Potential of Jatropha curcas L. Joint Task 40 /ERIA workshop, Tsukuba, Japan 28 October 2009 Soni Solistia Wirawan Institution for Design Engineering and Technology System Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Kawasan PUSPIPTEK, Bldg. 480 Serpong, Tangerang 15314 Indonesia. Phone: 62-21-7563213/17. Fax.: 62-21-7563273 E-mail address: [email protected]

Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Introduction of Jatropha Curcas L. Jatropha Curcas L. as a biofuel Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. Potential of Jatropha Curcas L. In Indonesia Jatropha Curcas L. Development

1. Introduction of Jatropha Curcas L

Jatropha Jatropha is a genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs, and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas L.), from the family Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from (Greek iatros = physician and trophe = nutrition), hence the common name physic nut. The mature small trees bear separate male and female flowers, and do not grow very tall. As with many members of family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic.

Species of Jatropha          

Jatropha cuneata Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Jatropha integerrima Jatropha multifida Jatropha podagrica Ricinus communis Jatropha moluccana Jatropha glandulifera Jatropha tonjorensis

Origin of Jatropha Jatropha is native to Central America and has become naturalized in many tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Africa, and North America. Originating in the Caribbean, Jatropha was spread as a valuable hedge plant to Africa and Asia by Portuguese traders.

Jatropha Curcas L. Division Class Family Genus Botanical name

: Spermatophyta : Dicotyledonae : Euphorbiaceae : Jatropha : Jatropha Curcas L.

Other common names: Phyisic nut (English) Purgiemuss (German) Pignon d’lnde (French) Bagbherenda (Hindi) Jarak Pagar (Indonesian) Sabuu dam (Thai) Xiao tong zi (Chinese) Nanyo aburagiri (Japanese)

Jatropha curcas L. is a drought resistant species which is widely cultivated in the tropics as living fence. Jatropha Curcas widely adapted to various soil and climatic condition. Climate Requirement  Rainfall:  200 - 2000 mm/yr (Heller, 1996)  480 - 2380 mm/yr (Jones and Miller, 1992)  > 250, optimal 900 – 1200 mm/yr (Becker & Makkar, 1999)  > 600 mm/th: normal growth (Henning, 2004) Rainfall to high: less fertilization

 Long summer: fall of leaves, less growth  Very dry area: plant growth only 2 – 3 m high  On dry climate need watering/irrigation  Altitude: 0-1700 m in above sea level  Temperature: 11-38 deg. C

Leafs, fruits and dried seeds of Jatropha Curcas

Every seed consists of shell (≈ 42 %-w) and kernel (≈ 58 %-w). Part that contain oil : the kernel, ≈ 55 %-w (33 % by weight of seed).

State of the art of knowledge : Harvest yield of Jatropha (2500 tree/ha) is 4 – 5 ton seed/ha/year, from 4th year onward, although the tree is already productive since the 1st year of cultivation (½ ton seed/ha/year). If all of the oil can be extracted, theoretical oil yield starting from the 4th year : 1,32 – 1,65 ton oil/ha/year.

Literature indication : The productivity per hectare of Jatropha curcas given in the widespreed ranges up to 12 ton seed/ha/year. The real productivity will vary depending on the cultivated region, climate, soil quality, management, and othet conditions. R & D to realize this potential has still to be carried out.

Value Added Product Exploitation of J. curcas components (adapted from Guibitz et all, 1997) Jatropha curcas L. Water conservation/Erosion control Hedge/Living fence Fire wood / Combustibles Green manure

Fruits

Leaves

Latex

Fertilizer

Medicinal uses Anti-flammatory substance Fertilizer

Wound healing protease (curcain) Medicinal uses

Fruit coats

Seeds

Medicinal uses Anti-flammatory substance Fertilizer

Insecticide Food/Fodder (low toxic accessions)

Seed oil

Seed cake

Seed shells

Soap production Biofuel Insecticide Medical uses

Organic fertilizer Biogas production Fodder (low toxic accessions)

Combustibles Organic Fertilizer

Value Added Product  







Making soap (from jatropha oil) to supply local need/demand. utilizing jatropha press cake to generate biogas that could be use locally as household cooking fuel; the farmers are thus freed from expenses to buy kerosene or fuelwood. The use biogas is also more comfortable than that of kerosene and fuelwood. If the farmer cooperative itself owns the oil expelling unit/factory, the press cake can be utilized to generate biogas (for use as local fuel) and the residue (that contain soil mineral matters) can be recycled to maintain the ‘fertility’ of the land. If the jatropha press cake could be detoxified, then this proteinaceous cake would be an excellent feed for cattle. This (cattle breeding) is another potential economic chain that may be exploited from Jatropha curcas seed. The cattle dung would then serve as feedstock for biogas generators/digesters. Researches on detoxification of Jatropha curcas press cake are urgently needed to further increase the economic viability of Jatropha curcas cultivation.

2. Jatropha Curcas L. as a Biofuel

Jatropha to Biodiesel Process Dry Jatropha Seed Jatropha Oil

Jatropha Fruit Seed Pressing

Biodiesel Production

Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester Meet Standard

Crude Jatropha Oil (CJO) Production JATROPHA CURCAS SEEDS REMOVAL of CAPSULES CLASSIFICATION DEHULLING MEATS PRESSING

CAKE Bio Bricket Organic Fertilizer Animal Feed Biogas

CJO (CRUDE JATROPHA OILS)

Jatropha Oil (JO) Production CRUDE JATROPHA OILS

Fatty acids content of Jatropha Curcas oil CLARIFICATION

PRESSED OIL

DEGUMMING

JATROPHA OIL (JO)

________________________________________________ Fatty acids (%m/m) (1) (2) ___________________________________________ Palmitic acids 14-15 14.2 Stearic acids 7 6.9 Oleic acids 34-45 43.2 Linoleic acids 31-43 34.3 Others fatty acids 1.2 1.4 ________________________________________________ (1) Foidl et al., 1996 (2) Analysis result at Pilot laboratory in Chemical Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Bandung. The seeds are supplied from Sumbawa Island, Indonesia

1. PPO/SVO 2. Feedstock of Biodiesel Production

Physicochemical properties of Jatropha Curcas oil.

(1) (2)

Property

Unit

Density at 15oC Kinematic viscosity at 30oC Flash Point Cetane Number Sulphur (S) content Carbon residu Fluid point Water content Acid value Iodine value Saponification value Unsaponifiable matter Phosphor (P) content Calcium (Ca) content Magnesium (Mg) content Fe content

g/cm3 mm2/s oC ppm %m/m oC ppm mg KOH/g mg KOH/g %m/m ppm ppm ppm ppm

Value (1)

(2)

0.930 52.0 210-240 40-45 0.64 0.9 190-198 1 290 56 103 2.4

0.9177 49.15 236