68,0 42,7 67,3 42,4 59,4 37,2 66,8 43,7 68,6 40,3 75,8 61,3
-25,4 -24,9 -22,2 -23,2 -28,3 -14,5
25,2 50,7 25,7 56,2 31,9 51,2 26,1 51,7 26,2 54,4 17,1 27,5
25,5 30,6 19,3 25,5 28,2 10,4 20,0
30,0
40,0
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
50,0
60,0
%
70,0
-0,1 -5,6 3,0 -2,3 0,1 4,0
10,0
Low-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Semi-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24
70,0
1994
%
Change -5,6 -14,3 -3,9 -3,7 -9,2 0,2
53,5 48,2 47,7 41,3 51,8 41,8 55,4 47,5 54,0 55,3 52,4 50,1
-5,2 -6,3 -9,9 -7,9 1,3 -2,4
11,6 22,5 6,0 26,6 11,7 25,5 13,3 24,9 13,8 21,7 6,6 8,8
10,9 20,6 13,9 11,6 7,9 2,2
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
White Low-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Semi-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24
2014
34,9 29,3 46,3 32,1 36,5 32,6 31,4 27,6 32,2 23,0 41,0 41,2
Change
6,7 6,6 7,0 1,4 8,6 11,6 7,0 4,7 5,3 5,4 7,1 11,2
0,0
Change
43,0 34,1 52,6 42,9 47,6 40,2 39,8 31,5 37,8 30,9 57,6 35,5
0,0
Low-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Semi-skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24 Skilled Total 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15-24
2014
1994
60,0
2014
70,0
Change
2,9 2,7 4,3 2,3 3,5 3,1 2,0 2,3 2,6 1,5 3,3 6,7
0,0
-0,1 -2,0 -0,3 0,3 -1,1 3,4
54,9 35,8 53,6 32,5 46,7 34,8 50,4 29,8 56,8 34,7 72,2 64,5
-19,1 -21,1 -11,9 -20,6 -22,1 -7,7
42,2 61,5 42,1 65,2 49,9 62,0 47,7 67,9 40,6 63,8 24,5 28,8
19,3 23,1 12,2 20,3 23,2 4,3 10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
Reasons provided why 7-18 years olds are not attending school, 2012
30.0 25.0
22% of Females stated family commitments against less 1% for Males
26.1 22.2
20.0 15.0 14.2
9.9
10.0 8.6
8.5
5.0 4.8 0.0
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
0.9 4.7
Mapping the poverty headcount by municipality (SAMPI) 2001 2001
2011
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Headcount: the poorest municipalities in South Africa Census 2001 and 2011 (SAMPI)
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Where are the poorest municipalities located? (SAMPI)
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Headcount
3
1
9
KZN
10
4
2 6
7
5
EC 8
The South Africa I know, the home I understand
Where are the poorest municipalities located? Census 2011 (SAMPI)
Inkomu!
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