Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino Sabrina Pietrobono

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

Fig. 1: Arpino (Frosinone, Italy). Satellite image showing the two medieval fortifications standing at the opposite corners of the settlement. Flash-earth, 1:5000. Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino Sabrina Pietrobono Nowadays the ancient town of Arpino [Fig. 1], known primarily for having been the birthplace of the Roman orator Cicero (e.g. in Dench 2013, 122-137), is a picturesque municipality on the east of the River Liri, province of Frosinone, in Southern Lazio (Italy). With more than 7,500 inhabitants, it is located on the slope of two hills, one called Civitavecchia (Civita Vecchia, meaning “the old town”), and Pesco Falconario (later referred to as Civita Falconara, Falconaria or Falconiera). Both hills preserve medieval fortifications at the top, and both were recorded as ruined in 1548.1 1

Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b..11, n. 17, ff. 557-945, specifically ff. 559-702; in 1548 a complex judgement published by Mariano Staybano, Royal commissioner of the emperor Charles V, on behalf of the D’Avalos family, listed the inventory of the properties recovered in Arpino after local wars. It describes inside the town (ff. 567v): «2. Item habet castrum dirutum in loco de Civita vecchia cum terreno vacuo circum circa; 3. Item habet alium castrum dirutum nomi-

The settlement in its whole extent was once a Volscian and Roman oppidum. Still partially enclosed by polygonal walls and medieval fortifications, it reveals itself as a complex architectural and archaeological palimpsest from antiquity to the present day, which has attracted a long lasting antiquarian interest developed during the 19th century (e.g. Candidi Dionigi 1809 [Fig. 02]; Starke 1837, 373-374; Blewitt 1853, 49-50; Stieler, Paulus; Kaden 1877, 309). Arpinum first appears in the documents in 314 BC (Leoni 2008, 137), and around that time it was presumably already closed by remarkable massive polygonal-masonry walls with the exception of its southern side, protected with a huge slope [Fig. 03]. Their exact chronology is still debated (perhaps 4th - 3rd centuries BC), but, in the 1st century BC, restorations to walls and a tower - without specifying their locations - had already been attested.2

2

nato lo castello Falconaro», and many other features; cfr Orlandi 1772, 196 – 203 (197). Sommella 1966, 33, 21. Primary and epigraphical sources in Leoni 2008, 127-190, with previous bibliographical references; cfr Picuti 2009, 133162; see Gregori and Nonnis 2013, 491-524.

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

Fig. 2: Plan of the town at the beginning of the 19th century, according to Candidi Dionigi 1809. BELOW: Fig. 3: Civita Falconara, 1876, after Kaden 1877, p. 309, who depicted the great southern

slope of Civita Falconara.

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

The first complete ‘description’ of this articulated system of fortification dates back to the middle of the 17th century, with the series of the remarkable high-reliefs in stucco preserved in the ‘Salone dei 18 paesi’, inside Castello Boncompagni Viscogliosi at Isola del Liri; one depicts Arpino and its fortifications [Fig. 4] (cfr Carbone 1971; cfr Cedrone 1997, 243-263),3 included within a long line of curtain walls, equipped with streams, semi-circular towers, and gates, erected in order to protect the town. The area called Civitavecchia is an internal inhabited nucleus at the top of the main fortified hill (627 m) [Fig. 5]. The great walls composed of the polygonal masonry, which enclose it to the north, east and south, left unprotected the western side of this upper village; these massive walls are built using the so-called type II and III, an irregular masonry made with great blocks of local stones (a conglomerate with travertine locally called puddinga, which did not help regular cutting) [Fig. 6] (Sommella 1966; Leoni 2008). Visible restorations reveal long term concerns about its preservation. The possibility of gathering materials in the surrounding area from outcrops around Civitavecchia has allowed constant repair of the curtains when needed, also of re-using the same blocks, which were often reduced in shape and dimensions to be relocated and to fill the gaps created by collapses [Fig. 7]. The ancient fortification leaves Civitavecchia and runs toward the adjacent medieval nucleus of Civita Falconara. There, a length of wall is well preserved at the south side of a road called ‘Via Caio Mario’ and heading to the west [Fig. 8]. The walls did not enclose the whole hill of Civita Falconara, and this is confirmed by the Boncompagni high-relief, although a problematic basement in irregular blocks has been recognised under the ‘Castel Ladislao’ (490 m) at its top (it might be related either to a part of the walls or to ancient towers on the hill, also a free-standing fortification). In these lower parts 3

As a useful terminus ante quem, the bell tower of the church of St. Michael - still depicted in the stucco - collapsed in 1654, 24 July: Cartelli, Palma 2002, c38r, year 1654.

of the settlements, sometimes the polygonal walls show a more accurate profile (so called ‘IV style’) thanks to a particular regularity due to the different building material (‘calcare a libretto’; Sommella 1966, 28; also Polito 2011, 29-35). This extended and long defence was the basis of the complex medieval fortification of Arpino since the Byzantine period. Between Civitavecchia and Civita Falconiera, to the west, in the Arco quarter, the settlement preserved two main gates: the gate of the ‘Torrione’ (‘great tower’), to the north, protected on the right side by a medieval semi-circular tower with plain profile still in situ [Fig. 9], and the ‘Porta dell’Arco’ (Gate of the Arch) or ‘Porta Romana’, lower to the south, which was destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century (Leoni 2008, 150). In the Boncompagni relief, the demolished gate was visible between buildings on both sides, and the ‘Quartiere Arco’, was delimited on the south side through palaces built up against the polygonal walls, with one prominent quadrangular building (a tower?) next to the gate to the west; the stucco shows the crenellated profile, running parallel to the main road; this track of walls still stands in loco, although without crenellations. On the south-eastern side of the town, remains of other polygonal walls (Leoni 2008) located at different altitudes are possibly terraced structures rather than defensive walls. Only one of these sections of walls was reinforced through a medieval tower, nowadays a modern building (Sommella 1966), confirmed in the Boncompagni high-relief, which shows the presence of a disappeared southern access protected by a semi-circular structure. The eastern part of the curtain partially collapsed or was destroyed over the centuries; its line can be reconstructed thanks to another semi-circular tower in the quarter of Colle, to the east, which emerged from the walls (but is hardly visible nowadays; Sommella 1966, 2930; Leoni 2008, 156-162). The Boncompagni relief suggests that five semi-circular / circular medieval towers or salients reinforced the walls up to the top of Civitavecchia, where the castle still stands; the last circular tower of this line

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

Fig. 4: From Castello Boncompagni Viscogliosi, Isola del Liri (FR); high-relief in stucco (about the middle of the 17th century), preserved in the ‘Salone dei 18 Paesi’ (‘Hall of the 18 villages’), The Salone is closed to the public. The castle of Civitavecchia (at the right top corner of the picture) is effectively represented in almost all its parts: 1 - the great tower M, with square base, plain façades, battlements surrounded by a wall; the tower α; the internal wall fence marked by the quadrangular tower γ. (Fig. 6). The Castle of Civita Falconara (at the left bottom) is depicted as a quadrangular massive tower in stone blocks, although it was made with regularly cut smaller blocks; lower buildings are visibly attached to the south-western side of the castle. In the middle of the relief, the bell tower of the church of St Michael stands: on its right, the Quartiere Arco (‘quarter of the arch’) extends from west to east, whereas to the its left, two roads run toward east and north-east; the first reaches the ‘Porta del Ponte’ (‘gate of Ponte’); the second stretches across the Quartiere Colle (‘the quarter of hill’) and exits through the ‘Porta del Colle’ or ‘Porta Saturno’. Courtesy of the management of the Castle (thanks to D. Ferrante). http://www.castelloboncompagniviscogliosi.it/images/ilsalone_02.jpg. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29:296 2015-16 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17

Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

ABOVE: Fig. 5: Civitavecchia: ‘Porta a Ogiva’, with the attached 14th - 15th century tower; the polygonal-masonry walls; the church of the St. Trinity (18th century) and the great tower M in the background. BELOW: Fig. 6: Civitavecchia. Plan of the fortifications of Civitavecchia (after Sommella 1966, elaborated by Pietrobono 2016); below: particular of the fortification (after Fiorani 1998, elaborated by Pietrobono 2016); particular of polygonal masonry (Photo Pietrobono).

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

ABOVE: Fig. 7: Civitavecchia. The northern polygonal-masonry wall, collapsed and repaired in

modern times (Photo Pietrobono). BELOW: Fig. 8: Civita Falconara, or Falconaria, or Falconiera, from the church of St. Mary

(visible bell-tower) on the left, to the Castle of Pesco Falconario and the church of St. Mary of Loreto (top-right); long polygonal-masonry walls, in several tracks, stretch from the circular tower at the bottom of the settlement, once part of the Porta St. Rocco (‘gate of St. Roch’), to the left, enclosing the hill (Photo Pietrobono).

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

towards to the top was also due to strengthen the defence of the upper enclosure. Overall, a series of at least 12 towers and/or salient towers (with the internal side open) were added to the ancient/medieval walls enclosing both hills. Some of them may be dated back to the 13th century, e.g. ‘il Torrione’ [Fig. 9], and a circular tower to the east [Fig. 10], both with plain profile. However, most of the semi-circular towers appear to be late constructions, possibly from the late 14th century to the middle of the 15th century [Fig. 11], with loops perhaps dated between the end of the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century (Ø 22>25 cm); a tower upon the ‘Porta del Ponte’ (Gate of the Bridge), with an added structure on one side [Fig. 12] may be dated by the end of the 15th century, as well as the last tower towards Civitavecchia, which shows a similar composite articulation [Fig. 13]. Similar chronology - by the first half of the 15th century - perhaps by 1425 - should be considered for the tower that closed the entrance of ‘Porta a Ogiva’ at Civitavecchia, or “Porta Scea”, built with two remarkable small chambers for cannons with interesting loops, which can fit the size of the variable earliest examples of guns, perhaps by 1425 (cfr Pieri 1933, 114; Corolla, Lo Pilato, Santoro 2006, 612; Scordato 2009/2010, 10-12) [Fig. 14]. As the main castles were abandoned in the first half of the 16th century, the towers could have been left unguarded by the same time. Nevertheless, an intriguing example of an early tower is the practically ignored rectangular and angular tower α (plan fig. 6) that cut the northeast corner of the polygonal walls of Civitavecchia (cfr Rizzello 1990, 78-9); this tower should have had a Byzantine phase related to the first early medieval history of the oppidum; soldiers could control the northern-east side of the castle through at least one destroyed loop perhaps better recognisable on the left [Figs. 15 - 16]. Around 702 AD, the Byzantine oppidum of Hirpinum was conquered by the Longobards of Gisulf, Duke of Benevento; after 858 AD, it was given to the Frankish duke of Spoletium,

Guidus, along with Sora and other oppida of the Comino Valley (historical sources in De Acutis; Pietrobono 2012, 336-341). When the Norman knights became lords of the land, Civitavetere, with the already mentioned angular tower, was already marking the landscape of power of a local family, which administrated the settlement during the 11th century. In 1103 a massive Norman attack led to the destruction of the border town of Sora, which was set on fire with its seven churches (Annales Ceccanenses, 281: ‘Sora cremata est cum 7 ecclesiis in sanctae Mariae’; cfr Howe 1997, 153). In 1127 the pope was forced to reach Arpinum “killing many men”, whereas the king of Sicily, Roger II, arrived at Sora and Arce in 1140, with his sons, to conquer both border settlement (Annales Ceccanenses, 307); at that stage, the town was not attested, because it was already conquered by 1139, when the Norman knight Nicolaus Frainella appears as its lord (Tescione 1987, 70-71; Pietrobono 2008). Shortly after, Arpinum was given to the Norman count Robbertus of Caserta, in Campania, becoming the main Norman stronghold along the middle course of the river Liri (De Acutis; Pietrobono 2012, 338-340; Jamison 1972, 172, n. 964; Cuozzo 1984, 271-275). After the transitional creation of the papal Earldom of Sora, the subsequent dominion of two other earls of Caserta in this area was finally affirmed: Thomas was lord of Arpino in 1221 (Tescione 1956, 221); the castellanus of Arpino eventually made his first official appearance in historical sources on 27th April 1222 (Farina, Fornari 1983, 21; Antonelli 1986, 232), probably Stabile, mentioned elsewhere (Magliari 1897, doc. XI, 36-7): he should have been, first of all, the castellanus of Civitavecchia. Consequently, a main tower at Civitavetere can be supposed standing at the top of the hill, on the place of the ‘Torre di Cicerone’ (main tower, M) since Norman times [Fig. 17]. The wars between the pope and the emperor Frederick II (1229 – 1230; Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 157 – 162) and the earthquake in 1231 had strong impacts on the town: soon after the castle (Castrum Arpini) was re-

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

Fig. 9: Left: The ‘torrione’ (Fig. 6, n. 6, alias Sommella 1966, n. 4), early example of tower built at Arpino now transformed into a modern dwelling; it is located at the Quartiere Arco, along the north path of the walls (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 10: Top Right: Civitavecchia. A second ‘torrione’ (‘great tower’) with plain surface (Fig. 6, n. 8), without scarp revetment (perhaps 13th century), on the eastern side, below the main fortification (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 11: Civitavecchia. Circular-based tower on the northern path, main view from south-west; above, view from north-east (Fig. 6, n. 3). This is one of the best preserved examples of a tower that can be dated to 14th – 15th centuries; the external circular loops are about 20>23 cm in diameter.

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

ABOVE: Fig. 12: Ponte. A circular-based tower above the gate; it is possible to recognise a linked structure on its side (Fig. 6, n. 9, alias Sommella 1966, n. 25); dimensions might suggest a later construction date, perhaps late 15th - early 16th centuries (Photo Pietrobono). BELOW: Fig. 13: Civitavecchia. This circular-based tower was attached to the polygonal walls of the upper fortification (Fig. 6, n. 7, alias Sommella 1966, n 31); it is comparable with the tower near the porta del Ponte because of its similar linked structure (Photo Pietrobono).

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Fig. 14: Civitavecchia. The semi-circular based tower No. 1, which closed the passage through the ancient gate; visible is the embrasure for early guns on the left; Inset: above: the external loop (Photo Pietrobono). BELOW: Fig. 15: Civitavecchia. The ancient tower of the polygonal walls (north-east corner), view

from the inside of the castle (Tower α) (See also Fig. 16, Inset) (Photo Pietrobono).

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

Fig. 16: Top left: Inset: Civitavecchia. The ancient tower of the polygonal-masonry walls (northeast corner), view from outside the castle walls. (Tower α fig. 6) (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 17: Civitavecchia. The main tower (M) or so-called ‘Torre di Cicerone’ (‘tower of Cicero’), before recent restoration. View from the west: quadrangular base; linear surfaces; only a narrow loop, to light the lower internal spaces; scarped revetment; two small windows at different levels, and remains of two merlons. Below left, the late-medieval or modern gate (Photo Pietrobono). The tower is not open to the public.. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29:303 2015-16 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17

Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

ported inside the Statutum de Reparatione Castrorum, enacted in its final version around 1241/1246, which lists the castle that had to be repaired (Sthamer 1914, 95). The internal area immediately related to the tower M was already fortified before the Normans came in the region, but finally shaped as an impressive castle by the time of the death of Frederick II, in 1250. The castle of Civitavecchia On the eastern side of the acropolis of Civitavecchia, the tower M (‘of Cicerone’, ca 16 x 16 m) with its annexes stands in front of the “Porta a Ogiva”. This castle, so-called in 1803 (ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 17, f. 1229v: “Alla torre seu castello”), has been classified as a ‘rocca’ with enclosure, tower and dwellings (Fiorani 1998, 78), but further research was needed in order to understand its complex design. Recently restored, the tower M is located to the west of the tower , and is in line with the regularly shaped rock that runs from north-east to south-west [Fig. 18]; the latter reveals interesting signs of ancient definition, as square blocks under the medieval enclosures that define its perimeter. The remains of the internal mantlet, whose dimension is clearly recognisable from the satellite picture, still stands on the south side [Fig. 19]. There are three interesting features that help in understanding the development of this area: 1: An internal wall to protect the tower M [Fig. 20], characterised by crenellations with arrow loops. 2: Another tower, , at the corner of the mantlet, wrapped inside the massive late-scarped revetments [Fig. 21], which was extensively added to the overall fortified complex (the tower M and the internal mantlet). 3: An irregular quadrangular tower , still preserved at the south-west corner of a final terrace, but never covered with scarped revetment [Fig. 22]. Slight traces of buildings and tanks have been registered, with the visible half section of an open window (cfr Rizzello 1990).

The castle under Frederick II Under Frederick II, the mentioned ‘castle of Arpino’ certainly involved Civitavecchia, with the main gate to enter the town, the so-called Porta a Ogiva [Fig. 23] (6.40 m high and 3.20 m). Only later, perhaps late 14th - early 15th century, the gate was integrated within a protective structure and its entrance barred by the circular-based tower No. 1 to the north site (Ø 3. 70 m; wall thickness max 2. 70 m); this gate was watched over by a guardroom attested by two preserved loopholes for guns (Ø external 23 cm; internal 25 cm) and related rooms [Fig. 14]. Before 1961, only one battlement remained at the top of the wall (1.80 m x 0.48 cm) (Fortini 1988, 172). The current gate of Civitavecchia is a small entrance in existence before 1704 (“Porta di Civita Vecchia ove sta la torre”) (Fortini 1986, 60-61; Fiorani 1996, 224-225): this narrower passage is surmounted by an external round arch with an internal segmental arch; however, the Boncompagni relief (middle of the 17th century) shows a line of wall with battlement, instead; on this basis, it is hardly believable that it was opened along with the transformation of the ‘Porta a Ogiva’ into a guardroom. Leaving the ‘Porta a Ogiva’ and its tower, both not visible in the Boncompagni relief, four towers are applied to the northern circuit in polygonal masonry; they present circular and semicircular bases [Fig. 11; figs. 24-25]. It still an open question whether they are built on the place of previous towers. A tradition, already declared erroneous, reports that Arpino and other settlements were destroyed in 1252 by Conrad IV, Frederick II’s son, in rebellion against the Empire (1251/2, Niccolò Iamsilla and Matteo Spinelli da Giovinazzo, in Del Re 1868, 117; 634; Ebanista 2007, 48-49). However, that Arpino’s fortifications were still in use has been proved by three documents: on the 1st January 1257, the two castles of Pesclifalconari et Civitavecle were given to Richard of Caserta (and to his mother Siffredina, members of the Lauro family) by Manfred, and both were managed by Rogerio

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Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

ABOVE: Fig. 18: Civitavecchia. The castle, from the Tower M and late-medieval (?) gate; the

revetted enclosure running south-west to the tower

(Photo Pietrobono).

BELOW: Fig. 19: Civitavecchia. The internal mantlet, view from the interior of the castle, from east

towards north-east; inside, a part of scarp revetment of the mantlet is still visible; in the background, a part of the medieval elevation on the external wall (Fig. 6, W) is still preserved (Photo Pietrobono).

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Fig. 20: Civitavecchia. The main tower M, view from the southeast (Photo Pietrobono); its remarkable structure was surrounded with an external curtain, later reinforced through scarprevetment. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29:306 2015-16 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17

Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

Fig. 21: Civitavecchia. Tower , wrapped and embodied in the internal mantlet of the fort; it is currently under examination, perhaps built under Frederick II (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 22: Civitavecchia. Tower (Photo Pietrobono); as in the case of the tower , , it is possibly built under Frederick II, but the castle is under further investigation.

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Fig. 23: Civitavecchia. The Tower No.1 and the Porta a Ogiva (Photo Pietrobono; plan after Sommella 1966). Fig. 24: Civitavecchia. Tower No. 2. Fig. 25: Civitavecchia. Tower No. 4 (Photos: Pietrobono).

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de Byiano, regio et principali castellano castrorum (Brantl 1994, 289-291, nn. 173-175; Tescione 1959, 64): one main castellanus for two castles, who was in charge of the management of the whole of the defences of the town, from Civitavecchia to Pesco Falconara, until the Angevin reorganisation. In the list on the 28th November 1269, in fact, the Castrum Pescli Falconarie and the Castrum Civite Veteris de Arpino were managed by two different castellani: the former by a scutifer with eight servientes (servants); the second by a scutifer with six servientes (Sthamer 1914, 60; 131; Registri Angioini, vol. I, 1950, anni 1265-1269, 68; Magliari 1897, doc. XXIII, 67-69). So, it is possible to suggest that the first castle at Civita Falconara was erected before 1257, by decision of the late Norman kings or the new Swabia dynasty’s members. The castle of Civita Falconara Richard, Thomas of Caserta’s son, was still lord of Arpino on 31st December 1263 (Tescione 1959, 64; Magliari 1897, doc. VII, 20-22; 1898, II, 19-21, n. XLI); however, after the death of Manfred, Arpino was assigned to a French knight, Rainaldo (or Rinald) Gaulard (or Galard, Galardo, Gagliardo) de Pies, who appeared in 1271 (Mazzoleni 1939, 171, n. 243). On 24th January 1270, a local clerk, James, was the rector of the church of St. Nicolas, chapel of the castle of Pesco Falconaro (Magliari 1897, XXIV; also 14th November 1270, XXV, 70), perhaps on the site of the modern St. Mary of Loreto, which is normally considered (Leoni 2008, 166) - but it is hardly believable - to be a previous tower. On the 11th May 1280, the lord of Arpino, Rainald Gallard, married Giacoma, member of the local family de Aquino (Magliari 1898, n. XXXVII, 9). He died by 12th June 1305 (Magliari 1898, doc. LI, 53-54). By 16th May 1314, Galotto Étendard /Stendardo was lord of Arpino after his marriage with Filippa Gaulard (Magliari 1897, doc. XX, 54-55): following the marriage of their daughter, Angela, with John II Cantelmo, four different families

obtained rights on the land of Arpino: Cantelmo, Étendard, Gaulard, de Aquino, besides old links kept by the former counts of Caserta.4 On the 9th September 1349 a terrible earthquake happened: several buildings collapsed and many people died (Cartelli, Palma 2002, f. 37v e f. 41v; Pierleoni 1911, 649-657). At the beginning of the 15th century, James Étendard/Stendardo was still the lord of Arpino (Magliari 1897, XXXIII, 90, 19th October 1400). Possibly, the rights of the Aquinas family on the castle grew after the confiscation of the Earldoms of Sora and Alvito from the Cantelmo family, around 1398, although given to Andrea and Giovannello Tomacelli, brothers of the Pope Boniface IX, until his death (Di Costanzo 1839, 210). However, on 24th February 1409, the so-called “Captain” of Arpino was the Earl of Popoli (ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, f. 17, f. 99r), a member of the Cantelmo family. In July 1409, King Ladislaus of Durazzo entered Arpino with his soldiers and many noble Neapolitans along with the flags "of the Lord"; then they went to the church "Matrice" (Pierleoni 1911, 649-657; Cartelli, Palma 2002, f. 41v). According to an established tradition, king Ladislaus would have granted the town the privilege of remaining in the Royal demesne (Orlandi 1772, 197; Galanti 1787-94, 143; ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 17, f. 97v): however, this privilege was considered untruthful in the same trial judgement carried out by Mariano Staybano in 1548. Nevertheless, tradition said that Ladislaus spent many months in Arpino, even by building the castle of Civita Falconaria, which was instead already erected. Consequently, it is more than hypothetical that the presence of the King could have been justified by the necessity of personally supervising the reinforcement works that many castles along the frontier needed; works specifically ordered by the king himself and 4

15th November 1402. King Ladislaus confirmed a gift of 24 “tumuli” of wheat and 24 of spelt to the church of St. Mary of Arpino from the earl of Caserta, Thomas; Magliari 1898, doc. LIII, 55-56.

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that can be identified with the construction of the series of towers at Civitavecchia, as previously analysed, with possibly the restoration to the castle of Civita Falconara. As already noted, Civita Falconara preserves a part of the ancient curtain: a long section of the wall is incorporated into the base of later medieval and modern houses, where a prominent five-floor square-based tower rises from the top of the fortification [Fig. 26]. A semi-circular tower, instead, was added to the wall and later transformed into the church of St. Rocco (Leoni 2008). The castle of ‘Pesco (meaning ‘rock’) Falconario’ (490 m), now called “Castel Ladislao” [Fig. 27], is located at the highest point of the quarter of the Civita; it had a regular plan with double symmetrical courts which demonstrate a more advanced design compared with the main tower at Civita Falconara. Besides, the term Falconaria or Falconaro might be a legacy from Norman Svevian period (Pietrobono 2011, 245- 247; De Acutis, Pietrobono 2012): either the late Norman king or even Frederick II might have suggested a castle called “Falconario” at the top of the hill, and, only after the death of the Emperor, did the castle appear in the sources. Clarifications are needed in order to explain whether this castle has been reconstructed ab imis fundamentis or only restored from a previous structure having possibly been seriously damaged during the earthquakes in 1349. The structure of the castle has a modern appearance thanks to later additions. Only the northern side of the palace fully reveals a residual wall that can be attributed to a medieval phase [Fig. 28], and which is similar to other examples of late medieval castles from the Italian Southern Kingdom. Its original structure is probably defined by two cornices: the lower one was continued by the extension of the modern building to the east, while the upper marks a different level. The remains of two arched windows with different sizes break the simple design of the wall. The first published descriptions of the fortifications of Civita Falconaria are dated to the 17th century. The local historian Bernardo Clavelli

observed that the walls were joined to the castle of Civita Falconara, but he did not specify whether the polygonal-masonry curtain existed also on the southern side of this hill. In 1623 Clavelli released “L’Antica Arpino”, attesting that the polygonal walls were “senza alcuna essential diminutione e quasi tutte in piedi” (“without any diminution and almost all standing”), adding that the walls of Arpino “stretching down towards of the hill and the bridge” (quartier ‘Ponte’), reached Civita Falconiera until they joined the castle at the top (Clavelli 1623, 16). His personal description does not match the visual representation of the relief of Palazzo Boncompagni Viscogliosi, depicted in the same 17th century, which shows a gap in the circuit, and more important, that the structure of the castle was a significant compact quadrangular structure. This is also confirmed by the Giovanni Andrea Primo Campione’s 1704 map (Fortini 1986, 47-61, and table), where the castle was depicted as a sizable rectangular structure, with a central ‘spina’. The castle of Arpino since the 15th century In May 1410 (1411) Ladislaus was defeated by King Louis II of France, an Angevin, during a conflict nearby, at Roccasecca (De Tummulillis (1343-1467), 11). After his defeat, the Cantelmo and Aquinas families were persecuted, but, after the king’s death, Francis of Cantelmo was again earl of Arpino on 22th February 1422 (ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, 17, f. 99r; cfr Giustiniani 1797, I, 311). The 16th century historian Di Costanzo stresses that the transition from one lord to another during these wars was usual practice, consequently in one year two lords from different families could appear in documents related to the same land, depending on the momentary victory of one or other of the contenders (Di Costanzo 1839, 370). In 1429, the papal troops arrived at Arpinum, Atina and Aquinum; therefore, in 1437, a document shows the town in the hands of Eugene IV (Magliari 1897, doc. XXVII, 72-75), who apparently created a new earldom. The trium-

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Figure 26: Civita Falconara. Quadrangular tower on the northern façade. (Photo Pietrobono). THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29:311 2015-16 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17

Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

A

Fig. 27: A: Civita Falconara. Castel Ladislao, the modern building; east façade. (Photo Pietrobono). Fig. 28: Civita Falconara. Castel Ladislao, the survived medieval wall to the north (Photo Pietrobono).

B

C

B-C: plans (after Fondazione Mastroianni and Cingoli websites). C: South façade. THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 29:312 2015-16 THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 30: 2016-17

Polygonal walls and fortified landscape: the medieval castle of Arpino

phant entrance of Alfonso of Aragon in Naples in 1443 is recalled in a list of barons in 1445, within which Francis II Aquinas, 5th Earl of Loreto, appeared as the local lord (Magliari 1899, 16). In 10th October 1441 (or before, in 1341) the Duke Cantelmo with others visited Arpino (Cartelli, Palma 2002, f. 48v), but on 25th November 1443 a privilege of Alfonso I of Aragon confirmed the possession of the land in Terra di Lavoro to Berardo Gaspare de Aquino (Scandone 1959, doc. CLII, 33). On 5th December 1456 a great earthquake happened during the night, and hit the whole kingdom of Naples, especially in Benevento and the province Comini (Cartelli, Palma 2002, f. 37v.). In 27th June 1458, on the death of King Alfonso the Magnanimous, the barons of the kingdom arose against his illegitimate son and heir, Ferdinand I. Among the rebellious, the Duke of Cantelmo, Pier Giampaolo, allied with John of Anjou, son of the former King of Naples Rene d'Anjou; on 18th August 1458 King Ferdinand I confirmed to Berardo Gaspare his possessions in Terra di Lavoro, which were expressly listed Arpino (Jacobilli 1645, 30; Pietrobono 2012, 395-404; Scandone 1959, doc. CLII, 33; Magliari 1897, n. XXI, 55-60). From 1460 to 1464, the valley was involved with the Angevin - Aragon War (De Tummulillis (1343-1467), 110) arose along the borderline between the Kingdom and Papal State: the Duke of Sora, Pier Giampaulo Cantelmo was defeated by the papal troops, led by Frederick Duke of Urbino (Branca 1847, 129). The final treaty sanctioned the temporary transfer of Sora, Arpino, Isola, Castelluccio, Casalvieri and Fontana to the Church of Rome (Santoro 1908, 90). On 17th March 1461 King Ferdinand I of Aragon granted Francesco Antonio de Aquino, son of Berardo Gaspare, the paternal feudal lands (Arpinum cum Turri s. Dominici, etc. Scandone 1959, doc. CLIII, 33); in 1472, following his imprisonment and the subsequent death, his sister Antonella de Aquino inherited his lands. They were then incorporated into the house of d’Avalos, by her husband Iñigo I.

Unfortunately, on 24th November 1475, Ferdinand I of Aragon granted John della Rovere, the duchies of Sora and Arce, with the lands of Arpino (Magliari 1899, 19-25, doc. LXII). In 1494 the king died and Alfonso II, his heir, abdicated in favor of Ferdinand II, also called Ferrandino. Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and his troops occupied Arpino during his attack on the castle of Monte San Giovanni (Cayro 1808, 252; Pélissier 1903, 168-9). Finally, on 10th May 1504 Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, granted the ancestral lands to Francesco Ferrante de Aquino D'Avalos (Scandone 1959, doc. 2, 42): Arpino returned to the Aquinas family. In 1528, during the war between France and Spain, the French commander Lautrec harried the country, and Arpino was seriously involved (Santoro 1908, 130-133), however the local lord still retained the propriety of ancient buildings that were part of the fortified oppidum of Arpinum: on the 27th February 1577, Donna Isabella Gonzaga d'Avalos d'Aquino provided Giangiacomo Reale and Vincenzo Leo, canonical priests of St. Mary of Civita, with a dwelling inside an abandoned castle located in town, for all their lives; the castle was described as deserto and ruino, and the priests were willing to build a room inside that castle by improving that place (ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 16, n. 4, ff. 16-18, specifically f. 17). It is likely that this is the first mention of re-use of the abandoned structure of the castle called Falconario. In 1583 the state of Aquino and Arpino was sold in its entirety to the Boncompagni family (Bianchi 1590, 66-67; Venditti, Quaglieri 2008, I, CCXLIII-VII). Decades later, in 1654, when a powerful earthquake hit Arpino, the quarter of Civitavecchia was deeply damaged and consequently mostly abandoned (De Cesare 2014, 102): according to the Boncompagni high-relief, the castle of Civita Falconara was developed with lower buildings; this was perhaps the consequence of the permission of improvement previously given by the Marchioness of Pescara.

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In 1803, a platea (inventory) revealed that “al castello di Civita” (‘at the castle of Civita’) members of the Quadrini family were the owners of a «terreno olivetato con palazzo cortile e giardino» (“land with olive trees, with palace, court and garden”, ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 17, f. 1241r.), which confirmed a previous mention (in 1749) of a «Rocca della corte fuori della mura castellane» (“Rocca of the Court outside the castle’s walls”, ASV, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, b. 16, f. 518-521).

Cuozzo E. (ed.), Catalogus Baronum, Commentarium, Roma: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo, 1984, pp. 271-275.

In the 19th century, the original fabric of the castle of Civita Falconara was incorporated in a large wool factory. After that, the castle was finally transformed, at last into a school and, nowadays, hosts the Fondazione Mastroianni (Cingoli, final report, U. Iannazzi).

Jamison, E. (ed.), Catalogus Baronum, Roma: Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo, 1972, p. 172, n. 964.

Del Re G. (ed.), Cronisti e scrittori sincroni della dominazione normanna nel regno di Puglia e Sicilia, II, Napoli: Stamperia dell' Iride, 1868. De Tummulillis da Sant’Elia A. (15th century), Notabilia temporum, C. Corvisieri (ed.), RomaLivorno, Tip. Francesco Vigo, 1890. di Costanzo A. (1507-1591), Storia del Regno di Napoli, Napoli: Borel e Bompard, 1839

Farina F.; Fornari B., Storia e documenti dell'Abbazia di Casamari: 1036 – 1152, Casamari: Abbazia di Casamari, 1983. Magliari A. Bollettino Storico Volsco, Arpino: Tipografia G. Fraioli, 1897

Summary The castle of Arpino boasts two connected main fortifications, which stood at the top of the neighbouring hills marking the development of the secular lordships, which ruled the town. Both of them likely had Norman phases as simple towers, required to control the two key points of the ancient fortifications. Civitavecchia and Civita Falconara, with the addition of the semi-circular towers, fix the slow transformation of a pre-Roman and Roman settlement into a strongly fortified border castle in the Middle Ages. Archival and historical sources: Annales Ceccanenses, Pertz G. H. (ed.), MGH, Scriptores, 19, Hannoverae 1866, pp. 275-302. Annales Casinenses, Pertz G. H. (ed.), MGH, Scriptores, 19, Hannoverae 1866, pp. 303-320. Archivio Segreto Vaticano (ASV), Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi. Brantl M., Studien zum Urkunden- und Kanzleiwesen König Manfreds von Sizilien. (1250) 1258 1266. Inaugural Dissertation zu Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, 1994. https://edoc.ub.uni muenchen.de/1806/1/Brantl_Markus.pdf. Cartelli A.; Palma M. 2002. Martirologio dell' Assunta di Arpino. http://dida.let.unicas.it/dida/links/didattica/pa lma/martirol.html

Magliari A. Bollettino Storico Volsco, Arpino: Tipografia G. Fraioli, 1898 Magliari A. Bollettino Storico Volsco, Arpino: Tipografia G. Fraioli, 1899 Mazzoleni B. (ed.), Gli atti perduti della cancelleria angioina, trasuntati da Camillo de Lellis, parte I, Il regno di Carlo I, vol. I. Roma: Regio Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo, 1939. Pélissier P., Lettres de Charles VIII, roi de France, IV, 1494-1495, Paris: Renouard, 1903. Registri Angioini - I registri della Cancelleria Angioina ricostruiti da Riccardo Filangieri con la collaborazione degli Archivisti napoletani, Napoli: Accademia Pontaniana, v. I, (1950). Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, in Garufi C.A. (ed.), «Rerum Italicarum Scriptores», VII, I-II, Bologna: N. Zanichelli, 1937-1938. Santoro D., Pagine sparse di storia alvitana, I-II (Documenti), Chieti: Tip. Nicola Jecco, 1908 (rist. 1974). Scandone F., Roccasecca patria di S. Tommaso de Aquino, in «Archivio Storico di Terra di Lavoro», II (1959), 2, pp. 7-51. Sthamer E., Die Verwaltung der Kastelle im Konigreich Sizilien unter Kaiser Friedrich II und Karl I von Anjou, Leipzig 1914, rist. Tübigen, 1997. Venditti, G. (ed), Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi. Inventario, con la collaborazione di B. Quaglieri, vv. I-V, Città del Vaticano, 2008

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