Plug-In Vehicles: Coming Soon to Already in a Garage Near You

Michael Ogburn, CLEER! (970) 704-9200! [email protected]!

Alternative Fuel Acronym Definitions Plug-in Vehicles HEV: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (engine + battery, no plug; minimal EV range) PLUG-IN VEHICLES: PHEV: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV with plug + big battery) 10-30 miles of EV driving at highway speeds EV or BEV: Battery Electric Vehicle – electric-only operation EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EV + generator, similar to PHEV) Chevy Volt: ~40 miles of EV driving at highway speeds eGallon: The price of an eGallon is how much it costs to drive an EV the same distance you could go on a gallon of unleaded gasoline in a similar car PLUG-IN VEHICLES FOR IN-TOWN USE ONLY Not viable in many communities due to vehicle speeds on main roads NEV: Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (federally limited to 25 mph)

Electricity has impressive price stability

http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/mbaumhefner/buck-a-gallon_gas_for_life.html

CNG and electricity have advantages: Lower price, lower volatility

ELECTRIC

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, with electric data added by Mike Ogburn.

“Pump price” of certain alternative fuels are less subject to changes in market prices for energy

Diesel Retail price $3.87/GGE (July 2013)

$4.00 Taxes

$3.00

13%

Gasoline Retail price $3.59/GGE (July 2013)

Taxes

Distribution and Marketing

13%

Distribution and Marketing

Refining

10%

Refining

12% 7%

CNG Retail price $2.10/GGE (2013)

12%

Electricity Taxes

$2.00

$1.00

“If the price goes up for oil, natural gas, coal, wind, solar, etc, how much will that affect “pump” price?”

Crude Oil

65%

Crude Oil

70%

Electricity Pipeline

18% 6% 9%

Operations Maintenance Amortization

42%

Natural Gas

26%

$0.00 Sources: US DoE EIA http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/, http://energy.gov/maps/egallon NGVA US DoE EERE

Retail price $1.14/eGallon

Taxes Transmission and Delivery

15% 30%

Power Plant

30%

Fuel Costs

25%

Passenger Car Example: EV & PHEV Capital and fuel cost to drive 100,000 miles

Gasoline Car Purchase Price $16,000

Gasoline Fuel, 27mpg $3.50/gal = $12,900

Electric Car w/tax credits Purchase Price $18,000

20% Gas + 80% Electric Total fuel = $4,000

PHEV Car w/tax cred. Purchase Price $23,000

0

$5k

$10k

$15k

$8,000 savings vs. gasoline + no oil changes!

Electri city, $2,800

$20k

$25k

$2,000 savings vs gas-only

$30k

VEHICLE COST OF OWNERSHIP – FIRST 100,000 MILES *Note: Vehicle costs and fuel prices may vary. The values above are estimates for example purposes.

Do#EVs#s'll#seem#expensive?# Leasing#avoids#up6front#cost#hurdles# Lease + Fuel costs for a PHEV or EV may be cheaper on day one! The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

Governments: Lease companies can take tax credits and pass them through as lower lease payments

Electric Vehicles – Here now! A good match for predictable daily driving. 100+ MPGe ratings.

EV

Ford Focus EV – First sold 2012 •  •  •  • 

EV Range 75 miles MPG equivalent: 105 mpge MSRP: $39,200 then $7,500 federal tax credit Battery thermal management system for any climate

Nissan Leaf EV – First sold 2011 •  •  •  • 

EV Range 75 miles MPG equivalent: 105 mpge MSRP: $28,800 then $7,500 federal tax credit 2013 model now costs less + have 25% more range

Tesla Model S – First sold 2012 •  •  •  •  •  • 

EV Range options up to 265 miles, MPG equivalent: 89 mpge MSRP: $67,400 to $77,400 ($7,500 fed. credit) Performance Pkg $97,900 0-60 in 4.4 sec Charger options: 6 kW up to 90 kW charger capability Battery thermal management system for any climate

iles m l a t o +t 0 0 0 , 0 014 0 2 0 , g 0 u 0 5 of A s a n drive ay d r e p iles m 0 0 0 014 700, 2 n a J as of

EV

EV

Coming in 2015: 4x4 electric SUV Denver to Vail and back on 1 charge

Tesla’s Model-X: This 2014 electric SUV has all wheel drive, seats 7, has gull-wing doors, ~200 miles per charge, 120kW SuperCharger FREE in GJ, Glenwood, Silverthorne, Park Meadows,

Electric Vehicles – Here now! A good match for predictable daily driving. 100+ MPGe ratings.

BMW i3– First sold 2014 •  •  •  • 

EV Range 81 miles MPG equivalent: 124 mpge MSRP: $41,350 then $7,500 fed. tax credit) Gasoline “Range Extender” option: 150 miles on EV+gas.

Toyota RAV4 EV - 2013 •  •  •  • 

EV

EV Range 103 miles MPG equivalent: 76 mpge MSRP: $49,800 then $7,500 fed. tax credit Primarily sold in California

Chevy Spark EV - 2014 •  •  •  • 

EV + REX

EV Range 82 miles MPG equivalent: 119 mpge MSRP: $27,500 then $7,500 fed. tax credit Limited to certain states; California, Oregon, Washington

EV

Plug In Hybrids – Here now! A good match for ANYBODY – Electric for most of a daily drive, then gasoline. PHEV

500,00 0,000+ electric driven miles as of Ju ne 201 4 PHEV

Chevy Volt •  •  •  •  • 

38 miles 350 miles at 37 mpg 94 mpge 149 hp $39,145 then $7,500 fed tax credit

Ford CMAX Energi •  •  •  •  • 

PHEV

EV Range Gasoline Range MPG equivalent: Peak Horsepower MSRP:

First sold: 2011

EV Range Gasoline Range MPG equivalent: Peak Horsepower MSRP:

First sold: 2012

22 miles 550+ miles at 43 mpg 100 mpge 188 hp $33,745 then $4,003 fed tax credit

Toyota Prius Plug-In First sold: 2011 •  •  •  •  • 

EV Range Gasoline Range MPG equivalent: Peak Horsepower MSRP:

11 miles 500+ miles at 50 mpg 95 mpge 134 hp $32,760 then $2,500 fed tax credit

Plug In Hybrids – Here now! A good match for ANYBODY – Electric for most of a daily drive, then gasoline. PHEV

Ford Fusion Energi •  •  •  • 

EV Range Gasoline Range MPG equivalent: MSRP:

2013

22 miles 550+ miles at 43 mpg 100 mpge $38,700 then $4,003 fed tax credit

PHEV 4x4

Mitsubishi Outlander Plug-In 2013 •  •  •  •  •  •  PHEV

EV Range 30 miles (TBD) Gasoline Range 400+ miles at TBD mpg MPG equivalent: TBD mpge MSRP: $TBD then $TBD tax credit All-Wheel-Drive electric + series/parallel gasoline hybrid On sale in Japan, coming to USA in 2015

Honda Accord •  EV Range •  Gasoline Range

2014

15 miles 550+ miles at 46 mpg MPG equivalent: 115 mpge •  MSRP: $39,780 then $3,400 fed tax credit •  Limited availability; New York and California only

Porsche plug-in-hybrid 918 Spyder 20 miles EV range 285 hp / 887hp EV / Hybrid max power 93 mph / 186 mph EV / Hybrid top speed 90 mpg Euro Fuel Economy only $845,000

Formula 1 racing is now 100% hybrid-electric 600hp Gasoline V6 160hp Energy Recovery System Motor + turbo-generator + regen braking Winning requires good fuel economy

All-new all-electric Formula E racing 3 seconds 0-60mph 136 mph top speed Racing planned for 2014/2015

Electric Vehicles are appearing in all markets

Harley is developing electric motorcycles

Rapid charging enables 20 MPGe transit buses Smaller battery + Frequent charges = Low lifecycle cost

Up to 90% lower fuel cost vs. diesel (over vehicle lifetime)

Elecrtricity = lower fuel price volatility

Up to 40% lower maintenance cost vs. diesel (fewer moving parts)

Scheduled charges occur during “time checks” – 5-10 minutes each hour. Nearly silent operation – quieter than CNG, much quieter than diesel 150 kW electric motor + 3 speed transmission. Perfect for in-town routes. 500 kW rapid-charger, typically placed at one or two key locations

EVSE = Electric Vehicle Service Equipment Goal is to deliver electricity safely

What’s inside an EVSE? Here’s one system. On/Off Relay Switch: Sends AC power to car only after communications are successful

Current-Sensing: Devices to measure energy delivered to the vehicle

Control Board: Communicates with car, checks for ground faults, interfaces with optional billing systems, credit card readers etc.

Wiring Terminals: External electrical connections for 240V, 40A typical

Industry-standard plug for all electric vehicles and plug-in-hybrids •  SAE J1772 – Society of Automotive Engineers standardized the electric plugs for safety and durability. •  Plug is on 120 V convenience cords, included with most electric vehicles and plug-in-hybrids. •  Plug can deliver 240 V power from a “charger” known as Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE). •  If someone unplugs a car during charging, the safety connection separates first and triggers the EVSE system to interrupt the electricity flow to prevent arcing.

Understanding EV Charging: Level 1, Level 2, & DC Fast Charging

LEVEL 1: " At Home!

5 miles per hour! 1400 Watts ! 120V, 12A! (20A circuit breaker)!

LEVEL 2: " At Home, or! Public Locations!

25 miles per hour ! 6,600 Watts* ! 240V, 30A**! (40A circuit breaker)! *Some PHEVs charge at 3,300 Watts. **Plug standard accommodates up to 70A !

DC ! 130 to 340 miles* ! Fast Charge: " per hour of charge! Not critical for EVs.! PHEV’s don’t need it.! Only for long EV trips.! Various plug standards.!

44,000 to 120,000 Watts ! *Most vehicles are 80% full in about 30 minutes. !

SAE Combo, CHAdeMO, Tesla!

80% of EV charging occurs at home Level 1 and Level 2 charging at home or fleet base •  Level 2 charging refills a car at about 25 miles for each hour plugged in. •  Level 2 EVSE can greatly increase the daily electric range of an EV or PHEV. •  Home EVSE hardware starts at $560, plus installation of a “dryer plug” circuit. •  Commercial EVSE hardware costs $1,000 to $7,000 plus varying installation costs.

EV Infrastructure is Growing Quickly Western Slope EV Charging Locations There are 53 EV charging plugs in operation at 21 locations in Western Colorado, Approximately 16 plugs at 10 additional western slope locations are planned for 2014.

Available now 0 Coming in 2014

Western Colorado EVSE locations now open also include: Montrose, Ouray, Telluride Mountain Village, Steamboat Springs. Search for alternative fuel stations in the U.S. online at: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/ (1 month delay posting new stations) For additional “crowd-sourced” detail on EVSE locations, visit http://plugshare.com Map above updated as of August 14, 2014

Nationwide EV Infrastructure is Growing Fast

Monthly electrical costs to drive a plug-in vehicle are low The electric cost to drive a plug-in vehicle is about $26 per month

•  The “fuel” cost when driving electric is about 3.1 cents per mile •  •  • 

Assumes the average plug-in vehicle driver travels 10,000 miles per year on electricity Assumes the vehicle can travel 3.5 miles per kWh, that equals 2,857 kWh per year Assumes the customer pays $0.11 per kWh, that equals $314.28 per year, or $26.19

Preparing for 120V charging is easy •  Level 1 charging refills a car at about 5 miles for each hour plugged in. •  If possible, install a 15 amp single-outlet plug on a dedicated circuit to charge plug-in vehicles. (Your EV should not share a circuit with your beer fridge and garage door opener.) •  Can you guess what happens if a second plug-in vehicle uses the plug in this parking garage??

Dedicated 120 V GFCI plug outlet Is recommended

Good management is critical to ensure vehicle charging costs are low at commercial buildings Fleet has 4 EVs, each drives 1,000 mi/month, has 4 Level 2 chargers (6.6kW each) •  Option 1. Charge any time. This causes a new peak, 27kW higher than usual. $0.11/mi •  Option 2. Fleet sets EVs to automatically charge at night. $0.01/mile Chart#shows#building# electric#Demand#in# kilowa@s#(kW)#

Low#overnight# kW#demand#

Normal#Peak#Demand#90kW:# caused#by#HVAC,#computers,# lights,#etc.#

Op'on#1)#Day'me#charging#of#six# EVs#at#2:45pm#on#a#hot#day#causes# new#peak#of#117#kW#for#the# month.#Addi'onal#cost#on#monthly# bill#could#be#$400.##Cost#per#mile# to#drive#the#EVs#could#increase#10X# =#$0.11/mile#

Op'on#2)#EVs#set#to# automa'cally#charge# at#night.#No#new# demand#charge.##EV# driving#=#$0.01/mile#

“DC Fast Charging” Standard? Stay tuned.!

" 80% of charging will be Level II at home base, focus on that for now. " Fast Chargers will eventually come to in cities, highways and travel destinations." A large customer base of vehicles is needed to afford high utility demand charges." !

DC Fast Charging is Optional on some Plug-in Vehicles:! US & EU Carmakers Prefer SAE’s DC Standard: DC Level I and II" 500 V! 40 kW to 100 kW! ! ! ! ! ! New “combo-connector”! http://ev.sae.org/article/10128!

Japanese Carmakers Prefer CHAdeMO DC Standard: DC: 500 V, up to 65 kW!

2 7

Plug-in Vehicles Common Misconceptions

Do EVs really emit less CO2? Yes!

45% of Americans live in the “best” areas for EVs… …and the grid is getting cleaner every day!

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, State of Charge Report 2012. UCS Regional global warming emissions ratings are based on 2009 power plant data in the EPA’s eGRID 2012 database (the most recent available version).

Since this data was sourced, Colorado alone added 3,000 megawatts of wind.

What about power plant pollution? EVs win. Even on Colorado’s coal-heavy grid, EVs are cleaner …and the grid is getting cleaner every day!

Source: Lessons Learned from the Clean Cities Community EV Readiness Projects, March 2014, prepared by C2ES.org

Grid readiness for plug-in vehicles Nighttime charging ensures EVs don't cause new grid peaks. California can charge 5 million plug-in hybrids at night with minimal impact. Most EV's have built-in features to set the preferred charge time.

Do EVs increase coal use? No. The majority of new electricity generation in U.S. is low-carbon. Powerful market forces are driving generation changes, not EVs.

What about environmental impacts, such as ... …battery recycling? A great system is in place: Car batteries are the most-recycled product in the U.S. •  98% of existing lead-acid car batteries are recycled. •  0% of gasoline is recycled. •  Only 27% of plastic bottles and 58% of aluminum cans are recycled. •  Toyota offers a $200 bounty on junkyard hybrid batteries.

…the embodied energy of making an EV or PHEV? Takes a bit more energy to make, yields huge energy savings over its lifetime.

EV’s on the grid are fine, but what about solar? Renewables: Buy solar now, fuel is free for decades

Driving a gasoline vehicle: •  10,000 miles per year •  at 30 miles per gallon •  is 333 gallons per year •  = $1,000 per year

Driving an electric vehicle: •  10,000 miles per year •  at 3 miles per kWh •  is 3,333 kWh per year

To buy 50 years of fuel today: 500,000 miles of fuel = $50,000 assuming $3/gallon (you'd need a big tank!)

Equal to 2 kW of solar PV panels Some Community Solar Gardens offer a 50 year warranty on power Cost: $7,000, then free electricity 50 years of EV charging: $7,000 one-time purchase! Powers 500,000 miles of driving

Are EVs safe? Yes! Just like any new car, crash ratings matter to buyers. FMVSS regulations include alt-fuel requirements. Vehicle

Chevy Volt

Nissan Leaf

Safety features •  five star side impact, five star frontal •  "Good" in frontal offset, side-impact and roof strength tests •  antilock brakes, stability control, front side airbags, front knee airbags and full-length side curtain airbags

•  five star side impact, four star frontal •  "Good" in frontal-offset, side-impact and roof-strength tests •  antilock disc brakes, stability and traction control, front side airbags and side curtain airbags

Ford Focus EV

•  five star side impact, four star frontal •  "Good" in the frontal-offset, side and roof strength tests •  antilock brakes, stability control, front side airbags and side curtain airbags, Ford Sync system, MyKey system

Will the battery last? Vehicle

Chevy Volt

Warranty 8 years, 100,000 miles Designed for 10+ years and 150,000+ miles It is possible to replace individual cells without replacing the entire battery pack.

Nissan Leaf

8 years, 100,000 miles Designed to have 80% of capacity at 10 yrs It is possible to replace individual cells without replacing the entire battery pack.

Most Gasoline Engines

5 years, 60,000 miles Warranty varies by manufacturer 5 years, 100,000 is the best available

Don’t PHEV and EV batteries cost $1,000’s to replace? Concern

What if my battery fails?

Response Warranty will cover you for years Currently, all battery manufacturers offer an 8 year 100,000 mile warranty

But what about after the warranty?

Battery failure is not very likely Many EV batteries are designed for 10 years, 150,000+ miles. Hybrid Escapes batteries are lasting 300,000 miles, and 1998 RAV4 EVs are still running

What if my battery fails after warranty is out?

Battery repair is cheaper than you think: Often a single module fails, not the entire pack. Module replacement is $100’s not $1,000’s. Battery packs are getting cheaper all the time. In 8 years, batteries will hold more energy and cost much less than today.

Can EVs go in the snow? Many EVs front-wheel drive = great snow handling

Like any car, buy snow tires! Program your car or use a mobile app to trigger automatic heating or cooling. Warm up the car before you even get out of bed!

Ford Focus EV & Chevy Volt batteries have liquid heating/cooling for extreme climates.

More information on Electric Vehicles at:! www.ElectricRideColorado.com!

More information on GCE and it’s programs! www.GarfieldCleanEnergy.org!

www.CleanEnergyEconomy.net or 970 704 9200!