Pongo pygmaeus: A Bibliography

Pongo pygmaeus: A Bibliography Original Version (1985): Terry L. Maple, Ph.D., Alyson Miller, and Ted. W. Finlay School of Psychology, Georgia Instit...
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Pongo pygmaeus: A Bibliography

Original Version (1985): Terry L. Maple, Ph.D., Alyson Miller, and Ted. W. Finlay School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology Updated (1991 - 1995): Melanie Bond Zoological Park, Washington D.C. Updated (2011): Christine M. Cassella Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH

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SECTIONS: ANATOMY (3) BIRTH (10) BLOOD (12) BREEDING (13) CAPTIVITY (15) COMMUNICATION (19) CONSERVATION, HABITAT LOSS, FOREST MANAGEMENT (21) CYTOLOGY (26) DENTITION (27) DEVELOPMENT (29) DISEASE/MEDICAL (31) ECOLOGY (41) ENVRIONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (46) EVOLUTION (47) EXHIBIT DESIGN (52) EXPEDITIONS – HISTORICAL (54) FEEDING, DIET, METABOLISM, ENERGETICS (54) GENETICS (57) INTELLIGENCE, LEARNING, COGNITION (65) LATERALIZATION & HANDEDNESS (69) LOCOMOTION (70) NESTING (71) OTHER (72) PARENTING (72) PLAY (74) REFERENCE & TEXTBOOKS (75) REHABILITATION – REINTRODUCTION (77) REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY & SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (78) SOCIAL BEHAVIOR/ORGANIZATION (84) STRENGTH (88) TAXONOMY (88) TOOL USE (89) VISION (91)

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ANATOMY Aiello, L.C. 1981. The allometry of primate body proportions. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 48:331-358. Anderton, J.C. 1988. Anomalies and atavisms in appendicular myology. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.331-345. New York: Oxford University Press. Anemone, R.L. 1993. The functional anatomy of the hip and thigh in primates. In: Gebo, D.L., ed. Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates, pp. 150-174, DeKalb,IL:Northern Illinois Press. Armstrong, E. and G.T. Frost. 1988. The diencephalon: A comparative review. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.117-190. New York:Oxford University Press. Blaney, S.P. 1986. An allometric study of the frontal sinus in Gorilla, Pan and Pongo. Folia Primatologica, 47(2-3):81-96. Brandes, G. 1927. Der kehlsack und die stimme des orang-utan. Der Naturforscher, 3:633-635. [The throat sac and the voice of the orangutan.] ------. 1929a. Die backenwulste des orang-mannes. Zoologische Garten, 7:365-368. [The cheek pouches of the orangutan male.] ------. 1929b. Die bedeutung des orang-kehlsacks. Zeitchrift fur Saugetierkunde, 4:81-83. [The significance of the orangutan throat sacs.] ------. 1938. Das singen der alten orangmaenner. Zoologische Garten, 10:31-33. Brown, B. and S.C. Ward. 1988. Basicranial and facial topography in Pongo and Sirapithecus. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.247-261. New York:Oxford University Press. Camper, P. 1779. Account of the organs of speech in the orang-utan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 69:139-159. Cant, J.G.H. 1987. Effects of sexual dimorphism in body size on feeding postural behavior of sumatran orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74(2):143-148. Cant, J.G.H. 1992. Positional behavior and body size of arboreal primates: A theoretical framework for field studies and an illustration of its application. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88(3): 273283. Chare, R.E. and D.F. de Garis. 1938. Anomalies of vena cavae superiores in an orang. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 24:61-65.

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Chopra, S.R.K., S. Kaul, and R.K. Pathak. 1982. Morphometric affinities in innominate bones of Old World primates including man. Journal of Human Evolution, 11:105-108. Crelin, E.S. 1988. Ligament of the head of the femur in the orangutan and Indian elephant. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 61(5): 383-388. Daegling, D.J. 1989. Biomechanics of cross-sectional size and shape in the hominoid mandibular corpus. American Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 80(1):91-106. Dahl, J.F. 1988. External genitalia. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.133-144. New York:Oxford University Press. Dahl, J.F.; K.G. Gould and R.D. Nadler. 1993. Testicle size of orangutans in relation to body size. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90(2):229-236. Delisle, F. 1895. Notes sur l'osteometrie at la cranologie des orang- outangs. Nouvelle Archieves der Museum d' Historie Naturelle, 7:83-114. Dixson, A.F. 1987. Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behavior in male primates. Journal of Zoology, 213(3): 423-443. Eckhardt, R.B. 1975. The relative body weights of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 42:349-350. ------. 1987. Hominoid nasal region polymorphism and its phylogenetic significance. Nature (London), 328(6128):333-335. Falk, D. 1993. Meningeal arterial patterns in great apes: Implications for hominid vascular evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92(1):81-97. Fick, R. 1895. Vergleichende anatomische studien an einem erwachsenen orang-utang. Archiv fuer Anatomie und Physiologie Anatamische Abteilung, pp.1-100. [Comparative anatomical studies of an adult orangutan.] ------. 1929. Uber die koerpermasse und den kehlsack eines erwachsenen orangs. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 4:65-80. [On the body mass and the throat sac of an adult orangutan.] Frost, G.T. and E. Armstrong. 1986. A comparative assessment of the orangutan thalamus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69(2):201. Gannon, P.J., A.R. Eden, and J.T. Laitman. 1988. The subarcuate fossa and cerebellum of extant primates: Comparative study of a skull-brain interface. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 77(2):143-164. Gucwinski, A. and Z. Michalaska. 1964. Eitrige kehlsackentzinduug beim orang-utan (P. pygmaeus). Internat.

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Symp. Erkankungen Zootiere, 6: 62-65. [Inflammation of the throat sacs in the orangutan.] Hassko, A. 1929. Uber die kehlsaecke des orang-utans und eine todbriugende erkrankung im kehlsacke eines jungen orang. Zeitschrift Hals-Nas-Ohrenheilk, 23:258-262. [On the throat sac of an orangutan and a fatal illness in the throat sac of a young orangutan.] Hens SM. 2005. Ontogeny of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). I: face and palate. Source American Journal Of Primatology. 65(2): 149-166 Hilloowala, R.A. and R.B. Trent. 1988. Supraorbital ridge and masticatory apparatus I: Primates. Human Evolution, 3(5):343-350. Holloway, R.L. and M.C. De La Coste-Lareymondie. 1982. Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: Some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 58(1):101-110. Hunt, K.D. 1991. Positional behavior in the Hominoidea.

International Journal of Primatology 12(2):95-118

Jacobshagen, B. 1986. Size and shape of the orbital outline: A multivariate comparison and analysis of intraspecific variation in four hominoid species. In: J.G. Else and P.C. Lee, eds. Primate Evolution, pp.281-188. Cambridge, London:Cambridge University Press. Jeffries, J. 1925. Some account of the dissection of a Simia satyrus - orang utang or wild man of the woods. Boston Journal of Philosophic Arts, 2:570-586. Jouffroy, F.K.; M. Godinot; Y. Nakano. 1991. Biometrical characteristics of primate hands.Human Evolution 6(4):269-306. Jungers, W.L. 1985. Relative growth of the locomotor skeleton in the orangutan and African apes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 66(2):186-187. ------. 1990. Scaling of postcranial joint size in hominoid primates. In: F.K. Jouffroy, M.H. Stack, and C. Niemitz, eds. Gravity, Posture and Locomotion in Primates, pp.87-95. Florence:Editrice Il Sedicesimo. Kallner, M. 1956. Die muskulatur und die funktion des schulterguertels und der vorderextemitat des orangutan. Gegenbaurs Morphologie, (Leipzig), 97:554-666. [The musculature and the function of the shoulder girdle and the forward extremities of the orangutan.] Kanazawa, E. and A.L. Rosenberger. 1989. Interspecific allometry of the mandible, dental arch, and molecular area in anthropoid primates: Functional morphology of masticatory components. Primates, 30(4): 543560. Kaseda M, M Nakamura, N Ichihara, T Hayakawa, M Asari. 2008. A macroscopic examination of M. biceps femoris and M. gluteus maximus in the orangutan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 70(3):217-

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222. Kawashima T, S Yoshitomi, H Sasaki. Nerve fibre tracing of branches to the coracobrachialis muscle in a Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 36(1):19-23. Koppe, T., K.-U. Schumacher, A. Willer, E. Stein, F. Kuhr, and D. Schultze. 1990. On aspects of palatal form in pongids. Anatomischer Anzeiger, 170(3-4):199-203. [In German with English summary.] Kunimatsu, Y. 1992. Allometry of the nuchal plane in hominoids, and its reduction in relation to bipedalism in hominoids. pp. 209-220 in Matano, S.; R.H. Tuttle; H. Ishida, et al., eds. Topics in Primatology. Vol 3: Evolutionary Biology, Reproductive Endocrinology, and Virology. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. LeMinor, J.M. 1990. Comparative morphology of the lateral meniscus of the knee in primates. Journal of Anatomy, 170:161-171. Le Minor, J.M. 1992. Brief communication: The popliteal sesamoid bone (cyamella) in primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87(1):107-110. Leutenegger, W. and J. Cheverud. 1982. Correlates of sexual dimorphism in primates: Ecological and size variables. International Journal of Primatology, 3:387-402. ------ and T.J. Masterson. 1989A. The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): I. Univariate analyses. Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie und Anthropologie, 78(1):1-14. ------ and T.J. Masterson. 1989. The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the cranium of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus): II. Allometry and heterochrony. Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie und Anthropologie, 78(1):15-24. Luboga, S.A. and B.A. Wood. 1990. Position and orientation of the foramen magnum in higher primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 81(1):67-76. Maier, W. 1993. Evolution and functional morphology of primate facial skulls. Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie und Anthropologie 79(3):279-299. [German] Martin, D.E. and K.G. Gould. 1981. The male ape genital tract and its secretions. In: C.E. Graham, ed. Reproductive Biology of the Great Apes. Comparative and Biomedical Perspectives, pp.127-162. New York, London:Academic Press. Marzke, M.W.; K.L. Wullstein; S.F. Viegas. 1994. Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in Catarrhini. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93(2):229-240.

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McHenry, H.M. 1984a. Size and shape of the hominoid foot: Implications for function and evolution. Journal of Physical Anthropology, 63(2): 192. Morbeck, M.E. and A.L. Zihlman. 1988. Body composition and limb proportions. In:J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.285-297. New York:Oxford University Press. Nakakuki, S.;A. Ehara. 1991. Distribution of the pulmonary artery and vein of the orangutan lung. Primates 32(3):397-401. Napier, J.R. 1960. Studies of the hands of living primates. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 134:647-657. O'Higgins, P. and I.L. Dryden. 1993. Sexual dimorphism in hominoids: Further studies of craniofacial shape differences in Pan, Gorilla and Pongo. Journal of Human Evolution 24(3): 183-205. Ohman, J.C. 1983. A change in morphology in the cervicothoracic region of the vertebral column in hominid evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 60(2):233-234. Oishi M, N Ogihara, H Endo, M Asari. 2008. Muscle architecture of the upper limb in the orangutan. Primates, 49(3):204-209. Owen, R. 1835. On the osteology of the chimpanzee and orang-utan. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 1:343-379. Oxnard, C. 1989. Hominoid relationships: Morphology, molecules and morphometrics. In: L.H. Schmitt, L. Freedman, and N.W. Bruce, eds. The Growing Scope of Human Biology, pp.51-102. Nedlands, Western Australia:University of Western Australia. ------. 1989. Morphological patterns in hominoids. Australian Primatology, 4(1):23. Roerher-Ertl, O. 1989. On cranial growth of orangutan, with a note on the role of "intelligence in evolution." Morphological study on directions of growth primarily dependent on the age, within a population of Pongo satyrus borneensis Von Wurmb, 1784 from Skalau, West Borneo. Zoologische Abhandlungen, 44(2):155-177. [In German with English summary.] Rose, M.D. 1985. Functional anatomy of orangutans and feet. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 66(2):221-222. Ruff, C.B. 1986. Prediction of body weight from lower limb bone lengths and cross-sectional dimensions in primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69(2):259. -----. 1990. Body mass and hindlimb bone cross-sectional and articular dimensions in anthropoid primates. In: J. Damuth and B.J. Mcfadden, eds. Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology - Estimation and Biological Implications, pp.119-149. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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Sarmiento, E.E. 1988. Anatomy of the hominoid wrist joint: Its evolutionary and functional implications. International Journal of Primatology, 9(4):281-345. Schultz, A.H. 1921. The occurrence of the sternal gland in orang-utan. Journal of Mammalogy, 2:194-196. ------. 1942. Morphological observations on a gorilla and an orang of closely known ages. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 29:1-21. Schumacher, K.-U.; T. Koppe; J. Fanghaenel; G.-H. Schumacher; H. Nagai. 1994. Morphometric studies on the facial skeleton of humans and pongids based on CT-scans. Kaibogaku Zasshi/ Acta Anat Nippon 69(5):636-644. Shapiro, J. S. 1995. Morphometric variation in the orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus), with a comparison of interand intra- specific variability in the African apes. Dissertation Abstracts International A56(3):1003. Senut, B. 1982. Distal humeral end in Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus: First results from a tomographic approach. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie III, Sciences del la Vie, 294(12):613-616. [In French.] ------. 1986. Computed tomography of distal humerus in some living hominoid primates. In: D.M. Taub and F.A. King, eds. Current Perspectives in Primate Biology, pp.171-181. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Inc. Shea, B.T. 1988. Phylogeny and skull form in the hominoid primates. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.233-245. New York:Oxford University Press. Soma, H. 1988. Morphology of the placenta. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.145-155. New York:Oxford University Press. Sonntag, C.F. 1924. On the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the orang-utan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London:349-450. Stanyon, R. 1992. How polymorphisms and homoplasy can be informative about the evolution and phylogeny of humans and apes. pp. 423-439 In: Nishida, T.; W.C. McGrew; P. Marler, et al., eds. Topics in Primatology. Vol 1: Human Origins Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. Steudel, K. 1981. Sexual dimorphism and allometry in primate Ossa coxae. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 55(2):209-216. ------. 1982a. Allometry and adaptation in the catarrhine postcranial skeleton. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 59(4):431-442. Straws, W.L. 1936. The thoracic and abdominal viscera of primates with special reference to the orang-utan.

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Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 76:1-85. Swartz, S.M. 1990. Curvature of the forelimb bones of anthropoid primates: Overall allometric patterns and specializations in suspensory species. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 83(4):477-498. Tuttle, R.H. 1969. Qualitative and functional studies on the hands of the Anthropoidea. The Hominoidea Journal of Morphology, 128:309-364. ------. 1970. Postural, propulsive and prehensile capabilities in the cheiridia if chimpanzees and other great apes. In: G.H. Bourne, ed. The Chimpanzee, Vol.2, Physiology, Behavior, Serology, and Diseases of Chimpanzees, pp.167-253. New York:Academic Press. ------. 1977. Naturalistic positional behavior of apes and models of hominid evolution, 1929-1976. In: G.H. Bourne, ed. Progress in Ape Research, pp.277-296. New York:Academic Press. ------, M.J. Velte, and J.V. Basmajian. 1983. Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 61:75-83. ------.; J.R. Hollowed; J.V. Basmajian. 1992. Electro-myography of pronators and supinators in great apes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87(2):187-213. Wall, C.E.; S.G. Larson; J.T. Stern, Jr. 1994. EMG of the digastric muscle in gibbon and orangutan: Functional consequences of the loss of the anterior digastric in orangutans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94(4):549-567. Whitehead, P.F. 1993. Aspects of the anthropoid wrist and hand. In: Gebo, D.L., ed. Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates DeKalb,IL:Northern Illinois Press. pp. 96-120. Winkler, L.A. 1987. Sexual dimorphism in the cranium of infant and juvenile orangutans. Folia Primatologica, 49(3):117-126. ------. 1988. Variation in the suboccipital anatomy. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.191-199. New York:Oxford University Press. ------. 1989. Morphology and relationships of the orangutan fatty cheek pads. American Journal of Primatology, 17(4):305-319. ------, G.C. Conroy, and M.W. Vannier. 1988. Sexual dimorphism in exocranial and endocranial dimensions. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.225-232. New York:Oxford University Press. Wislocki, George B. and Adolph H. Schultz. 1925. On the nature of modifications of the skin in the sternal region of certain primates. Journal of Mammalogy, 6(4):236-244. Zilles, K. and G. Rehkaemper. 1988. The brain, with special reference to the telencephalon. In: J.H. Schwartz,

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ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.157-176. New York:Oxford University Press. BIRTH Adler, H.J. & G. Schaefer. 1992. [Birth of an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)in the Leipzig Zoological Garten: Pictorial documentation.] Zoologische Garten 62(2):103-114. [German] Anon. 1968. Twin orangs born at Woodland Park Zoo. Animal Kingdom, LXXI(2):30. Anon. 1974. Twin birth of orangutans is rare event. Zoo News, December 1974. Anon. 1978. Twin orangutans born. AAZPA Newsletter, 19(9):6. Asano, M. 1967. A note on the birth and rearing of an orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus at the Tama Zoo, Tokyo. International Zoo Yearbook, 7:95-96. Bo, W.J. 1971. Parturition. In: E.S.E. Hafez, ed. Comparative Reproduction of Nonhuman Primates, pp.302314. Springfield:Charles C. Thomas. Brandt, E.M. 1971. Parturition in primates: Behavior related to birth. Primate Behavior, 2:177-223. Caine, N. and G. Mitchell. 1979. Behavior of primates present during parturition. In: J. Erwin, T.L. Maple, and G. Mitchell, eds. Captivity and Behavior: Primates in Breeding Colonies, Laboratories and Zoos, pp.112124. New York:Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co. Deitchman, M. 1985. Rare orangutan twins born at Audubon. At the Zoo, Spring:8-10. De Silva, G.S. 1972. The birth of an orang-utan at Sepilok Game Reserve. International Zoo Yearbook, 12:104105. Farst, Don D. 1973. Orangutan baby delivered by Caesarean. Gladys Porter Zoo News, 2(3). Fox, H. 1929. The birth of two anthropoid apes. Journal of Mammalogy, 10:37-51. Galdikas, B.M.F. 1982. Wild orangutan birth at Tanjung Puting Reserve. Primates, 23:500-510. Geissman, T. 1989. Multiple Births in Catarrhine Monkeys and Apes. A Review. Florence:Editrice. 77pp. Gensch, W. 1965. Die geburt eines orang-utan im Dresden. Freunde des Kolner Zoo, 8:133-134. [The birth of an orangutan in the Dresden Zoo.] Graham-Jones, O. and W.C.O. Hill. 1962. Pregnancy and parturition in a Bornean orang-utan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139:503-510.

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Heinriches, W.L. and L.L. Dillingham. 1970. Bornean orangutan twins born in captivity. Folia Primatologica, 13:150-154. Lappa, K. 1993. Chicago Zoological Park announces significant orangutan birth and training. AAZPA Communique (Nov): 12. Lindburg, D.G. and L.D. Hazell. 1972. Licking of the neonate and duration of labor in great apes and man. American Anthropologist, 74:318-325. Linke, Karin von. 1985. Beobachtungen bei der Geburt und Aufzucht eines Orang-Utans im Zoologischen Garten Rostock. Zoologische Garten, 55(4):225-242. [Observations of the birth and upbringing of the Orangutans in the Rostock Zoo.] Lippert, W. 1974. Beobachtungen zum schwangerschetfs und geburts- verhalten beim orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) im Tierpark Berlin. Folia Primatologica, 21:108-134. [Observations on the pregnancy and birthing behavior of the orangutan in the Berlin Zoo.] Johnson, C.N. 1988. Dispersal and the sex ratio at birth in primates. Nature, 332(6166):726-728. Olsen, Ralph. 1975. Twin orangutans healthy and popular at one year. Primate Record, 6(2):8-10,15. Roberts, M. 1978. Second generation orangutan born. AAZPA Newsletter, 19(2):9. Seal, U.S., N. Flesness, and T. Foose. 1985. Neonatal and infant mortality in captive-born great apes. In: C.E. Graham and J.A. Bowen, eds. Monographs in Primatology, Vol.5, Clinical Management of Infant Great Apes, pp.192-204. New York:Alan R. Liss, Inc. Seifert, S. 1970. Uber eine schwangerschaft und die fruhgeburt eines toten jungen bei einem orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus, Hoppius 1763) im Leipzinger Zoo. Zoologische Garten, 38:310-321. [On the pregnancy and premature birth of a stillborn young by an orangutan in Leipzinger Zoo.] Seitz, A. 1969. Notes on the body weights of new-born and young orang- utans (Pongo pygmaeus). International Zoo Yearbook, 9:81-94. Smith, S. 1992. Premature Sumatran orangutan born at Sedgwick County Zoo. AAZPA Communique (Jan):12. Stemmler-Morath, Carl von. 1983. Erinnerungen an eine Orang-Utan-Geburt. Zoologische Garten, 53(3-5):329338. [Recollections on the parturition of an orang-utan.] [In German.] Ullrich, W. 1970. Geburt und natuerliche geburtshilfe beim orang-utan. Zoologische Garten, 39:284-289. [Birth and natural birth assistance in the orangutan.] Verstraete, A.P. 1977.Census of orangutan births in the U.K.: 1961-1976. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 16:6-7.

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BLOOD Alterman, L. 1978. Multiple Hemoglobins of Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus): Partial Amino Acid Sequences of Two Beta Chains. Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University. Barnicot, N.A. and C.J. Jolly. 1966. Hemoglobin polymorphism in the orang utan and an animal with four major hemoglobins. Nature, 210: 640-642. Bauer, K. 1989. Calculation of rates of immunologically determined accepted mutations (IDAM) for 6 primate plasma proteins. Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics, 6(4):282-290. Buettner-Janusch, J., V. Buettner-Janusch, and G.A. Mason. 1969. Amino acid composition and aminoterminal end groups of alpha and beta chains from polymorphic haemoglobins of Pongo pygmaeus. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysiology, 133:164-170. de Boer, L.E.M. and P. Meera Khan. 1982a. Orang utan haemoglobins: a short review. In: L.E.M. de Boer, ed. The Orang utan: Its Biology and Conservation, pp.119-124. The Hague:Junk. ------ and P. Meera Khan. 1982b. Haemoglobin polymorphisms in Bornean and Sumatran orang utans. In: L.E.M. de Boer, ed. The Orang utan: Its Biology and Conservation, pp.125-134. The Hague:Junk.

Gamble KC, JA Moyse, JN Lovstad, CB Ober, EE Thompson. 2010. Blood groups in the Species Survival Plan®, European Endangered Species Program, and managed in situ populations of bonobo (Pan paniscus), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla ssp.), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ssp.). Zoo Biology 29:1-18. Maita, T., A. Araya, M. Goodman, and G. Matsuda. 1978. The amino acid sequences of the two main components of adult hemoglobin from orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fuer Physiologische und Chemie, 359:129-132. Moor-Jankowski, J. and A.S. Wiener. 1964. Blood groups and serum specificities of apes and monkeys. Lab Primate Newsletter, 3:1-14. ------, A.S. Wiener, and E.B. Gordon. 1964. Bloodgroups of apes and monkeys. The M-N blood factors of apes. Folia Primatologica, 2: 129-148. Nute, P.E. 1974. Multiple hemoglobin alpha chain loci in monkeys, apes and man. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 241:39-60. ------ and J. Buettner-Janusch. 1968. Serum transferrins of primates: Pan, Pongo, and Hylobates. Folia Primatologica, 8:282-289. Schmitt, J., W. Spielmann, and M. Weber. 1963. Serologische befunde beim orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus

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Linnaeus 1760). Zeitschrift fuer Saugetierkunde, 27:93-102. [Serological diagnosis in the orangutan.] ------, K.H. Lichte, and W. Fuhrmann. 1970. Red cell enzymes of the Pongidae. Humangenetik, 10:138144. Schroeder, W.A. 1978. The gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin of the orangutan. Biochemical Genetics, 16:n.p. Socha, W.W. and J. Moor-Jankowski. 1993. The M-N-V-A-B-D blood group system of chimpanzee and other apes: Serology and genetics. Journal of Medical Primatology 22(1):3-6. Sullivan, B. and P.E. Nute. 1968. Structural and functional properties of polymorphic hemoglobins from Orang utans. Genetics, 58:114-124. Suzuki, Y., S. Nakamura, K. Sugiyama, and H. Furuta. 1987. Differences of superoxide production in blood leukocytes stimulated with thymol between human and nonhuman primates. Life Sciences, 41(13):165964. Tsutsumi, H., S. Nakamura, K. Sato, K. Tamaki, and Y. Katsumata. 1989. Comparative studies on an antigenicity of plasma proteins from humans and apes by ELISA: A close relationship of chimpanzee and humans. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B94(4):647-649. Wasmoen, T.L., K. Benirschke, and G.J. Gleich. 1987. Demonstration of immunoreactive eosinophil granule major basic protein in the plasma and placentae of nonhuman primates. Placenta, 8(3):283-292. Wiener, A.S. 1963. Blood groups in anthropoid apes and baboons. Science, 142:67-69. ------, J. Moor-Jankowski, and E.B. Gordon. 1963. Blood groups of apes and monkeys. II. The A-B-O blood groups, secretor and Lewis types in apes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 21:271-281. ------, J. Moor-Jankowski, and E.B. Gordon. 1964. Bloodgroups of apes and monkeys. IV. The Rh-Hr blood types of anthropoid apes and monkeys. American Journal of Human Genetics, 16:246. ------, J. Moor-Jankowski, and E.B. Gordon. 1964. Bloodgroups and cross-reacting antibodies in primates, including man. II. Studies on the M-N types of orang-utans. Journal of Immunology, 93:101-105. BREEDING Aulmann, G. 1932. Geglueckte nachzucht eines orang-utan im Dusseldorfer Zoo. Zoologische Garten, 5:81-90. [Successful breeding of an orangutan in the Dusseldorf Zoo.] Baker, A. 1994. Variation in the parental care systems of mammals and the impact on zoo breeding programs. Zoo Biology 13(5):413-421.

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Bemmel, A.C.V. van 1963. Das zuchten des orang-utan im zoo. Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie und Anthropologie, 53:65-71. [The planned breeding of orangutan in zoos.] Brambell, M.R. 1975. Breeding orang-utans. In: R.D. Martin, ed. Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity, pp.235-243. London: Academic Press. Caminiti, B. 1987. Zoo Breeding of Nonhuman Primates: A Bibliography, 1982-1987. Seattle:Primate Information Center, 14pp. Chaffee, P.S. 1967. A note on the breeding of orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus at Fresno Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 7:94-95. Coffey, P.F. 1971. Breeding of the Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus (Linnaeus). Annual Report of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 8:32-36. ------. 1972. Breeding Sumatran orang-utan. (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1827). Annual Report of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 15-17. Gorgas, M. 1972. Zur probematik der aufzucht von orang-utans im zoo. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo, 15:79-89. [The problems of raising orangutans in zoos.] Hochbaum, M. 1975. Bericht uber die aufzucht eines durch zange entbuedenen orang-utans, Pongo pygmaeus. Zoologische Garten, 45: 427-435. [Report on the raising of an orangutan which was born using forceps.] Jones, M.L. 1977. Second captive generation reproduction of orang-utans. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Southern Regional Workshop, Little Rock, pp.414-420 King, N.E. & G. Mitchell. 1987. Breeding primates in zoos. In:Mitchell, G. & J. Erwin, eds. Comparative Primate Biology, Vol. 2, Part B: Behavior, Cognition, and Motivation. New York: Alan R. Liss. pp. 219261. Lippert, W. 1977. Experience in the breeding of orangutans (Pongo pgymaeus) at the Berlin Zoo. Zoologische Garten, 47:209-225. [In German.] Mallinson, J.J.C. 1984. The breeding of great apes at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust and a look at the future. Zoo Biology, 3:1-11. ------. 1988. The breeding of gorillas and orangutans at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Dodo, 25:44-53. Markham, R.J. 1990. Breeding orangutans at Perth Zoo: Twenty years of appropriate husbandry. Zoo Biology 9(2):171-182.

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Martin, R. 1992. Breeding primates in captivity. In: Jones, S,; R. Martin; D. Pilbeam, eds. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.37. O'Donoghue, E.R. 1982. A resurgence in reproductive behavior in a previously inactive male orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). Zoo Biology, 1:157-159. Perry, J. and D.L. Horseman. 1972a. Captive breeding of orang-utans. Zoologica, 105-108. Schmidt, Christian R. 1986. A review of zoo breeding programmes for primates. International Zoo Yearbook, 24/25:107-123. Seitz, A. 1969. Einige feststellungen zur pflege und aufzucht von orang-utans, Pongo pygmaeus, Hoppius, 1763. Zoologische Garten, 36: 225-245. [Some statements on the grooming and raising of orangutans.] Ulmer, F.A. 1957. Breeding of orang-utans. Zoologische Garten, 23:1-3. Verstaete, A.P. 1977. Orang-utan breeding in the United Kingdom. International Zoo News, 24:20-24. CAPTIVITY Anon. 1989. Studbooks and world registers for rare species of wild animals in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 28:534-536 Baker, A. 1991. Training as a management tool: Creating the climate and maintaining the momentum. AAZPA Annual Conference Proceedings (1991):563-568. Baker, B. 1992. Guess who's coming to dinner: an overview of mixed species primate exhibits. AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings:62-67. Bemmel, A.C. van. 1959. Keeping apes at Rotterdam Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 1:16-18. Birke, L. 2002. Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour of captive Orangutans. Animal Welfare 11:189-202. Bolau, D.H. and A. Pansch. 1894. Der erste erwachsene orang-utan in Deutschland. Zoologische Garten, 35:97102. [The first adult orangutan in Germany.] Bourdelle, E. and P. Rode. 1932. Notes a propos d'un jeune orang Pongo pygmaeus Hoppne a la menagerie du Jardin de Plantes. Bulletin Museum d'histoire Naturelle, 4:472-477. [Notes regarding a young orangutan in the Jardin de Plantes.] Brandes, G. 1929. Der tod unseses riesenorangs 'Goliath'. Zoologische Garten, 1:396-400. [The death of our huge orangutan 'Goliath.']

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------. 1930. Zum tode unseres orang-mannes (Peter). Zoologische Garten, 3:12-18. [On the death of our male orangutan 'Peter.'] Cocks L. 2007. Factors influencing the well-being and longevity of captive female orangutans. International Journal of Primatology 28:429-440. Cocks L. 2007. Factors affecting mortality, fertility, and well-being in relation to species differences in captive orangutans. International Journal of Primatology 28:421-428. Condon, E., S. Wehnelt. 2003. The effect of an enriched environment on behavioural and hormonal indicators of welfare in orang-utans at Chester Zoo. Paper presented at the The Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Research, Marwell Zoological Park, Winchester, UK. Dathe, R. 1980. Family similarities in Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the East Berlin Zoo, East Germany. Milu, 5(1-2):21-36. [In German.] Delisle, F. 1893. Les orang-utans au Jardin Zoologique d'acclimatisation du Bois de Boulogne. L'Anthropologie, 4:648-651. Deniker, J. 1882. Sur les singes anthropoides de la menageire. Bulletin Societe Zoologique de France, 7:301304. Doorn, C. van 1964. Orang-utans. Freunde des Kolner Zoo, 7:3-9. Driscoll, S. 1994. From an "Orang Gang" regular. Zoonooz. 67(2):6-11. Erwin, J., T.L. Maple, and G. Mitchell, eds. 1979. Captivity and Behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Fick, R. 1895. Beobachtungen an einem zweiten erwachsenen orang-utan und einem schimpansen. Archiv fuer Anatomie und Physiologie, Anatomische Abteilung, pp.289-318. [Observations on a second adult orangutan and a chimpanzee.] Foose, T. 1987. SSP Policy on orangs. AAZPA Newsletter, 28(9):14-15. Fowkes S. 2008. Effects of food presentation and diet on species-typical foraging and tool use behaviours in five captive orangutan groups. [Abstract] . Folia Primatologica, 79(5):330. Hamburger, L. 1988. Introduction of two young orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus, into an established family group. International Zoo Yearbook, 27:273-278. Hediger, H. 1950. Wild Animals in Captivity. London:Butterworth. Hermes, D. 1876. Die anthropormophen affen des Berliner. Aquariums. In: Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft fuer Anthropologie, pp.88-94. [The anthropoid apes of the Berlin Aquariums.]

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Hick, U. 1985. Haltung, zucht und kunstliche aufzucht von Borneo orangutans (Pongo p. pygmaeus) im Kolner Zoo. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo, 28(3):113-132. Hill, C.A. 1966. Coprophagy in apes. International Zoo Yearbook, 6: 251-257. Hohmann, H.-D. 1989. Assessment of the diurnal activity rhythm of Pongo pygmaeus abeli in the zoo of Dresden. In: Haltung und Zucht von Primaten, pp. 17-25. Gustav Fuscher Verlag. Jantschke, F. 1972. Orang-utans im Zoologischen Garten. Munich:R. Piper. [Orangutans in Zoological Gardens.] Jones, D.M. 1982. Veterinary aspects of the maintenance of orangutans in captivity. In: L.E.M. de Boer, ed. The Orangutan: Its Biology and Conservation, pp.171-199. The Hague:Junk. Jones, M. L. 1982. The orangutan in captivity. In: L.E.M. de Boer, ed. The Orangutan:Its Biology and Conservation, pp.17-37. The Hague:Dr. W. Junk Publishers. Leigh, S. R. 1994. Relations between captive and noncaptive weights in anthropoid primates. Zoo Biology 13(1):21-43. Lewis, I. 1994. A look at an orangutan group one year after introduction. Long Call 1(2):1-2. Linke, K. 1985. Beobachtungen bei der geburt und aufzucht eines orangutans in Zoologischen Garten Rostock. Zoologische Garten, 55(4):225-241. [In German.] Maple, T.L. 1979. Great apes in captivity: The good, the bad, and the ugly. In: J. Erwin, T.L. Maple, and G. Mitchell, eds. Captivity and Behavior, pp.239-272. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold. ------. 1982. Orangutan behavior and its management in captivity. In: L.E.M. de Boer, ed. The Orangutan: Its Biology and Conservation, pp.257-268. The Hague:Junk. ------, T.W. Finlay. 1989. Applied primatology in the modern zoo. Zoo Biology, (Suppl. 1):101-116. ------, W. Stine. 1982. Environmental variables and great ape husbandry. American Journal of Primatology, (Supp. 1):67-76. ------, T.W. Finlay. 1987. Post-occupancy evaluation in the zoo. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 18(1):5-18. Marriner, L.M. & L.C. Drickamer. 1994. Factors influencing stereotyped behavior of primates in a zoo. Zoo Biology 13(3): 267-275. Miser, Alice. 1988. Seems like only yesterday... Zoo Magazine, (1): 14-17.

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Mitchell, G.; C.T. Tromborg; J. Kaufman; S. Bargabus; R. Simoni; V. Geissler. 1992. More on the "influence" of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35(2): 189-198. Parker, C.E. 1969. Bob Orangutan...from a Sarawak jungle to college education. Zoonooz (San Diego Zoo), 42:13-18. Perkins, L. and E. Bradfield. 1989. Orangutans of Ketambe: Enclosure utilization. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Conference Proceedings:564-570. Perkins, L. A. 1992. Variables that influence the activity of captive orangutans. Zoo Biology 11(3): 177-186. Perkins, L. 1993. Orangutan GASP report. CBSG News 4(3): 16-17. Perry, J. 1976. Orang-utans in captivity. Oryx, 13:262-264. Pizzutto CS, M Nichi, MGFM Sgai, SHR Correa, P Viau, AM Beresca, CA Oliveira, RC Barnabe, MABV Guimaraes. 2008. Effect of environmental enrichment on behavioral and endocrine aspects of a captive orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 47(2):10-14. Poole, T.B. 1987. Social behavior of a group of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) on an artificial island in Singapore Zoological Gardens. Zoo Biology, 6(4):315-338. Prey, U. 1950. Beobachtungen an den orangs des Zirkus Krone. Zoologische Garten, 17:52-60. [Observations on the orangutan of the Krone Circus.] Sanyal, K.B. 1902. Observations on the orang-utan in captivity. Journal of the Asiatic Society, 71:92-93. Schmidt, M. 1878. Beobachtungen am orangutan. Zoologische Garten, 19: 81-82. [Observations on the orangutan.] Schneider, H.E. 1985. Uber weitere erkrankugen bei orangutans im Zoologischen Garten Dresden. Erkrankungen Zootiere, 27:373-377. [In German.] Seal, U. and T. Foose. 1983. Demographic analysis of captive chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans using microcomputers and spread sheet programs. American Journal of Primatology, 4:332. [Abstract only.] Shaw, M.B. 1988. Going ape - Escape artists past and present. Zoonooz (San Diego Zoo), 61(12):6-8. Strauch, C. and G. Brandes. 1927. Uber den Dresdener orang 'Goliath'. Zeitschrift fur Sauegetierkunde, 2:78-82. [On the Dresden orangutan 'Goliath.'] Thater, K. 1954. Das orang-kind Bobby. Zoologische Garten, 21:371- 374. [The orangutan child, Bobby.]

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Tripp, J. K. 1984. Increasing activity in captive orangutans: Provision of manipulable and edible materials. Zoo Biology, 4:225-234. Tudge, C. 1991. A wild time at the zoo. New Scientist, 129(1750):26-30. Urbain, A., Dechambre, E., and Rode, P. 1941. Observations faites sur jeune orang-utan ne'a la mangerie du Jardin des Plantes. Mammalia, 8:82-85. Vellayan, S., M. Achammah, and A. Hamid. 1984. Raising of a rejected orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, baby at Zoo Negara, Ulu Kelang, Malaysia. Malaysian Veterinary Journal, 7(4):272. Voigt, J.P. 1984. Verhaltensbeobachtungen an einer gruppe junger orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii lesson, 1827). [Behavioral observations within a group of young orangutans.] Zoologischer Anzeiger, 213(34):258-274. [English translation.] Vronskaya, S.D., A.V. Veselovskaya, A.A. Panteleev, and I.V. Novikova. 1986. Conditions for joint keeping of the orangutan male and female and for observations of their behaviour. Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchesiva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologicheskii, 91(5):11-16. [In Russian?] Wich, Shumaker, Perkins, Vries. 2009. Captive and wild orangutan (Pongo sp.) survivorship: A comparison and the influence of management. American Journal of Primatology 71:680-686. Williams, C.J., J.D. Mellen, and N.E. King. 1984. Behavior of a group of captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in two different enclosures. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Conference Proceedings:186-201. Zucker, E.L. 1987. Control of intragroup aggression by a captive male orangutan. Zoo Biology, 6(3):219-224. Zucker EL. 2009. Substrate use and sociospatial patterns in a zoo-living orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) group. [Abstract] . American Journal of Primatology. 71(Suppl 1):53. COMMUNICATION Altmann, S.A. 1967. The structure of primate social communication. In: S.A. Altmann, ed. Social Communication Among Primates. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. Andrew, R.J. 1963. The origin and evolution of the calls and facial expressions of the primates. Behaviour, 20:1-109. Bard, K. A. 1992. Intentional behavior and intentional communication in young free-ranging orangutans. Child Development 63(5):1186-1197. Cartmill EA, & Byrne, R. W. 2007. Orangutans modify their gestural signaling according to their audience's

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comprehension. Current Biology 17:1345-1348. Cartmill EA, RW Byrne. 2009. Maternal influence on orangutan gestural and behavioral development. [Abstract]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology Suppl 48:103. Galdikas, B.M.F. 1983. The orangutan long call and snag crashing at Tanjung Puting Reserve. Primates, 24:371-384. Gilmore, L.B. 1990. Update from the language research center. Newsletter (Primate Foundation of Arizona) 1(4):3. King, B.J. 1994. The Information Continuum: Evolution of Social Information Transfer in Monkeys, Apes, and Hominids. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 166 pp. Kuze N, TP Malim, S Kohshima. 2005. Developmental changes in the facial morphology of the Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): possible signals in visual communication. American Journal Of Primatology. 65(4): 353-376. Laidler, K. 1985. A talking ape? Operation Wildlife, 1(1):6-9. Lameira AR, SA Wich. 2008. Orangutan long call degradation and individuality through distance: a playback approach. International Journal of Primatology, 29(3):615-625. Leavens DA. 2007. Animal cognition: Multimodal tactics of orangutan communication. Current Biology 17:R762-R764. Lestel, D. 1994. Symbols of discord: Are apes that talk trivia more interesting than apes that don't talk at all? Social Science Information 33(2):335-369. Liebal J., S. Pika, M. Tomasello. 2006. Gestural communication of orangutans. Gesture 6(1):1-38. Marler, P. and R. Tenaza. 1977. Signalling behavior of apes with special reference to vocalization. In: T.A. Sebeok, ed. How Animals Communicate, pp.965-1033. Bloomington, IN:University Press. Miles, H.L. 1980. Acquisition of gestural signs by an infant orangutan Pongo pygmaeus. Physical Anthropology, 52(2):256-257. ------. 1983. Apes and language: The search for communicative competence. Springer Series in Language and Communication, 11:43-61. ------. 1986. How can I tell a lie? Apes, language and the problem of deception. In: R.W. Mitchell and N.S. Thompson, eds. Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit, pp.245-266. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

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------. 1993. Language and the orangutan: The old "person" of the forest. In: Cavalieri, P. & P. Singer, eds. The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity. NY: St. Martin's Press, pp. 42-57. ------. 1994. Me Chantek: The Development of Self-Awareness in a Signing Orangutan. In: Parker, S.T.; R.W. Mitchell & M.L. Boccia, eds. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge U. Press, pp. 254-272. ------. & S.E. Harper. 1994. "Ape language" studies and the study of human origins. In: Quiatt, D. & J. Itani, eds. Hominid Culture in Primate Perspective. Niwot: Univ. Press of Colorado, pp. 253-278. Mitani, J.C. 1985. Sexual selection and adult male orangutan long calls. Animal Behavior, 33:272-283. Niemitz, C. and Kok, D. 1976. Observations on the vocalizations of a captive infant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Sarawak Museum Journal, 24:237-250. Rumbaugh, D.M. 1992. Learning about primates' learning, language and cognition. In: G.G. Brannigan and M.R. Merrens, eds. The Undaunted Psychologist: Adventures in Research, pp. 90-109. Philadelphia: Temple U. Press. Russon A, K Andrews. 2010. Orangutan pantomime: elaborating the message. Biology Letters Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., R.A. Sevcik, D.M. Rumbaugh, and E. Rubert. 1985. The capacity of animals to acquire language: Do species differences have anything to say to us? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences, 308(1135):177-185. CONSERVATION, HABITAT LOSS, FOREST MANAGEMENT Andau, P.M.; L.K. Hiong and J. B. Sale. 1994. Translocation of pocketed orang-utans in Sabah. Oryx 28(4):263-268. Anderson, C. 1991. Primate import probe. Nature 353(6341):199. Anon. 1982. Studbooks and world registers for rare species of wild animals in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 22:474-479. Anon. 1988. Project Barito Ulu. Australian Primatology, 3(2-3):23-24. Anon. 1991. Orang utan update. Asian Primates 1(2):1. Anon. 1991. Orang utan update. Asian Primates 1(3):5. Anon. 1992. Alleged CITES infractions involving primates and Asian Parties. Asian Primates 1(4): 2. Anon. 1992/3. Orangutan population and habitat viability analysis workshop. Asian Primates 2(3-4):3-4.

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Anon. 2006. Orangutans face threats from oil palm cultivation. IPPL News 33:16-18. Anon. 2007. Sabah designates forest reserves for orangutan conservation. Borneo Bulletin Online, August 15. Anon. 2007. Orangutan head count in Sarawak. Laboratory Primate Newsletter,46(1):16. Anon. 2008. Orangutan plan to curb carbon emissions.Science Daily. Online: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213204034.htm Aveling, R.J. 1982. Orangutan conservation in Sumatra, by habitat protection and conservation education. In: L.E.M. de Boer, ed. The Orang utan: Its Biology and Conservation, pp.299-316. The Hague:Junk. Aveling, C. and R.J. Aveling. 1979. Surveys in Sikundur Reserve: The Effects of Logging on the Fauna of Lowland Tropical Rain Forest. [Internal Report to Indonesian Nature Conservation Department & WWF.] Bennett, E., J. Caldecott, A. Sebastian, and M. Kavanagh. 1986. Conservation status of Sarawak's priamtes. Primate Eye, (29, Supplement):36-41. Bodmer, R.E.; R.J. Mather; D.J. Chivers. 1991. Rainforests of central Borneo - threatened by modern development. Oryx 25(1):21-26. Brotosiworo, E. 1978. Nature conservation in Indonesia and its problems with special reference to primates. In: D.J. Chivers and W. Lane-Peters, eds. Recent Advances in Primatology, Vol.2, Conservation, pp.31-40. New York:Academic Press. Brown, E., M.F. Jacobson. 2005. Cruel Oil: How palm oil harms health, rainforest & wildlife. Center for Science in the Public Interest. 40 p. Burgess, P.F. 1971. The effects of logging on hill dipterocarp forests. Malayan Nature Journal, 24:231-237. Cubberly, P.S. 1991. The orangutan - Indonesia's "Man of the Forest". FOCUS (World Wildlife Fund), 13(2):3. Davies, G. 1986. The orangutan Pongo-pygmaeus in Sabah. Oryx, 20(1): 40-45. Dobson, A.P.; A.M. Lyles. 1989. The population dynamics and conservation of primate populations. Conservation Biology 3(4):362-380. Eudey, A.A. 1995. Southeast Asian primate trade routes. Primate Report 41:33-42. Foose, T. 1987. SSP Policy on orangs. AAZPA Newsletter, 28(9):14-15. Fox, J.E.D. 1968. Logging damage and the influence of climber cutting prior to logging in the lowland

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Dipterocarp forest of Sabah. Malaysia Forester, 31:326-347. Frey, R. 1978. Management of orangutans. In: Wildlife Management in Southeast Asia. (Biotropic Special Publication, No. 8.) Galdikas, B.M.F. 1990. My life with orangutans. International Wildlife 20(2):34-41. Harrison, B. 1961. Orang-utan: What chances of survival? Sarawak Museum Journal, 10:238-261. ------. 1965. Conservation needs of the orang utan. ICUN Publication, 10:294-295. Johnson AE, CD Knott, B Pamungkas, M Pasaribu, AJ Marshall . 2005. A survey of the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) population in and around Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia based on nest counts. Source Biological Conservation. 121(4): 495-507. Joines, S. 1981. Sarawak's Samunsam sanctuary. Zoonooz (San Diego Zoo), 54(4):5-9. Kavanagh, Michael. 1982. Good news about orang-utans in Sarawak. Oryx, 16:320-321. ------. 1984. Sarawak's Lanjak-Entimau Wildlife Sactuary gazetted. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Newsletter, 4:42. Leighton, M. and N. Wirawan. 1986. Catastrophic drought and fire in Borneo Tropical Rain Forest associated with the 1982-1983 El Nino southern oscillation event. In: G.T. Prance, ed. Tropical Rain Forests and the World Atmosphere. Boulder, CO:Westview Press. 105pp. [Also: American Association for the Advancement of Science Selected Symposium, 101:75-102.] MacKinnon, J.R. 1977. The future of orang-utans. New Scientist, 74:697-699. MacKinnon, K.S. 1986. The conservation status of Indonesian primates. Primate Eye (29, Supplement):30-35. ------. 1987. Conservation of primates in Malaysia, with special reference to Indonesia. Primate Conservation, 8:175-183. MacKinnon, K.; A. Irving; M.A. Bachruddin. 1994. A last chance for Kutai National Park, local industry support for conservation. Oryx 28(3):191-198. Malik, I. and V. Menon. 1995. Asian primates: Conservation priorities and legal status. Primate Report 41:313. Mallinson, J.J.C. 1991. The role of a modern zoo in primate conservation: Cooperative efforts and coordinated strategies. Primatologica no Brasil 3: 375-392. Maple, T.L. 1986. SSP Reports: Orangutan. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums

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Newsletter, 27(6):7-8. ------ and J. Erwin. 1984. Development of a species survival plan for orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus). American Journal of Primatology, 6: 396. [Abstract only.] Marsh, C.W. and A.G. Greer. 1992. Forest land use in Sabah, Malaysia: An introduction to the Danum Valley. In: Marshall, A.G., et al eds. Tropical Rainforest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 335(1275):331-339. McDowell R. 2009. New orangutan population found in Indonesia. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 48(3):14. Meijer, W. 1971. Regeneration of tropical lowland forest in Sabah, Malaysia, forty years after logging. Malaysia Forester, 32:204-229. ------. 1973. Devastation and regeneration of lowland dipterocarp forest in S.E. Asia. Bioscience, 23:528-533. Meijaard E, A Welsh, M Ancrenaz, S Wich, V Nijman, AJ Marshall. 2010. Declining orangutan encounter rates from Wallace to the present suggest the species was once more abundant. PLOS One 5(8):e12042. Miller, L. 1992a. McGreal vs. Worldwide Primates: Ongoing saga. Lab Animal 21(2): 12 & 14. ------. 1992b. Indictment for animal trade. Lab Animal 21(3):8. Milton, O. 1963. Field notes in the wildlife conservation in Malaya. Special publication of the American Committee for International Wildlife Protection, pp.1-18. Mitchell, Arthur H. 1984. Primate conservation and the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Newsletter, 4:40-41. Mittermeier, R.A. 1978. A global strategy for primate conservation. Report of the ICUN Survival Service Commission Primate Specialist Group. ------. 1980. Conservation in Brunei. Brunei Museum Journal, 4:251-261. Ovington, J.D. 1974. Forest management in relation to ecological principles with particular reference to the humid forest of S. E. Asia. ICUN Regular Meeting on Ecological Principles for Development in Tropical Forest Areas in S. E. Asia, Bandung, Indonesia, pp.1-11. Payne, J. and P. Andau. 1991. Sepilok sanctuary. pp. 221-225 in Southeast Asia Wildlife. Singapore: APA Insight Guides.

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vulnerability. pp. 297-320 In: Fielder, P.L. and S.K. Jain, eds. Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation, and Management. NY: Routledge, Chapman and Hall. Pearson E. 2008. Orangutan conservation: the role of captive populations and the need for human attitude and behaviour change. [Abstract] . Abstracts of the Annual Conference of the Australasian Primate Society, 26:9. Perkins, L.A. and T.L. Maple. 1990. North American orangutan species survival plan: Current status and progress in the 1980s. Zoo Biology, 9(2):135-139. Phipps, M. 1992. Recent incidents involving illegal primate trade in Taiwan. Asian Primates 2(2):5-6. Rabenstein, R.; A.B. Gorzitze. 1992. [Orangutans in the Tanjung Puting National Park: Review of 20 years of field research.] Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo 35(3): 95-100 [German w/English summary] Rijksen, H.D. 1982. How to save the mysterious 'man of the rain forest'? In: L.E.M. de Boer, ed. The Orangutan: Its Biology and Conservation, pp.317-342. The Hague:Junk. ------ and A.G. Rijksen-Graatsma. 1975. Orang utan rescue work in north Sumatra. Oryx, 13:63-73. Southwick, C.H., R.A. Mittermeier, J.G. Robinson, and R.A. Tenaza. 1987. Report of the American Society of Primatologists subcommittee on the status of primates in the wild. American Journal of Primatology, 10(4):371-378. Stevenson, M.; A. Baker; T.J. Foose, comp. 1992. Global Captive Action Plan for Primates. Apple Valley, MN: IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group, 370 pp. ------. 1992. Conservation Assesment and Management Plan for Primates. Apple Valley, MN: IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group, 370 pp. Strien, N. van 1979. Management Plan for the Proposed Gunung Leuser National Park. Bogor:Indonesia Programme for the Directorate of Nature Conservation. [Mimeo.] Sugardjito, J. 1990. The growth of primate research and conservation management of the species in Indonesia. In: Manan, S. and J. Sugardjito, eds. The ASEAN Workshop on Wildlife Research and Management. Bogor: Ministry of Forestry, pp. 181-194. Sugardjito J, AS Adhikerana. 2010. Measuring performance of orangutan protection and monitoring unit: implications for species conservation. In: Gursky DS, J Supriatna, eds. Indonesian Primates New York:Springer, pp. 9-22. Suzuki, A. 1994. The distribution and conservation of orangutans in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Reichorui Kenku/ Primate Res 10(3):363-375.

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Swarna Nantha H, C Tisdell. 2009. The orangutan-oil palm conflict: economic constraints and opportunities for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18(2): 487-502. Thorington, R.W. 1978. Conservation and primatology: A glum view of the future. In: D.J. Chivers and W. Lane-Petter, eds. Recent Advances in Primatology. London:Academic Press. Tilson, R. & A. Eudey. 1993. IUCN/SSC CBSG orangutan PHVA Report. CBSG NEWS 4(3):14-15 Tisdell C, HS Nantha. 2009. Supply-side policies to conserve biodiversity and save the orangutan from oil palm expansion: an economic assessment. In: JB Aronoff, editor. Handbook of Nature Conservation: Global, Environmental, and Economic Issues, New York: Nova Scotia Publ., pp. 171-180. Van Schaik, C.P. & J. Terborgh. 1993. Production forests and protected forests: The potential for mutualism in the tropics. Tropical Biodiversity 1(3):183-194. Viravaidhya, K.M. 1991. IUCN resolution on orang utans. Asian Primates 1(1):1-3. von Koenigswald, G.H.R. 1981. Are there still orangutans in China? Natur und Museum, 111:260-261. Williams, J.B. 1986. Population Estimates of Feral and Free-ranging Apes and Gibbons: A Bibliography, 19711986. Seattle:Primate Information Center. Wilson, C.C. and W.L. Wilson. 1975. The influence of selective logging on primates and some other animals in East Kalimantan. Folia Primatologica, 23:245-274. CYTOLOGY Breed, R.T. and C.J. Jolly. 1988. Variation in rates of activity and inhibition of serum cholinesterase among anthropoid primates. International Journal of Primatology, 9(2):97-112. Kishi, K. and T. Ishida. 1993. Clastogenic activity of sodium fluoride in great ape cells. Mutation Research 301(3):183-188. Koehler, W., E.K. Djikidse, W.W. Socha, O. Prokop, D. Gerlach, O.R. Ott, and E. Balaeva. 1980. Antistreptococcal antibodies, rheumatoid factors, and hapto-globin in apes and monkeys. Parasitology, 246(3): 308-317. McClure, H.M., K.H. Belden, W.A. Pieper, C.B. Jacobsen, and D. Picciano. 1970. Cytogenic studies and observations in the Yerkes great ape colony. In: Medical Primatology (Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of Experimental Medicine and Surgery of Primates, New York, 1969), pp.281-296. Basel:Karger. Schmid, M., A. Poppen, and W. Engel. 1981. The effects of distamycin on a gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), lymphocyte cultures. Cytogenetics and

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Cell Genetics, 30(4):211-221. Seigler, H.F., R.S. Metzgar, F.E. Ward, and D.M. Reid. 1972. Reactions of human HL-A sera with orangutan and gorilla lymphocytes. In: H. Balner and J.J. van Rood, eds. Transplantation Genetics of Primates. Transplantation Proceedings, IV. DENTITION Aiello, L.C.; C. Montgomery; C. Dean. 1991. The natural history of deciduous tooth attrition in hominoids. Journal of Human Evolution 21(5):397-412. Brandes, G. 1929. Der durchbruch der zaehne beim orang-utan. Zoologische Garten, 1:25-28. [Tooth eruption in orangutan.] Calcagno, J.M. and K.R. Gibson. 1991. Selective compromise: Evolutionary trends and mechanisms in hominid tooth size. In: Kelley, M.A. and C.S. Larsen, eds. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New YOrk: WileyLiss. pp. 59-76. Dean, M.C.D. and B.A. Wood. 1981. Developing pongid dentition and its use for aging individual crania in comparative cross sectional growth studies. Folia Primatologica, 36(1-2):111-127. Dean, M.C.; M.E. Jones; J.R. Pilley. 1992. The natural history of tooth wear, continuous eruption and periodontal disease in wild shot great apes. Journal of Human Evolution 22(1):23-39. Evon, D.L. 1984. Dental variation in the orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus. Journal of Physical Anthropology, 63(2):156-157. Fagan, D.A. and P.T. Robinson. 1978. Endodontic surgery for the treatment of a fistulated molar abscess in an orang-utan. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 173:1141-1144. Greenfield, L.O. 1992a. A nonadaptive dental trait. International Journal of Primatology 13(6):631-657. ------. 1992b. Incisification of anthropoid deciduous mandibular canines. Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie und Anthropologie 79(1):103-120. ------. 1992c. Origin of the human canine: A new solutoin to an old enigma. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 35:153-185. ------.; A. Washburn. 1992. Polymorphic aspects of male anthropoid honing premolars. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87(2):173-186. Hartman, S.E. 1988. A cladistic analysis of hominoid molars. Journal of Human Evolution, 17(5):489-502. Hartman, S. 1989. Stereophotogrammetric analysis of occlusal morphology of extant hominoid molars:

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Phenetics and function. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 80(2):145-166. Hellmann, M. 1918. Observation on the form of the dental arch of the orang. International Journal of Orthodontia, 4:3-15. Hilloowala, R., R. Trent, G. Dal Pozzo. 1993. Role of the mandibular first molar in the development of the supraorbital region in apes and humans. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 51(3):275-282. Hooijer, D.A. 1948. Prehistoric teeth of man and the orang-utan from central Sumatra, with notes on the fossil orang-utan from Java and southern China. Zoologishe Mededelingen Museum (Leiden), 29:175-301. Krogman, W.M. 1930. Studies in growth changes in the skull and face of anthropoids. I. The eruption of teeth in anthropoids and Old World apes. American Journal of Anatomy, 46:303-313. Lucas, P.W. 1989. Significance of Mazzettia laptopoda fruits eaten by orangutans for dental microwear analysis. Folia Primatologica, 52(3-4):185-190. Lucas, R.T. Cortlett and D.A. Luke. 1986. Post-canine tooth size and diet in anthropoid primates. Zoological Morphology and Anthropology, 76(3):253-276. Lucas, P.W.; C.R. Peters & S.R. Arrandale. 1994. Seed-breaking forces exerted by orangutans with their teeth in captivity and a new technique for estimating forces produced in the wild. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94(3):365-378. Moggi-Cecchi, J.;S. Crovella. 1991. Occurrence of enamel hypoplasia in the dentitions of simian primates. Folia Primatologica 57(2):106-110. Plavcan, J.M. and C.P. van Schaik. 1992. Intrasexual competition and canine dimorphism in anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87(4):461-477. Rohrer-Ertl, O., K.-W. Frey and I. Schmidhuber-Schneider. 1985. On the status of teeth within the population of Pongo satyrus borneensis von Wurmb, 1784 from Skalau, West Borneo. Zoologische Abhandlungen, 41(3):37-60. [In German with English summary.] Schwanitz, G., K. Kreft, A. Fleischer-Peters, and S. Zschiesche. 1983. Familial anomalies in tooth position in orangutan. Orthodontic, Cytogentic and anthrologic studies. Fortschritte Der Kieferorthopaedie, 44:172183. [German with English summary.] Selenka, E. 1896. Die rassen und der zahnwechsel des orang-utan. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 16:381-393. [The races and the dentition development of the orangutan.] Swarts, J.D. 1988. Deciduous dentition: Implications for hominoid phylogeny. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.263-370. New York:Oxford University Press.

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Swindler, D.R. 1989. The morphology, variability and function of the teeth of extant primates. In: P.K. Seth and S. Seth, eds. Perspectives in Primate Biology, Vol.2, pp.109-127. New Delhi:Today and Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers. ------ and A.F. Olshan. 1988a. Comparative and revolutionary aspects of the permanent dentition. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.271-284. New York:Oxford University Press. ------ and S. Ward. 1988b. Evolutionary and morphological significance of the deflecting wrinkle in the lower molars the hominoidea. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 75(3):405-411. Ungar, P.S. 1994a. Incisor microwear of Sumatran anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94(3):339-363. ------. 1994b. Patterns of ingestive behavior and anterior tooth use differences in sympatric anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 95(2):197-219. DEVELOPMENT Bard, K.A. 1988. Behavioral development in young orangutans: Ontogeny of object manipulation, arboreal behavior, and food sharing. Dissertation Abstracts International, B49(4):l407. [Order #DA8810704. University Microfilms, Inc. Ann Arbor, MI 48106] Bond, M.R. and J.A. Block. 1982. Growth and development of twin orangutans Pongo pygmaeus. International Zoo Yearbook, 22:256-261. Brandes, G. 1930. Die veraenderugen des orang-kindes. Zoologische Garten, 3:286-289. [The changes in the orangutan child.] ------. 1931a. Das wachstum der menschenaffen im vergleich zu dem des menschem in kurven dargestellt. Zoologische Garten, 4:339-347. [Comparative growth curves of the anthropoid apes and man.] ------. 1931b. Wie alt wird der orang-utan? Zoologische Garten, 4:1-9. [How old does the orangutan become?] ------. 1938. Die stillzeiten des orang. Zoologische Garten, 10:139-141. [The suckling times of the orangutan.] ------. 1939. Busche - Vom Orang-Saeugling zum Backenwulster. Leipzig: Quelle und Meyer. [The development of an orangutan from an infant to cheek pouch stage.] Brown, J.V. and W.A. Pieper. 1973. Non-nutritive sucking in great ape and human newborns. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38:549-554. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. 1983. Sensorimotor development in orangutans and other primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 12:545-561.

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Doeht, J. and D. Podolczak. 1973. Versuche zur manipulierfreudigkeit von zwei jungen orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus) im Frankfurter Zoo. Zoologische Garten, 43:81-94. [Experiments on the readiness for manipulatory behavior by two young orangutans in the Frankfurt Zoo.] Fooden, J., R.J. Izor. 1983. Growth curves, dental emergence norms, and supplementary morphological observations in known-age captive orangutans. American Journal of Primatology, 5:285-301. Horr, D.A. 1975. Orang-utan maturation: Growing up in a female world. In: S. Chevalier-Skolnikoff and F.E. Poirer. eds. Primate Bio-Social Development: Biological, Social, and Ecological Determinants. New York:Garland. Horwich, R.H. 1983. Infant reattachment periods to the mother in the development of apes and humans. American Journal of Primatology, 4: 346. [Abstract only.] Jungers, W.L. and S.E. Hartman. 1988. Relative growth of the locomotor skeleton in orangutans and other largebodied hominoids. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.247-259. New York:Oxford University Press. Kingsley, S.R. 1988. Physiological development of male orangutans and gorillas. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.123-131. New York:Oxford University Press. Laidler, Keith. 1974. Orang infancy: A human view. Wildlife, 16(9): 396-398. Maggioncalda A.N., N. M. Czekala, R. M. Sapolsky. 2002. Male orangutan subadulthood: A new twist on the relationship between chronic stress and developmental arrest. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 118:25-32. Moore, W.J. 1981. Facial growth in primates with special reference to the Hominoidea. In: E.H. Ashton and R.L. Holmes, eds. Perspectives in Primate Biology. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 46:37-66. Nadler, R.D. and J.T. Braggio. 1974. Sex and species differences in captive reared juvenile chimpanzees and orangutans. Journal of Human Evolution, 3:541-550. Redshaw, Margaret E. 1989. A comparison of neonatal behaviour and reflexes in the great apes. Journal of Human Evolution, 18(3):191-200. Roehrer-Erth, O. 1988. Cranial growth. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.201-223. New York:Oxford University Press. Ruebel,A. 1987. Microcephalus and retardation in a Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). In: Proceedings, First International Conference on Zoological and Avian Medicine. East Northport, New York:AAV/AAZV. p.465.

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Savage, A. and C.T. Snowden. 1982. Mental retardation and neurological deficits in a twin orangutan. American Journal of Primatology, 3: 239-251. Schultz, A.H. 1941. Growth and development of the orang-utan. Contributions to Embryology (Carnegie Institute), 29:57-110. Seitz, A. 1969. Notes on the body weights of newborn and young orangutans. International Zoo Yearbook, 9:81-84. Singleton, I. 1992. A brief account of the hand-rearing and development of a female Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Dodo [J Wildlife Preservation Trust Annual Report] 28: 78-84. Sugardjito, J. and J. Van Hooff. 1987. Age-sex class differences in the positional behavior of the Sumatran orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus abelii, in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. Folia Primatologia, 47(1):14-25. van der Sijde, G. 1993. [The development of orangutans.] Dieren 9(6):177-180. Vierhover, Arno. 1940. Orangutan Development. Journal of the Thailand Research Society Natural History (Supplement), XII(2):215-220. Wallace, A.R. 1856. Some accounts of an infant orang-utan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 17:386390. Wich SA, SS Utami-Atmoko, TM Setia, HD Rijksen, C Schurmann, JARAM van Hooff, CP van Schaik. 2004. Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans. Journal of Human Evolution 47:385-398. DISEASE/MEDICAL Alexander, C.J. 1994. Utilisation of joint movement range in arboreal primates compared with human subjects: An evolutionary frame for primary osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 53(11):720-725. Bach, F. and H. Mayer. No date. Air sacculitis in orangutan. 1. Case report, surgical approach and treatment. Tieraerztliche Umschau, 41(12):947-949. [In German with English summary.] Banish, L.D.; R. Sims; M. Bush; D. Sack, R.J. Montali. 1993. Clearance of Shigella flexneri carriers in a zoologic collection of primates. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 203(1): 133136. ------, R. Sims; D. Sack, R.J. Montali; L. Phillips, Jr.; M. Bush. 1993. Prevalence of shigellosis and other enteric pathogens in a zoologic collection of primates. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 203(1):126-132.

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Barus V, I Foitova, B Koubkova, I Hodova, A Simkova, W Nurcahyo. 2007. A new nematode, Pongobius hugoti gen. et sp n. from the orangutan Pongo abelii (Primates: Hominidae). Helminthologia, 44(4):162-169. Beniashvili. D.S. 1989. An overview of the world literature on spontaneous tumors in nonhuman primates. Journal of Medical Primatology, 18(6):423-437. Bernstein, J.J. 1972. An epizootic of hydatid disease in captive apes. Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 3:16. Binkley, K.L. 1959. Treatment of skin disease in an orang-utan at Woodland Park Zoo, USA. International Zoo Yearbook, 1:52. Blampied, N.L.Q.; De,K.; Fullerton, D.; Coleman, P.; Purcell-Jones, G.; Carroll, B. 1992. Surgical removal of an abdominal cyst from a Bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus. DODO 28:165-169. Boever, W.J., D. Dietsch, and K.K. Kane. 1977. Obstructive jaundice in a newborn orangutan. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician, 72:1227-1229. Bonner, W.B., M.E. Keeling, E.T. Van Ormer, and J.E. Hayrie. 1972. Ketamine anaesthesia in chimps and other great ape species. In: G. H. Bourne, ed. The Chimpanzee, Vol.5, pp.255-268. Basel:Karger. Brack, M. 1966. Carcinoma solidum complex mammae bei ernem orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Zbl. Allg. Pathologie und Anatomie, 109:474-480. [Carcinoma solidum complex mammal in an orangutan.] ------. 1989. [Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SAIDS): A review.] Zentralblatt fuer Veterinarmedizin/ Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Rheihe B 36(10): 721-725. [in German with English summary.] Calle, P.P., M. Roskop, and C. Thoen. 1988. Tuberculin reactions in captive orangutans from which mycobacteria other than tuberculi bacilli were isolated. In: Proceeding of the Joint Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians. pp.146-147 Cambre, Richard C. 1986a. Ethmoiditis/sinusitis with intracranial extension in a baby orangutan. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings:182. ------. 1986b. Rok's story: A case history. Zoo Review (Denver), May:10-12. ------, H.L. Wilson, T.R. Spraker, and B.E. Favara. 1980. Fatal air sacculitis and pneumonia with abortion in an orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 177(9):822-824. ------, Edwards, J. E., Wilson, H. L., Todd, J. K., Strain, J. D., Hendee, R. W., Jaskunas, J. M., Knox, R. F., & Chang, J. H. T. 1995. Maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis with orbital and intracranial extension in an infant orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26(1):144-151.

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Rockville: Diagnon/Bioqual. Demoor, G. and L. Fornoville. 1989. [Construction of a habitat for a group of primates.] Zoo D'Anvers, 54(4):19-21. [In French.] Dittrich, L. 1989. [Experiences with a realistic "jungle house" constructed for great apes in the Hannover Zoo.] Zoologische Garten, 59(4):241-263. [In German.] Grisham, J. 1993. Great ape exhibit opens at Oklahoma City Zoo. AAZPA Communique (Dec): 13. ------, Lyon, F., Pearson, P., & MacFarlane, C. 2000. Great EscApe: The great ape facility at Oklahoma City Zoological Park. International Zoo Yearbook 37:366-374. Haines, E. 1992. Baby boom: The Pittsburgh Zoo's tropical rainforest brings out the best in the spectacular animals that inhabit it. Zoolife 3(4):14-15. Harke, C., S. Maloney, and J. Steenberg. 1985. Plant Research Team Primate Survey Results. Seattle:Woodland Park Zoological Gardens. 61pp. [Botanical species in exhibit areas for nonhuman primates at zoos.] Hebert PL, K. Bard. 2000. Orangutan use of vertical space in an innovative habitat. Zoo Biology 19:239-251. Johnson, J.M. 1971. New great ape exhibit - a precedent. International Zoo News, 18:226-227. Lewandowski, A. H. 1990. Primate exhibitry and holding facilities: A review. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings, 1990:265-268. Mallinson, J.J.C. 1982. Cage furnishings and environments for primates with special reference to marmosets and anthropoid apes. Zoo Federation News, 33 (Pull out supp. 12):1-8. Mallinson, J.J.C.; J.D. Smith; M. Darwent; J.B. Carroll. 1994. The design of the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) "home habitat" at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Dodo 30:15-32. Maple, T.L. and T.W. Finlay. 1986. Evaluating the environments of captive nonhuman primates. In: K. Benirschke, ed. Primates: The Road to Self-sustaining Populations, pp.479-488. New York:SpringerVerlag. Maple, T.L. & J. J. Ogden. 1992. Designing for apes: The comparative psychology of gorillas and orangutans. In : Evans, P.M.C., ed. Zoo Design and Construction: Fourth Symposium of Paignton Zoological and Botanical Gardens. Devon, U.K.: Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust, pp. 186-194. Maruska, E. 1993. Rain forest exhibit opens at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. AAZPA Communique (Nov): 17. Nogge, Gunther. 1985. Das neue Urwaldhaus fur Menschenaffen im Kolner Zoo. Zeitschrift des Kolner Zoo,

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Harris, L.J. 1993. Handedness in apes and monkeys: Some views from the past. In: Ward, J.P. and W.D. Hopkins, eds. Primate Laterality: Current Behavioral Evidence of Primate Asymmetries. NY: Springer-Verlag, pp. 141. Hopkins, W.D. 1993. Posture and reaching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 107(2):162-168. Hopkins, W.D. and R. D. Morris. 1993. Handedness in the great apes: A review of findings. International Journal of Primatology 14(1):1-25. Manning, J.T.; R. Heaton; A.T. Chamberlain. 1994. Left-side cradling: Similarities and differences between apes and humans. Journal of Human Evolution 26(1):77-83. Olson, D.A., J.E. Ellis, and R.D. Nadler. 1990. Hand preference in captive gorillas, orangutans and gibbons. American Journal of Primatology, 20(2):83-94. O'Malley RC, WC McGrew. 2006. Hand preferences in captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Primates 47:279-283. LOCOMOTION Cant, J.G. 1985. Locomotor and postural behavior of orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, in Borneo and Sumatra. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 66(2):153. ------. 1987. Positional behavior of female Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus). American Journal of Primatology, 12(1):71-90. Gewalt, V.W. 1975. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) als "Seiler". Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 40:320-321. [Orangutan as a "brachiator."] Kimura, T. 1985. Bipedal and quadrupedal walking of primates: Comparative dynamics. In: S. Kondo, ed. Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analyses and Human Bipedalis, pp.81-104. Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press. Napier, J.R. 1963. Brachiation and brachiators. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 10:183-196. ------. 1964. The evolution of bipedal walking in the hominids. Archives of Biology, Liege, 75 (Suppl.):673708. ------. 1967. Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27:333341. Sugardjito, J. 1982. Locomotor behavior of the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) at Ketambe,

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------; S.C. Thibaut; E. Watts. 1991. Social environments and the behavior of juvenile orangutans. AAZPA Annual Conference Proceedings (1991):421-427. Zucker EL, SC Thibaut. 1995. Proximity, contact, and play interactions of zoo-living juvenile and adult orangutans, with focus on the adult male. In: Nadler RD, BFM Galdikas, LK Sheeran, N Rosen, editors. The Neglected Ape. New York: Plenum Press. p 239-249. STRENGTH Bauman, J.E. 1923. The strength of the chimpanzee and orangutan. Science, 16:432-439. ------. 1926. Observations of the strength of the chimpanzee and its implications. Journal of Mammalogy, 7:1-9. TAXONOMY Bemmel, A.C. van. 1968. Contribution to the knowledge of the geographical races of Pongo pygmaeus (Hoppius). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 38:13-15. Blyth 1886. On the different species of orang-utan. Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Indo-China, Calcutta. Brooke, J. 1841. A letter to Mr. Waterhouse, dealing with the number of species of orangutans and their distribution. Proceedings of Zoological Society of London:55-61. Courtenay, J., C. Groves, and P. Andrews. 1988. Inter- or intra-island variation? An assessment of the differences between Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp.19-29. New York: Oxford University Press. Fitzinger, L.J. 1853. Untersuchungen uber die existenz verschiederner arten der asiatischen orang-affen. Sitzungsbericht des Mathematischen und Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 11:400-449. [Investigation on the existence of a different species of the Asian orangape.] Groves, C.P. 1971. Pongo pygmaeus. Mammalian Species, 4:1-6. ------. 1985. The nomenclature of the orangutan. Zoologische Mededelingen, 59(3):411-417. Jacobshagen, B. 1979. Morphometric studies in the taxonomy of the orangutan. Folia Primatologica, 32:29-34. Jones, M.L. 1969. The geographical races of orangutan. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Primatology, 2:217-223. Basel: Karger. Lenz, H. 1885. Ein neuer grosser orang-utang. Zoologische Garten, 36: 161-162. [A new big orangutan.]

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Lucas, F.A. 1881. The species of orangs. Proceedings of Natural History, Boston, 21:228-233. Lucotte, G. and D.C. Smith. 1982. Electrophoretic distinction between the two subspecies of orang utan. Human Genetics, 60:16-18. [French with English summary.] MacKinnon, J.R. 1975. Distinguishing characteristics of the insular forms of orangutan. International Zoo Yearbook, 15:195-197. Mallinson, J.C. 1978. "Cocktail" orangutans and the need to preserve purebred stock. Dodo (Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust), 15:69-77. Owen, R. 1836. On a new orang (Simia morio). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 4:91-96. Pritchard, J.L. 1984. The research history and naming of orangutan, Pongo satyrus synonym Pongo pygmaeus, with brief bibliography. Spixiana (Munchen), 6(3):301-332. [in German] ------. 1988. Research history, nomenclature and taxonomy of the orangutan. In: J.H. Schwartz, ed. Orangutan Biology, pp. 7-18. New York: Oxford University Press. Roehrer-Ertl, O. 1983? About species of Pongo pygmaeus, Linnaeus 1760. Spixiana, 5:317-321. [German with English summary.] ------. 1984. The research history and naming of orangutan, Pongo satyrus synonym Pongo pygmaeus, with brief bibliography. Spixiana (Muenchen), 6(3):301-332. [In German.] Seuanez, H., H.J. Evans, D.E. Martin, and J. Fletcher. 1979. An inversion in chromosome 2 that distinguishes between Bornean and Sumatran orangutan. Cytogentic Cell Genetics, 23:137-140. TOOL USE Bard, K. A. 1990. "Social tool use" by free-ranging orangutans: A Piagetian and developmental perspective on the manipulation of an animal object. In: S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson, eds. "Language" and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes. Comparative Developmental Perspectives, pp.356-378. New York:Cambridge University Press. Ellis, J. Jr. 1975. Orangutan tool use at Oklahoma City Zoo. The Keeper, 1:5-6. Fox, E.A., I. bin'Muhammad. 2002. Brief Communication: New Tool Use by Wild Sumatran Orangutans American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119:186-188. Fox EA, CP van Schaik, A Sitompul, DN Wright. 2004. Intra-and Interpopulational Differences in Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Activity and Diet: Implications for the Invention of Tool Use. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 125:162-174.

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Galdikas, B.M.F. 1982. Orang-utan tool-use at Tanjung Puting Reserve, Central Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah). Journal of Human Evolution, 11:19-33. ------. 1982. An unusual instance of tool-use among wild orang-utans in Tanjung Puting Reserve, Indonesian Bornea. Primates, 23:138-139. ------. 1989. Orangutan tool use. Science, 243(4888):152. Hardus ME, AR Lameira, CP Van Schaik, SA Wich. 2009. Tool use in wild orang-utans modifies sound production: a functionally deceptive innovation? Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society, 276(1673):3689-3694. King, B.J. 1981. Sex and species differences in tool use and extractive foraging among the great apes. Papers in Anthropology, 22:23-29. ------. 1982. Tool-using abilities of captive orangutans: Social vs. individual learning in nongregarious species. International Journal of Primatology, 3:303. [Abstract only.] ------. 1986. Individual differences in tool-using by two captive orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus. In: D.M. Taub and F.A. King, eds. Current Perspectives in Primate Social Dynamics, pp.469-475. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Kortlandt, A. 1966. On tool-use among primates. Current Anthropology, 7:215-216. ------. 1967. More on tool-use among primates. Current Anthropology, 8:255-257. Lethmate, J. 1976. Versuche zur doppelstockhandlung mit einem jungen orang utan. Zoologische Anzeiger, 197, im Druck. [Experiments on "Z" stick tool use with a young orangutan.] ------. 1976. Gebrauch und herstellung von trinkwerkzeugen bei orang utans. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 197, im Druck. [Use and making of drinking tools by orangutans.] ------. 1977. Werkzeugherstellung eines jungen Orang utans. Behaviour, 62:174-189. [Tool making of a young orangutan.] ------. 1977. Weitere versuche zum manipulier und werkzeugverhalten junger orang utans. Primates, 18:531543. [Further experiments on the manipulatory and tool behavior of young orangutans.] ------. 1982. Tool-using skills of orang-utans. Journal of Human Evolution, 11:49-64. Mendes N, D Hanus, J Call. 2007. Raising the level: Orangutans use water as a tool. Biology Letters 3:453455. Miller, L. and D. Quiatt. 1983. Tool use by a captive orangutan. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 22:10.

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Nakamichi M. 2004. Tool-use and tool-making by captive, group-living orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) at an artificial termite mound. Behavioural Processes 65:87-93. Rogers, L.J. and G. Kaplan. 1994. A new form of tool use by orang-utans in Sabah, East Malaysia. Folia Primatologica 63(1): 50-52. van Schaik CP, EA Fox. 1996. Manufature and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans. Naturwissenschaften 83:186-188. van Schaik, C.P., C.D. Knott. 2001. Geographic variation in tool use on Neesia fruits in orangutans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 11:331-342. Visalberghi E, DM Fragaszy, S. Savage-Rumbaugh. 1995. Performance in a tool-using task by common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus), orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology 109(1):52-60. VISION Tigges, J. 1963. On color vision in gibbon and orang-utan. Folia Primatologica, 1:188-198.

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