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Pollen analysis of honeys from the Los Lagos region of southern Chile Helmut Horn & Maria Jesus Aira To cite this article: Helmut Horn & Maria Jesus Aira (1997) Pollen analysis of honeys from the Los Lagos region of southern Chile, Grana, 36:3, 160-168, DOI: 10.1080/00173139709362603 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173139709362603

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Date: 17 January 2017, At: 07:28

Grana 36: 160-168, 1997

Pollen analysis of honeys from the Los Lagos region of southern Chile HELMUT HORN and MARIA JESUS AIRA

Horn, H. & Aira, M.J. 1997. Pollen analysis of honeys from the Los Lagos region of southern Chile Grana 36: 160-168. ISSN 0017-3134. A total of 93 honey samples were analyzed from the Los Lagos Region (provinces of Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihué and Chiloé) in Chile, of which 47 were monofloral and the rest polyfloral. The majority of the monofloral honeys were ulmo ones (37 honeys), characterized by the presence of Eucryphia-LotusEucalyptus pollen. Five willow honeys containing Salix-Eucryphia-Lotus pollen were also identified together with 3 monofloral tineo honeys, with a predominance of Weinmannia-Salix-Eucryphia, a single rape honey (Brassica spp.) and another of white clover (Trifolium repens). The polyfloral honeys contain high quantities of pollen characteristic of monofloral honeys, along with pollen of other plants (especially nectar-producing ones). The following classification for this group of honeys is proposed: Polyfloral I and II (Eucryphia predominant), Polyfloral III (Weinmannia predominant), Polyfloral IV (Lotus predominant), Polyfloral V and VI (co-predominance of two and three taxa respectively, in different combinations). H. Horn, Landesanstalt für Bienenkunde, Universität Hohenheim, August von Hartmann-Strasse, 13. 10-70593-Stuttgart, Germany; Maria Jesus Aira, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur., E-15706-Santiago de Compostela, Spain. (Manuscript accepted 13 May 1997)

Honeys are analysed for their pollen content and to control their origin. This kind of analysis has become more popular in recent years (Persano & Ricciardelli, 1986, Persano et al. 1988, among others) since the characterization of honey, one of the most highly valued apicultural products, is an important aspect with respect to the development of beekeeping. Records of the Division of Study and Budgets (DEP 1988) show that Chile has a large number of hives (543,576 registered ones), which are distributed throughout the country on small-scale holdings; 47% of the hives are located on holdings of less than 10 ha., 33% on holdings of between 10 and 100 ha., and only 20% on holdings of more than 100 ha. Little research has been so far been carried out with regard to Chilean apiculture. Most research has centred on the study of honey-producing flora in different provinces (Montaldo 1981, 1988; Neira & Beck 1983, Rios et al. 1988, Gonzalez et al. 1992), often by analyzing corbicula pollen (McLellan 1976, Murrel & Szabo 1981, Severson & Parry 1981, Montenegro et al. 1989, Sempe et al. 1989, Varela et al. 1991, Poblete & Montenegro 1992, Iturriaga et al. 1992) in order to ascertain the apiculture value of native plants. In this regard, several authors have highlighted the high potential of some regions (Leon 1985) and specifically the one dealt with in this study, the Tenth or Los Lagos Region (Neira & Beck 1983), which is the third most important honey-producing region in the country. Their research points to a magnificent future for apiculture development if production methods are improved and honey characteristics are studied in order to provide more information for consumers. In general, the physicochemical properties of Chilean honey are within the limits set by international legislation, although in some honeys moisture content, total acidity or Grana 36 (1997)

diastase activity may approach unacceptable levels (Molina 1989). With regard to pollen content, the only references encountered are studies by Trivelli (1987 a, b). The present study, therefore analyzes the pollen content of 93 honeys from the Los Lagos Region in order to contribute to a better understanding of their qualities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study region The Los Lagos Region (Tenth Region) comprises the provinces of Valdivia, Osorno, Llanquihue and Chiloe. Geologically, the region is defined by three features: the coastal escarpment (Cordillera de la Costa), the Central Valley and the Andes Mountains. At the boundary between the two latter features, the great lakes of southern Chile have a modifying influence on the climate and vegetation (Ramirez 1979). The climate is humid Mediterranean with an oceanic influence (Scherhag 1969), with the highest precipitation occurring in the Valdivia Province (2,000 mm per year). Annual mean temperature is 11°C, with an average of 14°C in summer and 4°C in winter. Chile's flora is extremely diverse due to its strategic geographical location (17°46'N to 55°59'S) and large land area (756,252 km 2 with a maximum length of 3,925 km); different plant formations alternate with a predominance of lowland deciduous forest in the Central Valley. The plant associations present in the area of study (Pisano 1956, Schmithuesen 1956, Oberdorfer 1960, Villagran et al. 1974, Ramirez & Romero 1974, Ramirez 1979, Godoy et al. 1981) include coihue-ulmo woodland (Dombeyo-Eucryphietum), olivillo woodland (Lapagerio-Aextoxiconetum), tepa-tineo woodland (LaurelioWeinmannietum), arraySn woodland (Myrceugenielletum), temu-pitra woodland (Temu-Myrceugenietum exsuccae), boldo woodland (Nothofago-Perseetum boldetosum), roble-Iaurel-lingue woodland (Nothofago-Perseetum), ranli woodland (Nothofagetum precerae), © 1997 Scandinavian University Press. ISSN 0017-3134

Pollen in southern Chile honeys

161

400"

42Q-

445-

Fig. 1. Location of areas studied 1* Lago Rinihue 2* Lago Ranco 3* Osorno 4* Las Cascadas 5* Ensenada Ralun 6* Chiloe. nine woodland (Chusqueo-Nothofagetum abtarcticae), lenga wood-Table I. Locations in which the 93 honeys were produced. land (Nothofagetum pumilionis), cohiue woodland (Nothofagetum nitidae), alerce woodland (Fitzroyetum), guaiteca cypress woodland Honey Location Area (Pilgerodendronetuni) and valdiviana rainforest, valdviano woodland or temperate rainforest (Hauman 1916). 1-9 Rinihue Lago Rinihue A common characteristic of the region, is the presence of ulmo 10 Tohue Lago Rinihue (Eucryphia spp.). Of the five Eucryphia species that have been 11-14 Flor del Lago Lago Rinihue described worldwide, two occur in the Los Lagos Region (Eucryphia 15 Mayai Lago Rinihue cordifolia Cav. and Eucryphia glutinosa (Poepp. et Endl.) Baill.), 16-22 Rupameica Lago Ranco two in Tasmania and one in southwest Australia. Ulmo does not 23 Hueinahue Lago Ranco form pure woodland but is normally associated with roble 24 Llancacura Lago Ranco (Nothofagus spp.), tepa (Laureliopsis philipiana (Looser) Schodde),25-27 Caicayen Lago Ranco tineo (Weinmannia trichosperma Cav.) and coihue (Nothofagus dom28 Cudico Lago Ranco beyi (Mirbel) Oersted). 29-37 Maihue Lago Ranco 38-39 Rininahue Lago Ranco 40 Gueimen Lago Ranco Pollen analysis 41 Chichuio Lago Ranco 42 Illahuapi Lago Ranco The 93 honeys analyzed in this study came from several different Futrono Lago Ranco areas (Fig. 1, Table I). Samples were prepared without acetolysis as 43-44 Osomo Osomo per Louveaux et al. (1978), with at least 1,200 pollen grains being 45-48 49-63 Las Cascadas Las Cascadas counted in each sample. Ensenada Ralun Ensenada Pollen grains were identified with the aid of a personal reference 64 Castro - Dalcahue Chiloe centro-norte collection, prepared from material obtained during several visits to 65-93 the country. The pollen collection, located in Stuttgart's Landesanstalt fur Bienenkunde, includes the most characteristic pollen types of the Chilean flora. Studies on pollen morphology by was confirmed, a characteristic fact, found by other authors other authors (especially Heusser 1971) were also consulted. for plants with a high production of small pollen grains (Ferrazzi 1992), as well as the under-representation of Citrus, Lavandula and most of the species of the family of RESULTS Cucurbitaceae (Louveaux et al. 1978). Sporadically, the A total of 200 pollen types were identified in the samples, spectra also included pollen of anemophilous and non-nectarthe majority of which were from nectar-producing taxa, producing plants such as Plantago, all species belonging to which were the only ones considered when determining the the family of Poaceae, Papaver, Rumex, Alnus, Betula, Juncus ... etc, the origin of which has been explained by plant origin of the honeys. The extremely high content of Eucryphia and Weinmannia other authors (Von Frisch 1959, Persano et al. 1988). Gram 36 (1997)

162

H. Horn and M. J. Aira

Because of the differences in the pollen representation of Table II. Pollen types and their frequency-class distributions the main nectar-producing plants, and in order to interpret in the 37 honeys classified as monofloral Eucryphia. correctly the pollen/nectar relationship, 90% was set as the D: predominant pollen (>45%), S: secondary (45-16%), s: important limit for monofloral ulmo {Eucryphia) and tineo {Weinmannia)pollen (15-3%), r: minor pollen (3-1%), p: pollen present (< 1%). honeys, while the standard value of 45% normally used in (*) Pollen types belonging to the marked family not further identified. the characterization of monofloral honeys was retained for s D s r p the willow (Salix), rape (Brassica) and white clover (Trifolium Pollen types repens) honeys. These criteria resulted in 47 monofloral Eucryphia 0 37 0 0 0 honeys of five different types (ulmo, willow, tineo, rape and Lotus uliginosus 0 7 0 1 29 white clover) and 46 polyfloral honeys (Fig. 2). 0 0 2 Weinmannia trichosperma 15 9 Monofloral honeys 1. Ulmo honey (Eucryphia spp.). - 37 honeys were categorized to this type. They are pale amber in colour, very aromatic and have an almond-like taste. Their crystallization is compact. 115 pollen types were identified in them (Table II), 84% of which were from nectar-producing plants, with a predominance of Lotus and Weinmannia. The most frequent of the abundant pollen-producing plants were Plantago, Rumex and different species, belonging to the family of Poaceae (including cereals such as rye and corn), although their representation was always less than 1% of the total pollen spectrum. 2. Willow honey (Salix spp.). - 5 honeys were characterized, including those in which Salix was greater than 45% of the pollen spectrum. These honeys are pale amber in colour with a sweet taste and delicate aroma. 71 pollen types were identified (Table III), 81% of which were from nectarproducing taxa (among which Eucryphia stood out, being the secondary pollen in 3 honeys). Of the abundant pollenproducing taxa different species belonging to the family of Poaceae and Cistus pollen were present but with a low representation. 3. Tineo honey (Weinmannia trichosperma). - 3 honeys were categorized to this group. They are very pale amber in colour, with a slightly bitter taste and coarse, unequal crystallization. 44 pollen types were identified (Table IV), 79% of which were from nectar-producing plants with a predominance of Salix and Lotus. No abundant pollenproducing taxa were noticeably present. 4. Rape honey (Brassica spp.). - Only one honey was categorized to this type. It is of very pale colour, slightly unpleasant aroma and quick crystallization. There were 25 pollen types (Table V), 72% of which included nectarproducing taxa such as Weinmannia and Lotus. No abundant pollen-producing taxa stood out in the spectrum. 5. White clover honey (Trifolium repens). - Again, a single honey was identified, of pale colour, sweet and mild taste, uniform and slow crystallization. 39 pollen types were identified (Table VI), 90% of which were from nectar-producing plants such as Trifolium pratense and Eucryphia. No abundant pollen-producing taxa were noticeably present. Polyfloral honeys

46 honeys were classified to this group. 140 pollen types were identified (Table VII), 83% of which were from nectarGrana 36 (1997)

Salix Galega Eucalyptus Asteraceae T (Taraxacum type) Trifolium repens Brassica Rosa canina Embothrium coccineum Anacardiaceae (*) Pyrus Plantago Protea Poaceae (*) Cirsium, Carduus Loranthus Rubus Quillaja saponaria Rliamnus Pedicularis Parthenocissus Trifolium pratense Sinapis Bidens Sambucus Secale cereale Astragalus Labiatae M (Majorana type) Rumex Fuchsia Viciafaba Asteraceae (*) Convolvulus Erica Asteraceae H (Helianthus type) Echium vulgare Laurus Centaurea cyanus Sophora Piper Apiaceae A (Anthriscus type) Ranunculus Nothofagus Castanea sativa Senecio Proteaceae (*) Labiatae S (Salvia type) Citrus Pinus Betula Lavandula Chenopodium Syringa/Ligustrum Acacia Lilium Polygala Apiaceae H (Heracleum type) Oenotheraceae (*) Datura stramonium

0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 17 31 27 25 15 13 13 13 11 9 9 9 8 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 6 6 9 12 22 13 12 10 14 27 23 21 29 19 17 14 14 3 25 20 13 12 9 4 0 26

24 17 12 12 8 7 7 4 4 1 1 0 20 15 14 11 8 8 7 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3 3

3

Pollen in southern Chile honeys Table II. (Continued). Pollen types Fumaria media Tilia Cistus Polygonum Mutisia Zea mays Eschscholzia californica Prunus Cyperaceae (*) Drimys winteri Myrceugenia Cupressus Solarium Fragaria Sapindus Oenothera Heliotropium Lonicera Heracleum sphondylium Phacelia brachyantha Caryophyllaceae (*) Scabiosa Encelia Ambrosia Viburnum Monnina angustifolia Juncus Geranium berterianum Campanula Cucumis Ipomea Olea Jabarosa caulescens Valeriana Medicago Rubia Lapiedra chilensis Sycios Tribulus Ribes Amaranthus Corylus avellana Sagittaria Centaurea jacea Eryngium Gunnera Phlox Lythrum Palmae (*) Centaurea chilensis Citrullus Plumbago Vitis vinifera Laurelia sempervirens

D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

163

Table III. Pollen types and their frequency-class distributions in the 5 honeys classified as monofloral Salix.

s

s

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

r

p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

producing species, with a predominance of Eucryphia, Weinmannia, Lotus, Eucalyptus and Galega. Among the abundant pollen-producing plants, those with the highest pollen representation were Plantago, Pinus and species belonging to the family of Poaceae (with rye and corn being represented). Chenopodium and Cupressus pollen were also identified but with representations of less than 1%.

See Table II for key to frequency classes and explanation to pollen types (*). Pollen types

D

s

s

r

P

Salix Eucryphia Lotus uliginosus Weinmannia Eucalyptus Galega Ranunculus Sinapis Plantago Rumex Brassica Rosa Trifolium pratense Quillaja saponaria Polemonium Viciafaba Apiaceae A (Anthriscus type) Anacardiaceae (*) Trifolium repens Poaceae Labiatae M (Majorana type) Asteraceae T (Taraxacum type) Proteaceae (*) Citrus Pyrus Erica Polygala Laurelia sempervirens Cistus Rhamnus Castanea sativa Sambucus Cirsium/Carduus Berberis/ Mahonia Nothofagus Asteraceae A (Achillea type) Fraxinus Tilia Alnus Syringa/Ligustrum Jabarosa Viburnum Filipendula Calendula officinalis Drimys winteri Parthenocissus Chenopodium Papaver Asteraceae J (Jacea type) Bignoniaceae (*) Acacia Laurus Prunus Scabiosa Rubus Allium Oenothera Cupressus Pinus Apiaceae H (Heracleum type) Caryophyllaceae (*) Caprifoliaceae (*)

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 2 3 0 4 1 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Grana 36 (1997)

164

H. Horn and M. J. Aira Table IV. Pollen types and their frequency-class distributions in the 3 honeys classified as monofloral Weinmannia.

Table III. {Continued). Pollen types

D

s

s

r

P

Gunnera Ermocharis Betula Bidens Echium vulgare Heracleum sphondylium Loranthus Embothrium coccineum Fuchsia

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Brassica Eucryphia Polyfloral honeys T. repens

Salix

Weinmannia

Fig. 2. Honey types.

DISCUSSION Spectrum characteristics (see Tables) No secondary pollens were identified in the ulmo honeys (Eucryphia spp.). The following proved to be as important: Lotus uliginosus (in 7 honeys), Weinmannia trichosperma (in 2 honeys), and Salix and Galega (in 1 honey each). These same pollen types were also present to a lesser extent in other honeys (1-3% of total pollen spectrum), as were Eucalyptus (31 honeys), Asteraceae T (Taraxacum type, 27 honeys) and Trifolium repens (25 honeys). Among the nectarproducing plants, the following were the most frequent trace pollen (less than 1%): Cirsium/Carduus (29 honeys), Labiatae M (Majorana type, 26 honeys), Brassica (22 honeys) and Trifolium pratense (20 honeys). On the basis of these results, the following pollen combination is proposed as the best for identifying Chilean ulmo honeys: Eucryphia (predominant pollen)-Z,0to (important ^>o\\tn)-Eucalyptus (minor pollen). In the willow honeys (Salix), Eucryphia was the secondary pollen in 3 honeys and an important pollen in 2, as were Lotus, Weinmannia, Eucalyptus, Galega and Sinapis. The following pollen types from nectar-producing plants were present in all the willow honeys, although at values of less than 1%: different species belonging to the family of Anacardiaceae and Proteaceae, Drifolium repens, Labiale M (Majovana type) and Astevaceae T (Taraxacum type). Anacardiaceae, Trifolium repens, Labiatae M, Asteraceae T and Proteaceae. Taking into account this data, the following combination is proposed: Salix (predominant pollen)Eucryphia (secondary pollen-important •po\\en)-Lotus uliginosus (minor pollen) and the pollen types mentioned before as trace pollen. Secondary pollen grains were not identified in the tineo honeys {Weinmannia trichosperma) either. Salix (2 honeys) and Lotus uliginosus (1 honey) stood out as important Grana36 (1997)

See Table II for key to frequency classes and explanation to pollen types (*). Pollen types

D

s

s

r

p

Weinmannia trichosperma Salix Lotus uliginosus Eucryphia Trifolium repens Parthenocissus Trifolium pratense Eucalyptus Cirsium/Carduus Galega Plantago Rumex Asteraceae T (Taraxacum type) Rosa canina Filipendula Drimys winteri Brassica Pyrus Ranunculus Rubus Poaceae (*) Nothofagus Bidens Sambucus Embothrium coccineum Laurelia sempervirens Proteaceae (*) Chenopodium Malva Corylus avellana Caryophyllaceae (*) Tilia Mahonia Senecio Sinapis Polygonum Solaria Cistus Labiatae M (Majorana type) Linum Cyperaceae (*) Protea Castanea sativa Loranthus

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

components, while other pollen types were present at values of less than 3%. In view of these results, the following combination is proposed as being the most representative of these honeys: Weinmannia (predominant pollen)-&z//x (important vo\\zn)-Eucryphia (minor pollen). Of the nectarproducing plants, Brassica and Rubus may be present at values of less than 1%. Rape honeys (Brassica) had Weinmannia trichosperma as the secondary pollen and Lotus uliginosus as an important pollen. Other pollen types were present at values of less than 3%. In the white clover honeys (Trifolium repens), no secondary pollen were identified and Trifolium pratense and Eucryphia stood out as being important. 14 types were

Pollen in southern Chile honeys

165

Table V. Pollen types and their frequency-class distributions in the honey classified as monofloral Brassica.

Table VI. Pollen types and their frequency-class distributions in the honey classified as monofloral T. repens.

See Table II for key to frequency classes and explanation to pollen type (*).

See Table II for key to frequency classes and explanation to pollen types (*).

Pollen types

D

Brassica Weinmannia trichosperma Lotus uliginosus Galega Trifolium repens Filipendula Nothofagus Rhamnus Eucalyptus Eucryphia Laurelia sempervirens Aruncus Castanea sativa Plantago Pyrus Ranunculus Rumex Trifolium pratense Poaceae (*) Berberis/Mahonia Cupressus Pinus Apiaceae A (Anthriscus type) Asteraceae T {Taraxacum type) Parthenocissus

I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

p

Pollen types

D

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Trifolium repens Trifolium pratense Eucryphia Brassica Erica Plantago Rumex

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 0

Salix Viciafaba

0 0

0 0

Filipendula Lotus uliginosus Asteraceae T {Taraxacum type) Eucalyptus Fuchsia Weinmannia trichosperma Pedicularis Proteaceae Bidens Castanea sativa Cirsium/Carduus Croton Fragaria Galega Lonicera Prunus Pyrus Rosa Rubus Poaceae (*) Berberis/Mahonia Nothofagus Polygala Apiaceae A {Anthriscus type) Asteraceae A {Achillea type) Labiatae M (Majovana type) Caryophyllaceae (*) Loranthus Mutisia Embothrium coccineum

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

included in the minor pollen category (1-3%) and 22 types in the trace pollen category (