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Positive Psychology: Where Did It Come from, Where Is It Going? Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Jeanne Nakamura
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0001 Item type: chapter
This chapter discusses the development of positive psychology, tracing its growth from 1999 to 2009. It then speculates on the future of positive psychology. In the United States, positive psychology's most salient reference point in applied psychology has been clinical; as a result, the field has been fastest to respond to the demand for interventions targeted at the direct increase of individual well-being, for example, through coaching and personal exercises. In the positive psychology community as a whole, it seems clear that the future of applied work will encompass both these interventions at the individual level and the institutional and aggregate level.
Challenges, Pitfalls, and Aspirations for Positive Psychology Todd B. Kashdan and Michael F. Steger
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0002 Item type: chapter
This chapter discusses the challenges faced by the field of positive psychology as it approaches its second decade of existence. Among these is the lack of clarity on which research topics constitute “positive psychology”; the one-sided focus on desirable-sounding constructs and topics, with new, exotic terms like self-compassion or state cheerfulness proliferating; and researchers' failure to consider the yin and yang of positive and negative, the dialectical tension between stress and growth.
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Positive Psychophysiology: The Body and Self-Regulation Suzanne C. Segerstrom, Timothy W. Smith, and Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0003 Item type: chapter
Self-regulation refers to control over one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Failure of self-regulation contributes to many important individual and societal problems, including problems with eating, spending, interpersonal violence, sexual promiscuity, and alcohol and drug use. Evidence points to a general pool of self-regulatory capacity. This chapter suggests that this capacity depends on, is reflected in, and affects physiology. That is, self-regulation is literally embodied. This assertion seems obvious with regard to the central nervous system, but less so with regard to peripheral physiology. Nonetheless, there is evidence that peripheral regulation of physiological parameters such as blood glucose and heart rate is intertwined with central regulation of the self. The chapter presents a brief overview of physiological systems involved in self-regulation, reviews the empirical links between self-regulation and physiology in several domains, and then suggests directions for future research.
Positive Psychological States and Biological Processes
Carissa A. Low, Julienne E. Bower, Judith T. Moskowitz, and Elissa S. Epel in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0004 Item type: chapter
Mounting scientific evidence indicates that positive psychological states are reflected in biological processes, objective physical health, and mortality. This chapter examines the mechanisms through which positive psychological states influence physical health outcomes, focusing on biological processes. To that end, it first reviews the literature on the effect of positive psychological states on neuroendocrine and immune system function with a focus on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and inflammatory processes. Second, it describes a conceptual model of “enhanced allostasis” as a mechanism linking positive psychological states with physical health. Finally, it identifies questions that remain unanswered and outlines testable hypotheses guided by both existing literature and the enhanced allostasis model. Page 2 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.oxfordscholarship.com). (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2017. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in OSO for personal use (for details see http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/page/privacy-policy).date: 24 January 2017
The Primary Process Affects in Human Development, Happiness, and Thriving Jaak Panksepp
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0005 Item type: chapter
Brains elaborate several distinct forms of primary-process affective experiences. Some arise from the way we perceive the world with our externally directed senses (sensory affects). Others arise from the way our brains interoceptively monitor what is happening inside our bodies (homeostatic affects). Yet others reflect intrinsic activities of our brain (emotional affects). They all presumably contribute to our lingering moods. Thus, our affective feelings come in many forms, and the failure to distinguish them causes much confusion in emotion research and affective science. This chapter focuses on those most mysterious feelings that originate within the brain itself—the emotional affects that are not tightly restricted to specific exteroceptive and interoceptive body state channels like the sensory and homeostatic varieties.
Beyond Pleasure and Pain? Emotion Regulation and Positive Psychology Maya Tamir and James J. Gross
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0006 Item type: chapter
This chapter argues that the fields of emotion regulation and positive psychology have been dominated by a hedonic view of optimal functioning. It first discusses the contributions of the hedonic view to both fields, and then considers its critical limitations. It then points to a broader conception of optimal functioning, which is based on a motivated view of human nature. It describes a new approach to emotion regulation that is based on this broader conception of optimal functioning and review related to empirical evidence. The chapter concludes with the hope that the instrumental approach to emotion regulation might stimulate a similar shift in positive psychology, toward a broader view of optimal functioning that acknowledges—but moves beyond—pleasure and pain. Page 3 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.oxfordscholarship.com). (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2017. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in OSO for personal use (for details see http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/page/privacy-policy).date: 24 January 2017
The Positive Psychology of Positive Emotions: An Avuncular View Shigehiro Oishi and Jaime L. Kurtz
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0007 Item type: chapter
This chapter offers a critique of positive emotion research with the goal of suggesting specific ways positive psychology could move forward. Although research on positive emotion has made tremendous inroads in the past decade, several areas need further addressing. First, positive psychology often appears “thin” at this point, partially because it is not founded in a historical perspective. Second, positive psychologists must make an explicit connection with other contemporary research on the topics relevant to positive psychology (e.g. empathy, willpower, cooperation) to broaden its intellectual base. Third, although most people in the US want to be happier and most positive psychologists want to make people happier as well, it is critical to test the tacit assumption of positive psychology that the happier, the better. Fourth, it is important for positive psychologists to acknowledge that negative emotions play a non-trivial role in a well-lived life, and to begin to fully examine how negative emotions fit into positive psychology. Fifth, although recent intervention studies were successful, it is important to examine the longer-term effects of these interventions in the future.
The Future of Emotions Research within Positive Psychology Sara B. Algoe, Barbara L. Fredrickson, and Sy-Miin Chow
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0008 Item type: chapter
This chapter argues that emotions research and positive psychology are poised to have deep and lasting mutual influence as these two intertwined specialty areas move forward in the coming decade. Indeed, tests of basic theory within emotions research—especially the longrange consequence of frequent experiences of certain emotions— can kick up promising positive psychology interventions. However, as researchers collectively embark on exploring these and other new frontiers, they must be willing to leave the pack, think outside the box, all the while attending to the subtle yet recurrent patterns whispered by Page 4 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (www.oxfordscholarship.com). (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2017. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in OSO for personal use (for details see http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/page/privacy-policy).date: 24 January 2017
their data. They must also be open to capitalize on the rapid advances in measurement tools and mathematical and statistical models.
The Role of Hypo-egoic Self-Processes in Optimal Functioning and Subjective Well-Being Mark R. Leary and Jennifer Guadagno
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0009 Item type: chapter
Many phenomena of interest to positive psychology share a common feature that involves a particular pattern of self-relevant cognitive activity. This hypo-egoic state is responsible both for the sense of wellbeing that tends to accompany many positive psychological experiences (such as flow, meditation, and transcendence) and for prosocial beliefs and actions in which people behave in ways that benefit other people, sometimes at cost to themselves. The chapter describes the hypo-egoic state and then discusses the role of self-process in five phenomena: humility, positive emotions, other-oriented states (such as compassion, altruism, and love), wisdom, and transcendence.
Experiential Processing and the Integration of Bright and Dark Sides of the Human Psyche Kirk Warren Brown and Melissa Holt
in Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward Published in print: 2011 Published Online: May Publisher: Oxford University Press 2011 DOI: 10.1093/ ISBN: 9780195373585 eISBN: 9780199893263 acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0010 Item type: chapter
This chapter argues that the field of positive psychology will benefit by expanding beyond a focus on positive states and traits, for the fundamental reason that the human mind has a basic, ongoing vulnerability to suffering. It presents an approach to positive psychology that is founded upon an accounting of the full range of human cognitive and emotional experience. In doing so, it shows that the fundamental human capacity to see how mental states of all sorts arise, how they are experienced, and how they influence the self and others, can enable an integration of psychological experience and behavior that helps to provide a stable platform for well-being.
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