Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET); Workability; Waste PET bottle fibre; Compressive strength; Splitting tensile strength; Flexural strength

1 A STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) BOTTLE FIBRE IN CONCRETE Nooraza binti Muhammad Razali1 and Dr. Mohd Yunus Ishak2 ...
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A STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) BOTTLE FIBRE IN CONCRETE Nooraza binti Muhammad Razali1 and Dr. Mohd Yunus Ishak2 1

Bachelor of Eng. Student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2

Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Abstract: The plastic usage is increasing day by day. Waste plastic bottles are major cause of solid waste disposal problems. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is commonly used for carbonate beverage and water bottles. This induced an environmental issue as waste plastic bottle are difficult to biodegrade and involves process either to recycle or reuse. As today, the construction industry is in require of finding cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete structures. This study deals with the possibility of using the waste PET bottle with aspect ratio 33 and percentage added into concrete with 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% respectively as replacement of fine aggregate were produced and compared against control mix with no replacement. In this study, 24 cube specimens, 12 cylinder specimens and 12 prism beam specimens were casted, cured and tested for 7days and 28days strength. Compression test, splitting tensile strength test and flexural strength test were done and the result were compared. To investigate the fresh concrete properties, the slump test was conducted for every batch of various percentage of waste PET bottle fibre.

While for hardened concrete properties,

compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and flexural strength test were conducted. The results indicate that the concrete with added of waste PET bottle fibre reduce the workability and compressive strength of concrete. However, for splitting tensile strength test and flexural strength test, it showed a strength development of concrete when added of waste PET bottle fibre. The bridging impact shows the behavior of fibre which is good for reinforcing the concrete structure.

Keywords:

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET); Workability; Waste PET

bottle fibre; Compressive strength; Splitting tensile strength; Flexural strength

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1.0

INTRODUCTION

Among the categories of waste, plastic is given greater emphasis because of the behavior which is non-biodegradable. Plastic waste thus gives a big impact on the environment. In Malaysia, the main process of waste dispersal was biologically natural. This has resulted in large quantities of garbage in the landfill that is not reduced as a result of the disposal of trash compared to a high rate of waste disposal. Consequently the need to open a new disposal increased from time to time. Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET) is a type of plastic that is usually used for plastic bottles. PET are often used as plastic bottles of carbonate drinks and mineral water in the entire world. Waste PET plastic bottles is also readily available at present due to the high usage rates compared to the other categories of plastic. Polyethylene Terephtalate which is numbered with "1" refer to the standard resin code to identify materials used to make the origin of the plastic. This bottle is often not coloured and have a high penetration rate of light compared to other plastics.

Plastics consumption nowadays have become an integral part of our lives. There is a lot of waste plastic bottles found in Malaysia as well as any country in the world today. Therefore, the amount of waste plastic bottles is very high and it become a problem to the environment and humans due to plastic waste deserves special attention on account nonbiodegradable property. The plastic bottles cannot be disposed off by dumping or burning, as they produce uncontrolled fire or contaminate the soil and vegetation. This situation thus became a big problem to landfill as a result is unable to accommodate the increasing number of high trash. One of the method to reduce the amount of waste plastic bottles is to use it as an ingredient in concrete mixes. Also, plastic is one of the group of fibre that can improve the quality of concrete. This study is expected to provide an alternative method in the management of environmental quality despite its use is still in the early stages and still need to review its effectiveness at the global level. In addition, this study is also expected to promote the use of leftovers like this plastic bottles in the construction industry to helps control pollution to the environment. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of the addition of waste PET bottle fibre in concrete. Based on the main objective, other objectives will be reviewed are:

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i.

To study the workability behavior of concrete added by waste PET bottle fibre.

ii.

To obtain the optimal rate of addition waste PET bottle fibre needed to obtain high strength concrete.

iii.

To determine the maximum strength of concrete on the 7th days and 28th days.

Based on previous studies, information from books, journals, conferences and the internet, this study will be conducted by substituting waste PET bottle fibre at percentage of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% as replacement for fine aggregate in the concrete. For the control purpose, normal concrete mix with no added of waste PET bottle fibre were used in this study. This research involves laboratory testing which is compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and flexural tensile test.

2.0

METHODOLOGY

2.1

Test Specimens Details

In this research, cubes with the dimension of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm are prepared and casted. Also, the cylindrical with diameter of 100mm and length of 200mm and prism beam size 100mm x 100mm x 500mm are prepared. All the specimens was cured in curing tank until it tested for the age of 7 days and 28 days. All cube samples are tested for 7 days and 28 days of age. For cylinder and prism beam it will test for 28 days of age. The mix design for this research is grade 30 concrete which is design using standard concrete mix design form. The materials required as per design are given in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 : Quantity of materials Quantity of Materials per trial mix of 0.04m3 Content

Cement

Fine

Coarse

w/c ratio

(kg)

aggregate (kg)

aggregate (kg) (l)

Mix proportion

13.80

23.12

51.48

7.60

Mix ratio

1

1.68

3.73

0.55

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2.2

Waste PET Bottle Fibre

The post consumed PET mineral bottles of single brand were collected from surrounding. The fibres were cut after removing the neck and the bottom of the bottle. The dimension of fibre used is 100mm x 3mm with aspect ratio 33 for replacement of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% waste PET bottle fibre as specified in Table 2.2 Table 2.2 : Specimen properties Specimen no.

Aspect ratio

Dimension (mm)

1

33

100 x 3

Quantity (%) 0.5

1.0

1.5

Figure 2.2 Waste PET bottle fibre

2.3

Mix Proportion of Waste PET Bottle Fibre

The post consumed PET mineral bottles of single brand were collected from surrounding. The fibres were cut after removing the neck and the bottom of the bottle. The dimension of fibre used is 100mm x 3mm with aspect ratio 33 for replacement of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% waste PET bottle fibre as specified in Table 2.3.

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Table 2.3 : Quantity of waste PET bottle fibre added

2.4

PET fibres (%)

0.5

1.0

1.5

PET fibres (kg)

0.12

0.22

0.33

Water (l)

7.6

7.6

7.6

Cement (kg)

13.8

13.8

13.8

Fine aggregate (kg)

23.00

22.89

22.77

Coarse aggregate (kg)

51.48

51.48

51.48

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory tests are carried out to collect data of the concrete compressive strength, concrete splitting tensile strength and flexural strength test for the specimens casted. The test for this purpose of research is listed below:

a) Fresh Concrete Test i.

Slump Test

b) Hardened Concrete Test i.

Compressive Strength Test The compressive strength of the cube specimen is calculated using the following formula: Compressive strength, fc = P/A (N/mm2 @ MPa) Where, P = Load at failure in N A = Area subjected to compression in mm2

ii.

Splitting Tensile Strength Test The splitting tensile strength of the cube specimen is calculated using the following formula: Splitting tensile strength, fsp =

(N/mm2 @ MPa)

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Where, P = Load at failure in N L = Length of the specimen in mm d = Diameter of the specimen in mm

iii.

Flexural Strength Test Modulus of rupture, R =

2

(N/mm2 @ MPa)

Where, P = Maximum load in N L = Length of span in mm b = Width in mm d = Depth in mm

3.0

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Concrete with waste PET bottle fibre added will have significant influence on concrete properties in both the fresh concrete and hardened stages. In this study, the effect of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete will influence the important characteristics of fresh concrete properties which is workability. Concrete with various amount of waste PET bottle fibre added were tested and the results obtained on the test are presented below.

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Slump vs type of concrete 12.5 12 12

Slump (mm)

11.5 11

11

11

10.5 10 10

9.5

9 Normal concrete

Concrete + 0.5% waste Concrete + 1.0% waste Concrete + 1.5% waste PET PET PET

Type of concrete

Figure 3.1

Workability of normal concrete and concrete with waste PET bottle fibre added

From these result obtained, the effect of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete slightly reduced the workability of normal concrete. When the percentage of waste PET bottle fibre added higher, workability of the concrete is slightly decreased. All these results are to be expected because waste PET bottle fibre with 33 aspect ratio as a replacement of fine aggregate for various percentage give an impact of low friction surface between the aggregate that contribute to poor workability. Besides, the mix design is using saturated surface-dry (SSD) for both fine and coarse aggregates but actual condition for both aggregates were partially saturated. The absorption of water from paste by aggregates that are drier than SSD condition caused lower slump or slump loss.

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Compressive strength vs test age 35

Compressive strength (MPa)

30

24.12

30.95

23.36

28.85 27.02 23.74

20.43

25

20.47

20 15 10 5 0 7 days

28 days Test age (days)

Normal

0.5% PET

1.0% PET

1.5% PET

Figure 3.2 Compressive strength of normal concrete and concrete with waste PET bottle fibre added

In the first week (7 days), compressive strength of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete was observed higher than normal concrete. From the results, the compressive strength of concrete increased when 0.5% of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete. But by increasing the percentage of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete it reduce the compressive strength of concrete. From the results at the age of 28 days, the compressive strength of concrete decreased when 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete. By increasing the percentage of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete it reduce the compressive strength of concrete and it also reflect the target strength of concrete. From the test results obtained for 7th days and 28th days, it is noting that by incorporating waste PET bottle fibre, remarkable results in the decreased of strength have been shown to occur in concrete with added of waste PET bottle fibre. This is unexpected due to previous study done by other researchers. But this can be explain by take into account that waste PET bottle fibre is comes from family of fibre which is good in tension but poor in compression.

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Figure 3.3

Concrete cube after compressive strength test

Splitting tensile strength vs concrete type 3.1

Splitting tensile strength (MPa)

3.03

3.01

3 2.9 2.79

2.8 2.7 2.6

2.54

2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 Normal concrete

Concrete + 0.5% PET

Concrete + 1.0% PET

Concete + 1.5% PET

Concrete type

Figure 3.4 fibre added

Splitting tensile strength of normal concrete and concrete with waste PET bottle

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The splitting tensile strength of normal concrete result was 3.03 MPa. For concrete with added of 0.5% waste PET bottle fibre, the result of 2.54 MPa was obtained. Followed by concrete with added of 1.0% waste PET bottle fibre and 1.5% waste PET bottle fibre, the result obtained was 3.01 MPa and 2.79 MPa respectively. From the results obtained, it showed some development in splitting tensile strength when added of waste PET bottle fibre in concrete eventhough it still below the normal concrete result. With that, replacement of fine aggregates with 1.0% replacement is found to reasonable.

Figure 3.5 Concrete cylinder after splitting tensile strength test

Figure 3.6 Concrete cylinder after splitting tensile strength test

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Flexural strength vs concrete type 4.2 4.15 4.15

Flexural strength (MPa)

4.1 4.05 4

3.99

3.98

3.95 3.9 3.84

3.85 3.8 3.75 3.7 3.65 Normal concrete

Concrete + 0.5% PET Concrete + 1.0% PET Concrete + 1.5% PET

Concrete type

Figure 3.7

Flexural strength of normal concrete and concrete with waste PET bottle fibre

added

At the age of 28 days, flexural strength of normal concrete is 3.99 MPa. When concrete was added with waste PET bottle fibre for various percentage that was 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%, the result of flexural strength obtained was 4.15 MPa, 3.98 MPa and 3.84 MPa respectively by sequence. This showed that the flexural strength of concrete with added of 0.5% waste PET bottle fibre was increase about 4.0% as compared to normal concrete. For added of 1.0% waste PET bottle fibre it was decreased 0.25% and same goes to 1.5% waste PET bottle fibre added that was decreased 3.76% compared to normal concrete.

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Figure 3.8 Prism beam after flexural strength test

Figure 3.9 Prism beam after flexural strength test

4.0

CONCLUSION

From the research, it showed the workability of fresh concrete slightly reduced by added of waste PET bottle fibre, and the higher percentage added the more decreased on workability occured. Concrete with added of waste PET bottle fibre decreased the development of compressive strength significantly when the percentage of waste PET bottle fibre added higher.

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For splitting tensile strength, its shows that added of 1.0% waste PET bottle fibre showed the development of strength even its still below the normal concrete result. Improvement in development of flexural strength in concrete with added of 0.5% waste PET bottle fibre was observed in this study. With that, it can be summarize that concrete with added of 0.5% waste PET bottle fibre is the best percentage compare to 1.0% and 1.5% waste PET bottle fibre added when it was being tested for flexural strength. For the optimum amount of waste PET bottle fibre added into concrete, there is no prior way of determining the required waste PET bottle fibre percentage, it must be determined by some sort of trial and error procedure. From the experimental investigation, the waste PET bottle fibre would appear to be low-cost materials which would help to resolve some solid waste problems, preventing environmental pollution and sustainable development.

4.1

Recommendation

The research conducted in this thesis has led to some useful results and conclusions on the effect of added waste PET bottle fibre in concrete. However it also uncovered many areas that need additional studies. The purpose of this chapter is therefore to identify and discuss the need for further research in the areas of strength and workability of concrete added with waste PET bottle fibre. From this research, there are few recommendations to improve, to extend and to explore the utilization of waste PET bottle fibre in concrete:

i.

Add waste PET bottle fibre with superplasticizer by observing to improve the workability, density and strength development of concrete.

ii.

Use various dimension and aspect ratio of waste PET bottle fibre and determine the most suitable dimension and aspest ratio to achieve the optimum compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength of the concrete.

iii.

Use various percentage of waste PET bottle fibre and determine the most suitable percentage to achieve the optimum compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength of the concrete.

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