PLANT ­COMMUNITIES OF HUNGARY

PLANT ­COMMUNITIES OF HUNGARY by

Attila Borhidi,

Balázs Kevey and Gábor Lendvai

A Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest · 2012

Supported by the Hungarian Academy of Science and by the Borchidea Hungarian–Mexican deposit company

Photoillustrations by Tibor Seregélyes Critical reading by Dénes Bartha István Dancza Gábor Fekete and Gyula Pinke

ISBN 978 963 05 9278 9

First English edition: 2012 Published by Akadémiai Kiadó, Members of Wolters Kluwer Group P.O.Box 245. H–1519 Budapest, http://www.akkrt.hu © A. Borhidi, B. Kevey and G. Lendvai, 2012

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means or transmitted or translated into machine language without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in Hungary

Content

Preface and short historical survey.................................................................................................33 The structure and function of plant associations.............................................................................40 The study of plant associations.......................................................................................................43 The phytosociological system of classification...............................................................................46 Numerical classification: A way towards virtual phytosociology?.................................................49 Syntaxonomy and nomenclature.....................................................................................................51 Terms and abbreviations.................................................................................................................53 A brief introduction to the geography of Hungary..........................................................................56 Geology and topography...........................................................................................................56 The mountains......................................................................................................................57 The hills................................................................................................................................58 The plains.............................................................................................................................59 Climate......................................................................................................................................60 Hydrography..............................................................................................................................61 Soils...........................................................................................................................................63 A short phytogeographical survey..................................................................................................65 Postglacial history of the flora and vegetation...........................................................................65 Distribution types and migration of the flora.............................................................................66 Phytogeographical units............................................................................................................67 1. The floristic sector of the Pannonian Plains (Eupannonicum).........................................67 1.1. The floristic district of the Kisalföld (Lesser Plain) (Arrabonicum).........................68 1.2. The floristic district of the Mezőföld and the Solt plain (Colocense).......................68 1.3. The floristic district of the Danube and Tisza Interfluve (Praematricum).................69 1.4. The floristic district of the Southern Great Plain and Dráva plain (Titelicum).........69 1.5. The floristic district of the Tiszántúl (Trans-Tisza) (Crisicum).................................70 1.6. The floristic district of the Nyírség (Nyírségense)....................................................70 1.7. The floristic district of the Northern Great Plain (Samicum)....................................71 2. The floristic sector of the North Hungarian mountains (Matricum).................................71 2.1. The floristic district of the Tokaj-Zemplén Mountains (Tokajense)..........................71 2.2. The floristic district of the Aggtelek-Torna Karst (Tornense)...................................72 2.3. The floristic district of the Bükk Mountains (Borsodense).......................................72 2.4. The floristic district of the Mátra Mountains (Agriense)...........................................72 2.5. The floristic district of the Börzsöny Mountains and the Cserhát Hills (Neogradense)............................................................................................................73 2.6. The floristic district of the Visegrád Hills (Visegradense)........................................73 3. The floristic sector of the Transdanubian Mountains (Bakonyicum)...............................73 3.1. The floristic district of the Pilis-Buda and the Gerecse Hills (Pilisense)..................74 5

3.2. The floristic district of the Vértes and Bakony Hills (Vesprimense).........................74 3.3. The floristic district of the Keszthely Hills and Balaton Upland (Balatonicum)......74 4. The floristic sector of Southern Transdanubia (Praeillyricum)........................................75 4.1. The floristic district of the Mecsek Mountains and Villány Hills (Sopianicum).......75 4.2. The floristic district of the Somogy Hills (Kaposense).............................................76 4.3. The floristic district of Inner Somogy (Somogyicum)..............................................76 4.4. The floristic district of the Zala Hills (Saladiense)....................................................76 5. The floristic sector of Western Transdanubia (Prenoricum).............................................77 5.1. The floristic district of Göcsej (Petovicum)..............................................................77 5.2. The floristic district of the Vas Hills and Őrség (Castriferreicum)............................77 5.3. The floristic district of the Lajta Hills (Lajtaicum)...................................................77 6. The floristic sector of the Eastern Alps (Noricum)...........................................................78 6.1. The floristic district of the Sopron Hills (Ceticum)...................................................78 6.2. The floristic district of the Vend area and the Kőszeg Mountains (Stiriacum)..........78 Vegetation belts of Hungary............................................................................................................79 1. The forest-steppe belt.......................................................................................................79 2. The belt of sub-Mediterranean pubescent oak forests and scrub.....................................79 3. The belt of sub-continental oak forests............................................................................80 4. The belt of oak-hornbeam forests.....................................................................................80 5. The belt of beech woods...................................................................................................80 PLANT COMMUNITIES..............................................................................................................83 I. Aquatic vegetation.......................................................................................................................85 Class 1. LEMNETEA de Bolós & Masclans 1955 (Floating aquatic vegetation).....................87 Order 1.1. Lemnetalia minoris de Bolós & Masclans 1955 (Duckweed vegetation)......87 Alliance 1.1.1. Riccio-Lemnion trisulcae Tüxen & Schwabe-Braun 1974 (Liverwort-duckweed communities)............................................................................88 1. Lemnetum trisulcae Knapp & Stoffers 1962..........................................88 2. Riccietum fluitantis Slavnić 1956...........................................................89 3. Ricciocarpetum natantis (Segal 1963) Tüxen 1974...............................89 Alliance 1.1.2. Lemnion minoris de Bolós & Masclans 1955 em. Borhidi 2001 (Small duckweed communities)...................................................................................90 1. Lemnetum minoris Soó 1927.................................................................90 2. Lemno minoris-Spirodeletum W. Koch 1954.........................................91 3. Lemnetum gibbae Miyv. & J. Tx. 1960..................................................91 4. Wolffietum arrhizae Miyv. & J. Tx. 1960...............................................91 Alliance 1.1.3. Lemno minoris-Salvinion natantis Slavnić 1956 (Water fern communities)............................................................................................91 1. Riccio-Salvinietum natantis Borhidi et al. 2001....................................92 2. Salvinio-Spirodeletum Slavnić 1956......................................................92 Order 1.2. Lemno-Utricularietalia Passarge 1978 (Bladderwort communities)...........92 Alliance 1.2.1. Utricularion vulgaris Passarge 1964 (Bladderwort communities of warm, slow-moving waters)........................................93 1. Spirodelo-Aldrovandetum Borhidi & Komlódi 1959............................93 2. Lemno-Utricularietum vulgaris Soó 1928..............................................93 3. Hydrocharito-Utricularietum vulgaris Borhidi et al. 1998.....................94 Order 1.3. Hydrocharetalia Rübel 1933 (Common frogbit communities)...................94 6

Alliance 1.3.1. Hydrocharition Rübel 1933 (Frogbit communities)............................94 1. Hydrocharitetum morsus-ranae van Langendonck 1935........................94 2. Stratiotetum aloidis Nowinski 1930.......................................................95 Alliance 1.3.2. Ceratophyllion Den Hartog & Segal 1964 (Hornwort communities)..............................................................................................95 1. Ceratophylletum demersi Hild 1956......................................................96 2. Ceratophylletum submersi Den Hartog & Segal 1964...........................96 3. Nitello-Ceratophylletum submersi Borhidi et al. 2001..........................96 Class 2. UTRICULARIETEA INTERMEDIO-MINORIS Den Hartog & Segal 1964 (Bladderwort communities in oligotrophic acid water).............................................................97 Order 2.1. Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris Pietsch 1965 (Bladderwort communities in oligotrophic acid water)...................................................97 Alliance 2.1.1. Sphagno-Utricularion Müller & Görs 1960 (Bladderwort communities in acid moors)..................................................................97 1. Aldrovando-Utricularietum minoris Borhidi 1996.................................97 Alliance 2.1.2. Scorpidio-Utricularion Pietsch 1965...................................................98 1. Sparganio minimi-Utricularietum intermediae Tüxen 1937..................98 2. Scorpidio-Utricularietum minoris Th. Müller & Görs 1960..................98 Class 3. CHARETEA FRAGILIS Fukarek ex Krausch 1964 (Stonewort communities).........98 Order 3.1. Nitelletalia flexilis Krause 1969 (Stonewort communities in oligotrophic, acid waters)....................................................99 Alliance 3.1.1. Nitellion syncarpae-tenuissimae Krause 1969 (Lowland stonewort communities of the Atlantic type)..............................................99 1. Nitelletum mucronatae Tomaszewicz 1979............................................99 Order 3.2. Charetalia hispidae Sauer ex Krausch 1964 (Stonewort vegetation of alkaline and hard waters)........................................................99 Alliance 3.2.1. Charion fragilis Krausch 1964 em. Van Raam & Schaminée in Schaminée et al. 1995..................................................................................................99 1. Charetum fragilis Fijalkowski 1960.....................................................100 2. Charetum contrariae Corillion 1957.....................................................100 Alliance 3.2.2. Charion vulgaris Krause 1981 (Stonewort communities in alkaline waters)..............................................................100 1. Charetum ceratophyllae Balogh 1971 nom. nudum.............................100 2. Charetum vulgaris Corillion 1957........................................................100 Class 4. POTAMETEA Klika in Klika & Novak 1941 (Rooted aquatic communities)..........100 Order 4.1. Potametalia Koch 1926 (Pondweed communities).....................................101 Alliance 4.1.1. Potamion lucentis Rivas Martinez 1973 (Large pondweed communities in deep waters)........................................................101 1. Elodeetum canadensis Eggler 1933......................................................101 2. Potametum lucentis Hueck 1931..........................................................102 3. Myriophylletum spicati Soó 1927........................................................102 4. Myriophylletum verticillati Gaudet 1924.............................................102 5. Potametum perfoliati Koch 1926 em. Passarge 1964...........................102 6. Myriophyllo-Potametum Soó 1934......................................................103 Alliance 4.1.2. Potamion pusilli Vollmar 1947 em. Hejný 1978 (Small pondweed communities in shallow water).....................................................103 1. Potametum pectinati Carstensen 1955.................................................104 7

2. Potametum crispi Soó 1928..................................................................104 3. Parvopotameto-Zannichellietum palustris Koch 1926.........................104 4. Potametum colorati Allorge 1922.........................................................104 5. Najadetum marinae Fukarek 1961.......................................................105 Alliance 4.1.3. Nymphaeion albae Oberd. 1957 (Water lily communities)...............105 1. Nymphaeetum albo-luteae Nowinski 1928..........................................105 1a. Myriophyllo verticillati-Nupharetum luteae W. Koch 1926...............106 1b. Ceratophyllo-Nymphaeetum albae (V. Kárpáti 1963) Borhidi 2001...106 2. Nymphoidetum peltatae (Allorge 1922) Bellot 1951...........................106 3. Potametum natantis Soó 1928..............................................................106 4. Polygonetum natantis Soó 1927...........................................................107 5. Trapetum natantis V. Kárpáti 1963.......................................................107 Order 4.2. Callitricho-Batrachietalia Passarge 1978 (European water buttercup communities)......................................................................107 Alliance 4.2.1. Ranunculion aquatilis Passarge 1964 (Water-buttercup communities in still water)............................................................108 1. Ranunculetum aquatilis Géhu 1961.....................................................108 2. Hottonietum palustris Tüxen 1937.......................................................108 3. Callitrichetum cophocarpae Pócs (1958) 1998....................................109 4. Peplidi portulae-Callitrichetum cophocarpae Borhidi 2012.................109 Alliance 4.2.2. Ranunculion fluitantis Neuhäusl 1959 (Water-buttercup communities in moving water)......................................................109 1. Ranunculetum fluitantis (Allorge 1922) Koch 1926............................110 Alliance 4.2.3. Zannichellion pedicellatae Schaminée & al. 1990 em. Pott 1992 (Aquatic vegetation of brackish and salt water).........................................................110 1. Najadetum minoris Ubrizsy 1961.........................................................110 2. Ranunculetum aquatilis-polyphylli Soó 1947...................................... 111 3. Parvopotameto-Zannichellietum pedicellatae Soó 1947...................... 111 II. Vegetation of marshes and moors.............................................................................................112 Class 5. ISOËTO-LITORELLETEA Br.-Bl. & Vlieger 1937 (Atlanto-boreal dwarf lakeshore vegetation)...........................................................................114 Order 5.1. Litorelletalia uniflorae Koch 1926 (Acidophilic dwarf lakeshore vegetation)......................................................................114 Alliance 5.1.1. Eleocharition acicularis Pietsch 1966 em. Dierss. 1975 (sub-continental acidophilic spikerush communities)...............................................115 1. Ranunculo flammulae-Gratioletum Borhidi & Juhász 1985................115 Class 6. ISOËTO-NANOJUNCETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxenex Westhoff & al. 1946 (Dwarf sedge vegetation on muddy surfaces).........................................................................115 Order 6.1. Nanocyperetalia Klika 1935 (European dwarf sedge vegetation)..............115 Alliance 6.1.1. Nanocyperion Koch ex Libbert 1932 (Central European dwarf sedge communities)...........................................................116 Suballiance 6.1.1.1. Nanocyperenion (Koch 1926) Borhidi 2003.........................117 Suballiance 6.1.1.2. Radiolenion linoidis (Rivas-Goday 1961) Borhidi 2003.......117 1. Centunculo-Anthoceretum punctati Koch ex Libbert 1932.................117 2. Centunculo-Radioletum linoidis Krippel 1959....................................117 8

Suballiance 6.1.1.3. Elatini-Eleocharitenion ovatae (Pietsch & Müller-Stoll 1968) Borhidi 2003..........................................................118 1. Polygono-Eleocharitetum ovatae Eggler 1933.....................................118 2. Elatinetum alsinastrum Nagy J. et al. (2006) 2008..............................118 3. Cypero-Juncetum bufonii (Felföldy 1942) Soó & Csűrös 1949..........119 4. Dichostylido michelianae-Gnaphalietum uliginosi Tímár 1947..........119 Suballiance 6.1.1.4. Heleochloo-Cyperenion (Pietsch 1973) Borhidi 2003..........120 1. Dichostylido-Heleochloetum alopecuroidis (Tímár 1950) Pietsch 1973.......................................................................120 2. Lythro hyssopifolio-Pseudognaphalietum luteo-albi (Bodrogközy 1948) Pietsch 1964.............................................................120 3. Alismato lanceolati-Veronicetum anagalloidis (Nagy et al. 2008) Borhidi 2012...............................................................120 Suballiance 6.1.1.5. Elatini-Lindernenion (Pietsch 1973) Borhidi 2003...............121 1. Elatini-Lindernietum procumbentis Ubrizsy (1948) 1961...................121 2. Elatinetum alsinastrum-hungaricae Borhidi 2012................................121 3. Eleochareto-Schoenoplectetum supini Soó & Ubrizsy 1948...............121 Alliance 6.1.2. Verbenion supinae Slavnić 1951 (Pioneer saline vegetation of mud)............................................................................122 1. Heliotropio-Verbenetum supinae Slavnić 1951....................................122 2. Heliotropio supini-Amaranthetum albi Tímár ex Borhidi 2001...........122 3. Pulicario-Menthetum pulegii Slavnić 1951..........................................123 Class 7. PHRAGMITI-MAGNOCARICETEA Klika in Klika & Novak 1941 (Eurasian temperate marshes)..................................................................................................123 Order 7.1. Phragmitetalia Koch 1926 (European fresh water reed beds)....................124 Alliance 7.1.1. Phragmition australis Koch 1926 (European fresh water reed beds)...............................................................................124 1. Phragmitetum communis Soó 1927. em. Schmale 1939......................125 2. Schoenoplectetum lacustris Chouard 1924..........................................125 3. Typhetum latifoliae G. Lang 1973........................................................126 4. Glycerietum maximae Hueck 1931......................................................126 5. Sparganietum erecti Roll 1938.............................................................126 6. Typhetum angustifoliae (Soó 1927) Pignatti 1953...............................126 7. Thelypteridi-Typhetum angustifoliae Borhidi 1996.............................126 8. Cladietum marisci Allorge 1922...........................................................127 9. Acoretum calami (Eggler 1933) Schulz 1941......................................127 10. Equisetetum fluviatilis Steffen 1931..................................................128 Order 7.2. Bolboschoenetalia maritimi Hejný 1967 (Salt marshes of temperate Eurasia)..............................................................................128 Alliance 7.2.1. Cirsio brachycephali-Bolboschoenion (Passarge 1978) Mucina 1993 (Salt marshes of Central Europe)..............................128 1. Polygono-Bolboschoenetum Bodrogközy 1962...................................129 2. Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani Soó 1947.....................................130 3. Schoenoplectetum tabernaemontani-litoralis Borhidi (1969) 1996.....130 4. Bolboschoenetum maritimi Eggler 1933..............................................130 5. Bolboschoeno-Phragmitetum Borhidi & Balogh 1970........................131 6. Glycyrrhizo echinatae-Phragmitetum (Tímár 1947) Borhidi 2003......131 7. Glycyrrhizo echinatae-Phalaroidetum (Tímár 1947) Borhidi 2003.....131 9

8. Typho angustifoliae-Schoenoplectetum mucronatae (Ubrizsy 1961) Borhidi 2003...................................................................132 Order 7.3. Nasturtio-Glycerietalia Pignatti 1953 (Streamside marsh vegetation).......................................................................................132 Alliance 7.3.1. Glycerio-Sparganion Br.-Bl. & Sissingh in Boer 1942 (Mannagrass communities)........................................................................................133 1. Glycerietum fluitantis Eggler 1933......................................................133 2. Veronico-Glycerietum notatae Soó 1973 corr. Borhidi 2001...............133 3. Glycerio notatae-Catabrosetum aquaticae Borhidi 2001......................134 4. Glycerietum nemoralis-notatae Kopecký 1972 corr. Borhidi 2012.....134 4. Leersietum oryzoides Eggler 1933.......................................................134 Alliance 7.3.2. Nasturtio-Veronicion beccabungae Borhidi 2001 (Watercress and water speedwell communities)........................................................134 1. Nasturtietum officinalis Seibert 1962...................................................135 2. Berulo erectae-Menthetum aquaticae M. Kovács ex Borhidi 2001.....135 3. Mentho longifoliae-Beruletum erectae M. Kovács ex Borhidi 2001....135 Order 7.4. Oenanthetalia aquaticae Hejný in Kopecký & Hejný 1965 (Aquatic forb communities)...........................................................................................136 Alliance 7.4.1. Oenanthion aquaticae Hejný ex Neuhäusl 1959 (Water fennel communities).......................................................................................136 1. Oenantho aquaticae-Rorippetum amphibiae Lohmeyer 1950..............136 2. Oenanthetum aquaticae Nagy J. et al. 2008.........................................136 3. Butomo-Alismatetum plantaginis-aquaticae (Slavnić 1948) Hejný 1978.......................................................................137 4. Butomo-Alismatetum lanceolati (Tímár 1947) Hejný 1969................137 5. Butometum umbellati (Konczak 1968) Philippi 1973.........................137 6. Alismato-Eleocharitetum Máthé & M. Kovács 1967...........................137 7. Eleocharitetum palustris Ubrizsy 1948................................................138 8. Eleocharito palustri-Hippuridetum vulgaris Passarge 1955.................138 Order 7.5. Magnocaricetalia Pignatti 1953 (Eurasian tall sedge vegetation)..............138 Alliance 7.5.1. Magnocaricion elatae Koch 1926 (European tall sedge communities)............................................................................139 Suballiance 7.5.1.1. Caricenenion rostratae (Bal.-Tul. 1963) Oberd. et al. 1967 (Tussock sedge vegetation)....................................................................................140 1. Caricetum elatae Koch 1926................................................................140 2. Caricetum paniculatae Wangerin ex von Rochow 1951.......................141 3. Caricetum paradoxae Soó in Aszód 1935.............................................141 4. Equiseto limosi-Caricetum rostratae Zumpfe 1929..............................141 5. Caricetum elato-lasiocarpae Lájer 1997...............................................142 6. Calamagrostetum strictae Soó 1938 corr. Borhidi 2012.......................142 7. Calamagrostetum canescentis Simon 1960..........................................142 8. Schoenoplecto-Juncetum maritimi Soó (1930) 1971...........................143 Suballiance 7.5.1.2. Caricenion pseudocyperi Borhidi 2001 (Vegetation of intertussock depressions)................................................................143 1. Cicuto-Caricetum pseudocyperi Boer & Sissingh 1942.......................143 2. Carici pseudocyperi-Menyanthetum Soó 1955....................................144 3. Ludwigio-Caricetum pseudocyperi Borhidi & Járai-Komlódi (1959) in Borhidi 1996.............................................................................144 Suballiance 7.5.1.3. Caricenion gracilis (Neuhäusl 1959) Oberd. et al. 1967 (Tall sedge meadows).............................................................................................144 10

1. Caricetum acutiformis Eggler 1933.....................................................145 2. Galio palustris-Caricetum ripariae Bal.-Tul. et al. 1993......................145 3. Caricetum acutae Almquist 1929 corr. Borhidi 2012...........................145 4. Caricetum vesicariae Chouard 1924.....................................................146 5. Caricetum distichae Steffen 1931.........................................................146 6. Caricetum melanostachyae Balázs 1943..............................................146 7. Carici acutae-Phalaridetum (Kovács & Máthé 1967) Soó 1971 corr. Borhidi 2012....................................................................147 8. Caricetum vulpinae Soó 1927..............................................................147 9. Carici appropinquatae-Equisetetum variegati (M. Kovács 1962) Borhidi 2001.............................................................................................147 10. Carici vulpinae-Polygonetum bistortae Endes 2003 corr. Borhidi 2012............................................................................148 11. Iridetum pseudacori Eggler 1933.......................................................148 Class 8. MONTIO-CARDAMINETEA Br.-Bl. & Tx. 1943 (Vegetation of stream sides and seepage areas).......................................................................149 Order 8.1. Montio-Cardaminetalia Pawl. 1928 (Seep water vegetation).....................149 Alliance 8.1.1. Caricion remotae Kastner 1941 (Shaded seep water vegetation)......149 1. Cardaminetum amarae Br.-Bl. 1925.....................................................150 2. Cardamino-Chrysosplenietum alternifolii Maas 1959.........................150 Alliance 8.1.2. Cardamino-Montion Br.-Bl. 1926 (Calcifuge seep water vegetation)..............................................................................151 1. Montio-Bryetum schleicheri Br.-Bl. 1925............................................151 Alliance 8.1.3. Cratoneurion commutati Koch 1928. (Calcicole seep water vegetation)..............................................................................151 1. Carici lepidocarpae-Cratoneuretum filicini Kovács & Felföldy 1960 corr. Soó 1971..................................................152 Class 9. SCHEUCHZERIO-CARICETEA FUSCAE Tüxen 1937 (Fens and transitional mires)...................................................................................................152 Order 9.1. Scheuchzerietalia palustris Nordhagen 1937 (Transitional mires)............152 Alliance 9.1.1. Rhynchosporion albae Koch 1926 (Marsh beak rush communities).................................................................................153 1. Sphagno tenelli-Rhynchosporetum albae Osvald 1923 em. Dierssen 1982...........................................................................................153 Alliance 9.1.2. Caricion lasiocarpae Vanden Berghen ap. Lebrun & al. 1949 (European oligotrophic transitional mires)................................................................153 1. Caricetum lasiocarpae Osvald 1923 em. Dierssen 1982......................153 2. Carici lasiocarpae-Sphagnetum Zólyomi 1931....................................154 3. Caricetum rostratae Osvald 1923 em. Dierssen 1982..........................154 Order 9.2. Caricetalia fuscae Koch 1926 em Br.-Bl. 1949 (Palearctic oligotrophic acid fens).................................................................................155 Alliance 9.2.1. Caricion fuscae Koch 1926 em. Klika 1934 (European oligotrophic acid fens)..............................................................................155 1. Phragmiti communis-Sphagnetum recurvi Zólyomi 1931...................155 2. Carici acutiformis-Sphagnetum Zólyomi 1934....................................155 3. Carici echinatae-Sphagnetum Soó 1954...............................................156 4. Caricetum nigrae Braun 1915...............................................................156 11

5. Eriophoro latifolii-Caricetum diandrae (Hargitai 1942) Borhidi 2001...................................................................156 6. Sphagno flexuosi-Eriophoretum angustifolii Lájer 1998.....................157 7. Sphagno fallaci-Caricetum elatae Lájer 1998......................................157 Order 9.3. Caricetalia davallianae Br.-Bl. 1949 (Calciphilic fens).............................158 Alliance 9.3.1. Caricion davallianae Klika 1934 (Lowland calciphilic fens)............158 1. Cladio marisci-Schoenetum nigricantis Soó 1930...............................158 2. Anacamptido palustris-Schoenetum nigricantis (Allorge 1921) Oberd. 1957 corr. Borhidi 2012.......................................159 3. Caricetum davallianae Dutoit 1924......................................................159 4. Seslerietum uliginosae Soó 1941.........................................................160 5. Juncetum subnodulosi Koch 1926........................................................160 6. Carici flavae-Eriophoretum Soó 1944..................................................161 7. Eleocharido uniglumi-Eriophoretum angustifolii Lájer 1998..............162 8. Menyanthetum trifoliatae Steffen 1931................................................162 Class 10. OXYCOCCO-SPHAGNETEA Br. Bl. & Tx. ex Westhoff & al. 1946 (Raised bogs)...........................................................................................................................163 Order 10.1. Sphagnetalia medii Kästner & Flössner 1933 (European raised bogs)......164 Alliance 10.1.1. Sphagnion medii Kästner & Flössner 1933 (Raised bogs of temperate Europe)............................................................................164 1. Eriophoro vaginati-Sphagnetum recurvi Hueck 1925..........................164 III. Hay meadows and tall-grass wet meadows............................................................................166 Class 11. MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA Tüxen 1937 (European hay meadows and wet meadows)...........................................................................166 Order 11.1. Molinietalia Koch 1926 (European wet meadows)...................................167 Alliance 11.1.1. Molinion coeruleae Koch 1926 (European Molinia meadows).......167 1. Molinietum coeruleae Koch 1926........................................................167 2. Succiso-Molinietum hungaricae (Komlódi 1958) Soó 1969 corr. Borhidi 2001....................................................................168 3. Nardo-Molinietum hungaricae (Kovács 1962) Borhidi 2001..............169 4. Molinio-Salicetum rosmarinifoliae Magyar ex Soó 1933....................170 5. Arrhenathero-Molinietum arundinaceae Lájer 2002............................170 Alliance 11.1.2. Filipendulo-Petasition Br.-Bl. 1949 (Streamside tall forb communities)............................................................................171 1. Filipendulo ulmariae-Geranietum palustris Koch 1926.......................171 2. Lythro salicariae-Filipenduletum ulmariae Borhidi 2001....................171 3. Nasturtio-Petasitetum hybridi (M. Kovács 1960) Soó 1971................172 4. Aconitetum gracilis (Zólyomi 1934) Soó 1964 nom. nud....................172 5. Iridetum sibiricae Philippi 1960...........................................................173 Alliance 11.1.3. Calthion Tüxen 1937 (Secondary Central European wet meadows)............................................................173 1. Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei Tüxen 1937.............................................174 2. Cirsietum rivularis Nowinski 1928......................................................174 3. Scirpetum sylvaticum Ralski 1931.......................................................174 Alliance 11.1.4. Deschampsion caespitosae Horvatić 1931 (Southeast European lowland wet meadows)............................................................175 12

1. Deschampsietum caespitosae Horvatić 1930.......................................177 2. Serratulo-Plantaginetum altissimae Ilijanić 1967.................................177 3. Caricetum paniceo-nigrae (Soó 1957) Lájer 1998...............................178 4. Poo trivialis-Alopecuretum pratensis Regel 1925................................178 5. Carici vulpinae-Alopecuretum pratensis (Máthé & M. Kovács 1967) Soó 1971 corr. Borhidi 1996.......................178 6. Carici vulpinae-Agrostetum stoloniferae (Juhász-Nagy 1959) Botta-Dukát 2004....................................................179 7. Agrostetum stoloniferae Ujvárosi 1941 corr. Borhidi 2012.................179 8. Agrostio-Phalaridetum (Újvárosi 1947) Soó 1971...............................180 9. Cirsio cani-Festucetum pratensis Májovsky & Ružičková 1975.........180 Order 11.2. Arrhenatheretalia Tüxen 1931 (Eurosiberian hay meadows)..................180 Alliance 11.2.1. Arrhenatherion Koch 1926 (Hay meadows)....................................181 1. Anthoxantho-Festucetum pratensis Borhidi 2012................................182 2. Pastinaco-Arrhenatheretum (Knapp 1954) Passarge 1964...................182 3. Anthyllido-Festucetum rubrae (Máthé & M. Kovács 1960) Soó 1971.....................................................183 4. Anthoxantho-Festucetum pseudovinae Juhász-Nagy 1959..................184 Alliance 11.2.2. Phyteumo-Trisetion (Passarge 1969) Ellmauer & Mucina 1993 (Central European submontane hay meadows)..........................................................184 1. Geranio-Trisetetum flavescentis Knapp ex Oberd. 1957.....................185 Alliance 11.2.3. Cynosurion Tüxen 1947 (Submontane pastures).............................185 1. Lolio-Cynosuretum Tüxen 1937..........................................................185 2. Festuco commutatae-Cynosuretum Tüxen ex Büker 1942..................186 Order 11.3. Potentillo-Polygonetalia Tüxen 1947 (Temporally flooded wet meadows of temperate Europe).............................................186 Alliance 11.3.1. Potentillion anserinae Tüxen 1937 (Goose pastures)......................187 Suballiance 11.3.1.1. Potentillenion anserinae Borhidi 2012.................................187 1. Dactylido-Festucetum arundinaceae Tüxen ex Lohmeyer 1953..........187 2. Lolietum perennis Gams 1927.............................................................187 3. Lolio-Alopecuretum pratensis Bodrogközy 1962................................188 4. Ranunculo sardoi-Alopecuretum geniculati Bodrogközy 1962...........188 5. Potentilletum anserinae Felföldy 1942.................................................188 6. Potentilletum anserinae-Juncetum bufonii (Felföldy 1942) Borhidi 2003...................................................................189 7. Ranunculetum repentis Knapp ex Oberd. 1957....................................189 8. Agropyro repentis-Rorippetum austriacae (Tímár 1947) Tüxen 1950........................................................................189 9. Ranunculo repentis-Alopecuretum geniculati Tüxen 1937..................190 10. Rumici crispi-Agrostietum stoloniferae Moor 1958..........................190 Suballiance 11.3.1.2. Juncenion effusi Westhoff & Leeuwen ex Hejný et al. 1979 (Central European rush meadows)........................................190 1. Junco compressi-Trifolietum repentis Eggler 1933.............................190 2. Juncetum effusi Soó (1931) 1949.........................................................191 3. Junco inflexi-Menthetum longifoliae Lohmayer 1953.........................191 4. Juncetum tenuis (Diemont & al. 1940) Tüxen 1950............................191

13

IV. Acidophilic grasslands and heaths..........................................................................................192 Class 12. CALLUNO-ULICETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxenex Klika & Hadač 1944 (European heaths)....................................................................................................................192 Order 12.1. Vaccinio-Genistetalia Schubert 1960 (Sub-continental European heaths)................................................................................192 Alliance 12.1.1. Genistion pilosae Duvigneaud 1942 (Central European heath vegetation)..........................................................................193 1. Luzulo albidae-Callunetum (I. Horvat 1931) Soó 1971.......................193 2. Sieglingio decumbentis-Genistetum pilosae Csiky & Borhidi 2012....194 Order 12.2. Nardetalia Oberd. ex Preising 1949 (Nardus grasslands).........................194 Alliance 12.2.1. Violion caninae Schwickerath 1944 (Central European Nardus grasslands).......................................................................195 1. Nardo-Festucetum filiformis Klika & Smarda 1944 corr. Borhidi 2012............................................................................195 2. Agrostetum coarctatae-tenuis (Hargitai 1942) Soó 1971.....................196 3. Genisto pilosae-Festucetum ovinae Simon 1970.................................196 4. Festuco ovinae-Nardetum Dostál 1933................................................197 V. Continental vegetation of alkaline soils...................................................................................198 Class 13. THERO-SUAEDETEA Vicherek 1973 em. Borhidi 2003 (Continental halophytic and annual vegetation of alkaline soils)............................................200 Order 13.1. Camphorosmo-Salicornietalia Borhidi 1996 (Halophytic vegetation of alkaline and salt flats)..........................................................201 Alliance 13.1.1. Salicornion prostratae Soó 1933 corr. Géhu 1992 (Pannonian halophytic vegetation of alkaline surfaces)............................................201 1. Camphorosmetum annuae Rapaics ex Soó 1933.................................202 2. Lepidio crassifolii-Camphorosmetum annuae Rapaics ex Soó (1947) 1957.....................................................................203 3. Lepidietum crassifolii Wenzl 1934.......................................................203 4. Crypsido aculeatae-Suaedetum prostratae (Bodrogközy 1966) Mucina 1993 corr. Borhidi 2012..............................204 5. Salicornietum prostratae Soó 1947 corr. 1967.....................................204 6. Spergulario marginatae-Suaedetum prostratae Vicherek in Moravec & al. 1995..............................................................204 7. Salsoletum sodae Slavnić 1948............................................................205 Order 13.2. Crypsidetalia aculeatae Vicherek 1973 (Annual vegetation of alkaline, muddy surfaces)..........................................................205 Alliance 13.2.1. Cypero-Spergularion salinae Slavnić 1948 (Annual vegetation of alkaline, muddy surfaces)......................................................205 1. Crypsidetum aculeatae Wenzl 1934 em. Mucina 1993........................206 2. Atriplicetum prostratae Wenzl 1934 corr. Gutermann & Mucina 1993......................................................................206 3. Atriplici prostratae-Chenopodietum crassifolii Slavnić 1948 corr. Gutermann & Mucina 1993....................................................206 4. Acorelletum pannonici (Soó 1933) Wendelbg. 1943...........................207 5. Heleochloëtum alopecuroidis Rapaics ex Ubrizsy 1948......................207 6. Heleochloëtum schoenoidis (Soó 1933) Ţopa 1939.............................207 7. Chenopodietum urbici Soó 1947..........................................................208 14

Class 14. FESTUCO-PUCCINELLIETEA Soó 1968 em. Borhidi 2003 (Dry alkali grasslands and alkaligrass meadows)....................................................................208 Order 14.1. Festuco-Puccinellietalia Soó 1968 (Alkaligrass meadows of continental Europe)...............................................................208 Alliance 14.1.1. Puccinellion limosae Soó 1933 em. Varga & V. Sipos ex Borhidi 2003 (Pannonian alkaligrass meadows)......................209 Suballiance 14.1.1.1. Puccinellenion limosae Varga & V. Sipos ex Borhidi 2003 (Central East European alkaligrass meadows)............................210 1. Plantagini tenuiflorae-Pholiuretum pannonici Wendelbg. 1943...........210 2. Matricario-Plantaginetum tenuiflorae (Soó 1933) Borhidi 1996.........211 3. Puccinellietum limosae Magyar ex Soó 1933......................................211 4. Limonio-Artemisietum santonici (Soó 1927) Ţopa 1939....................212 5. Hordeetum hystricis Wendelbg. 1943..................................................212 6. Bassietum sedoidis Ubrizsy 1948 corr. Soó 1964................................213 7. Chenopodio chenopodioidis-Puccinellietum limosae Soó 1947..........213 Suballiance 14.1.1.2. Puccinellenion peisonis (Wendelbg. 1943 corr. Soó 1947) Borhidi 2003 (West Pannonian alkaligrass meadows)...........................................213 1. Puccinellietum peisonis Franz & al. 1937 corr. Soó 1947...................214 2. Lepidio crassifolii-Puccinellietum limosae Soó (1947) 1957..............214 Order 14.2. Artemisio-Festucetalia pseudovinae Soó 1968 (Shortgrass alkali grasslands and meadow steppes)......................................................215 Alliance 14.2.1. Festucion pseudovinae Soó 1933 (Pannonian alkaline dry grasslands)..........................................................................215 1. Achilleo setaceae-Festuceum pseudovinae Soó (1933) 1947 corr. Borhidi 1996............................................................................216 2. Artemisio santonici-Festucetum pseudovinae Soó in Máthé 1933 corr. Borhidi 1996.....................................................217 3. Centaureo pannonicae-Festucetum pseudovinae Klika & Vlach 1937.................................................................................218 Alliance 14.2.2. Peucedano officinalis-Asterion sedifolii Borhidi 1996 (Alkaline tall grass meadow steppes).........................................................................218 1. Peucedano-Asteretum sedifolii Soó 1947 corr. Borhidi 1996..............218 Class 15. SCORZONERO-JUNCETEA GERARDII (Vicherek 1973) Golub et al. 2001 (East European–Central Asian saline wet meadows)..............................................................219 Order 15.1. Scorzonero-Juncetalia gerardii Vicherek 1973 (Saline wet meadows of continental Europe)................................................................220 Alliance 15.1.1. Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii (Wendelbg. 1943) Vicherek 1973 (Pannonian wet saline meadows on solonchak soils)................................................220 1. Caricetum divisae Slavnić 1948...........................................................220 2. Taraxaco bessarabici-Caricetum distantis Wendelbg. 1943.................220 3. Scorzonero parviflorae-Juncetum gerardii (Wenzl 1934) Wendelbg. 1943.................................................................221 4. Loto-Potentilletum anserinae Vicherek 1973.......................................221 Alliance 15.1.2. Beckmannion eruciformis Soó 1933 (Pannonian wet saline meadows on solonetz soils)...................................................222 1. Agrostio stoloniferae-Glycerietum pedicellatae Magyar ex Soó 1933 corr. Borhidi 2003..................................................222 2. Agrostio stoloniferae-Alopecuretum pratensis Soó 1933 corr. Borhidi 2003....................................................................223 15

3. Agrostio stoloniferae-Caricetum distantis Rapaics ex Soó 1938 corr. Borhidi 2012 ...............................................................223 4. Agrostio stoloniferae-Beckmannietum eruciformis Rapaics ex Soó 1930 corr. Borhidi 2010................................................................224 5. Eleochari-Alopecuretum geniculati (Ujvárosi 1937) Soó 1947...........224 6. Rorippo kerneri-Ranunculetum lateriflori (Soó 1947) Borhidi 1996...225 VI. Vegetation of rock crevices.....................................................................................................226 Class 16. ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS (Br.-Bl. in Meyer & Br.-Bl. 1934) Oberd. 1977 (Vegetation of rocky surfaces and rock crevices)...............................................226 Order 16.1. Tortulo-Cymbalarietalia Segal 1969 (Vegetation of calcareous rocks)..226 Alliance 16.1.1. Cymbalario-Asplenion Segal 1969 (Thermophilous calcareous rock vegetation).............................................................227 1. Asplenietum trichomanis-rutae-murariae Kuhn 1937..........................227 2. Ceterachetum officinarum Borhidi 1996..............................................227 3. Cymbalarietum muralis Görs 1966......................................................228 Alliance 16.1.2. Cystopteridion Richard 1972 (Mesophytic calcareous rock vegetation)..................................................................228 1. Cystopteridetum fragilis Oberd. 1938..................................................228 Order 16.2. Androsacetalia multiflorae Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934 (Vegetation of siliceous and shaded rocks)....................................................................228 Alliance 16.2.1. Asplenion septentrionalis Oberd. 1938 (Thermophilous vegetation of siliceous rocks)..........................................................229 1. Asplenietum septentrionalis Schwickerath 1944..................................229 2. Woodsio ilvensis-Asplenietum septentrionalis Tüxen 1937................229 Alliance 16.2.2. Hypno-Polypodion Mucina 1993 (Mesophytic rocky vegetation)..................................................................................230 1. Ctenidio-Polypodietum Jurko & Peciar 1963......................................230 2. Hypno-Polypodietum Jurko & Peciar 1963.........................................230 VII. Pioneer and dry grasslands....................................................................................................232 Class 17. KOELERIO-CORYNEPHORETEA Klika in Klika & Novák 1941 (Atlantic, dry pioneer grasslands)............................................................................................232 Order 17.1. Corynephoretalia canescentis Klika 1934 (Pioneer grasslands of Atlantic Europe)........................................................................233 Alliance 17.1.1. Corynephorion canescentis Klika 1931 (Pioneer grasslands of acid sand)...............................................................................233 1. Festuco dominii-Corynephoretum Borhidi (1958) 1996......................234 2. Thymo angustifolii-Corynephoretum canescentis Krippel 1954.........234 3. Thymo serpylli-Festucetum pseudovinae Borhidi 1958......................234 Order 17.2. Sedo-Scleranthetalia Br.-Bl. 1955 (Pioneer annual vegetation of acid rocks and sand)......................................................235 Alliance 17.2.1. Thero-Airion Tüxen & Oberd. 1957 (Annual vegetation on acid sand and pebble)............................................................235 1. Filagini-Vulpietum Oberd. 1936..........................................................235 2. Airo-Vulpietum Pauca 1941.................................................................236 16

Alliance 17.2.2. Hyperico perforati-Scleranthion perennis Moravec 1967 (Calcifuge pioneer grasslands)...................................................................................236 1. Festuco ovinae-Rhacomitrietum Simon 1971......................................236 2. Festuco ovinae-Polytrichetum piliferi Simon 1971..............................236 Order 17.3. Alysso-Sedetalia Moravec 1967 (Pioneer calcareous rocky grasslands)...........................................................................237 Alliance 17.3.1. Alysso alyssoidis-Sedion albi Oberd. & Müll. ap. Müll. 1961 (Annual calcareous rock vegetation)..........................................................................237 1. Geranio rotundifolii-Sedetum albi (Jakucs ex Soó 1973) Bauer 2005............................................................237 2. Alysso alyssoidis-Sedetum albi Oberd. & Müller in Müller 1961.......238 3. Asplenio rutae-murariae-Melicetum ciliatae Soó 1962........................238 4. Sedo acris-Festucetum valesiacae Penksza 1998.................................238 5. Hypno-Sedetum Soó 1971 nom. prov..................................................239 Class 18. FESTUCETEA VAGINATAE Soó ex Vicherek 1972 (Psammophytic grasslands of continental Europe).................................................................239 Order 18.1. Festucetalia vaginatae Soó 1957 (Psammophytic grasslands of continental Europe)........................................................239 Alliance 18.1.1. Festucion vaginatae Soó 1929 (Pannonian psammophytic grasslands)......................................................................240 1. Festucetum vaginatae Rapaics ex Soó 1929 em. Borhidi 1996...........240 2. Achilleo ochroleucae-Corynephoretum (Hargitai 1940) Borhidi 1996.............................................................................................241 3. Festuco vaginatae-Corynephoretum Soó in Aszód 1935.....................242 4. Galio veri-Holoschoenetum vulgaris (Hargitai 1940) Borhidi 1996....242 5. Pseudolysimachio spicatae-Salicetum rosmarinifoliae (Hargitai 1940) Borhidi 1996...................................................................243 6. Cynodonti-Festucetum pseudovinae Soó (in Aszód 1935) 1957...............................................................................244 Alliance 18.1.2. Bassio laniflorae-Bromion tectorum (Soó 1957) Borhidi 1996 (Annual psammophitic grasslands)............................................................................244 1. Brometum tectorum Bojko 1934..........................................................245 2. Bassio laniflorae-Brometum tectorum (Soó 1938) Borhidi 1996........245 3. Secali sylvestris-Brometum tectorum Hargitai 1940...........................246 Class 19. FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Soó 1947 (Xerophilous and mezo-xerophilous grasslands of Europe)....................................................246 Order 19.1. Stipo pulcherrimae-Festucetalia pallentis Pop 1968 (Xerophilous grasslands on rocky and stony surfaces)..................................................247 Alliance 19.1.1. Alysso saxatilis-Festucion pallentis Moravec in Holub et al. 1967 (Siliceous rocky grasslands of West Central Europe)................................................248 1. Alysso saxatilis-Festucetum pallentis Klika ex Čeřovský 1949 corr. Gutermann & Mucina 1993.....................248 Alliance 19.1.2. Asplenio septentrionalis-Festucion pallentis Zólyomi 1936 corr. Soó 1957 (Siliceous rocky grasslands of East Central Europe).........................248 1. Asplenio septentrionali-Melicetum ciliatae (Soó 1940) Máthé & M. Kovács 1964........................................................................249 2. Poëtum scabrae Zólyomi 1936.............................................................249 17

3. Minuartio-Festucetum pseudodalmaticae (Mikyska 1933) Klika 1938.....................................................................249 Alliance 19.1.3. Diantho lumnitzeri-Seslerion albicantis (Soó 1971) Chytrý & Mucina 1993 (Montane calcareous rocky grasslands)...............................250 1. Campanulo divergentiformis-Festucetum pallentis Zólyomi 1966......250 2. Poo badensis-Caricetum humilis Dostál 1933 em. Soó 1971..............251 3. Seslerietum sadlerianae Soó ex Zólyomi 1936....................................251 4. Seslerietum heuflerianae-hungaricae Zólyomi (1936) 1966................251 5. Calamagrostio variae-Seslerietum variae Vojtkó 1998........................252 6. Inulo ensifoliae-Seslerietum hungaricae Vojtkó 1998..........................252 7. Genisto pilosae-Seslerietum hungaricae Vojtkó 1998..........................252 Alliance 19.1.4. Bromo-Festucion pallentis Zólyomi 1966 (Submediterranean calcareous rocky grasslands)......................................................253 1. Seselio leucospermi-Festucetum pallentis Zólyomi (1936) 1958........253 2. Fumano-Stipetum eriocaulis Wagner 1941 corr. Zólyomi 1964..........254 3. Cleistogeni-Festucetum pallentis Csiky 2003......................................254 4. Chrysopogono-Caricetum humilis Zólyomi (1950) 1958....................255 5. Seselio-leucospermi-Brometum pannonici (Mészáros-Draskovics 1967) Borhidi 1996.............................................255 6. Festuco pallenti-Brometum pannonici Zólyomi 1958..........................256 7. Festuco rupicolae-Danthonietum provincialis Csűrös et al. 1961........256 Alliance 19.1.5. Chrysopogono-Festucion dalmaticae Borhidi 1996 (Submediterranean rocky grasslands)........................................................................257 1. Sedo sopianae-Festucetum dalmaticae Simon 1964............................257 2. Serratulo radiatae-Brometum pannonici Borhidi 1996........................258 3. Artemisio saxatilis-Festucetum dalmaticae Borhidi 1996....................258 4. Chrysopogono-Festucetum dalmaticae Dénes in Borhidi & Dénes 1997...............................................................258 5. Inulo spiraeifoliae-Brometum pannonici Dénes 1998..........................259 Order 19.2. Festucetalia valesiacae Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Br.-Bl. 1949 (Subcontinental steppes)................................................................................................259 Alliance 19.2.1. Festucion valesiacae Klika 1931 incl. Festucion rupicolae Soó (1940) 1964 (Subcontinental Pannonian meadow steppes and dry grasslands).........................................................................260 Suballiance 19.2.1.1. Festucenion valesiacae Borhidi 2012 (Extrazonal petrophytic meadow steppes and dry grasslands of the subcontinental Pannonian forest belts)........................................................261 1. Pulsatillo nigricantis-Festucetum rupicolae Soó ex Virágh & Fekete 1984 corr. Borhidi 2012............................................................................261 2. Cleistogeni-Festucetum sulcatae Zólyomi 1958..................................262 3. Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae Wagner 1941.................262 4. Orlayo-Festucetum valesiacae (Bauer) Borhidi 2012..........................263 5. Potentillo-Festucetum pseudodalmaticae Májovsky 1955...................263 6. Inulo oculi-christi-Festucetum pseudodalmaticae Májovský & Jurko 1956...........................................................................264 7. Festuco valesiacae-Stipetum joannis (Bauer) Borhidi 2012................265 8. Festuco valesiacae-Stipetum capillatae Sillinger 1930........................265 Suballiance 19.2.1.2. Festucenion rupicolae (Soó 1940) Borhidi 2012 comb. nova (Zonal meadow steppes and dry grasslands of the Pannonian forest-steppe belt).......................................................................266 18

1. Astragalo austriaci-Festucetum sulcatae Soó 1957..............................266 2. Pulsatillo pratensis-Festucetum rupicolae (Soó 1938) Borhidi 1996 corr. 2012.........................................................267 3. Pseudolysimachio incani-Chrysopogonetum grylli (Soó 1938) Borhidi 1996..........................................................................268 4. Potentillo arenariae-Festucetum pseudovinae Soó (1938) 1940..........269 5. Salvio nemorosae-Festucetum rupicolae Zólyomi ex Soó 1964..........269 6. Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae Rapaics ex Soó 1957.......................271 7. Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. & Bolós 1958 em. I. Kárpáti 1965..........................................................................................272 Suballiance 19.2.1.3. Stipenion tirsae Borhidi 2012 (Petrophytic meadow steppes)...............................................................................272 1. Campanulo macrostachyae-Stipetum tirsae Meusel 1938....................273 2. Inulo hirtae-Stipetum tirsae (Baráth 1964) Borhidi 1996....................273 3. Peucedano cervariae-Stipetum tirsae (Less 1998) Borhidi 2012 ass nova hoc loco...............................................................274 Order 19.3. Artemisio-Bassietalia prostratae Lendvai & Borhidi 2012 (Southeast European extrazonal wormwood steppes)...................................................274 Alliance 19.2.3. Artemisio-Kochion Soó 1964 (Extrazonal West Pontic wormwood steppes)............................................................275 1. Agropyro cristati-Kochietum prostratae Zólyomi 1958.......................275 Order 19.4. Brometalia erecti Br.-Bl. 1936 (Submediterranean steppe-like meadows and extrazonal meadow steppes).................276 Alliance 19.4.1. Bromion erecti Br.-Bl. 1936 (Submediterranąean steppe-like meadows)...............................................................278 1. Onobrychido viciaefoliae-Brometum erecti Müller 1966....................278 2. Carlino acaulis-Brometum Oberdorfer 1957 (Calciphilous semi-dry pasture)...............................................................279 Alliance 19.4.2. Cirsio pannonicae-Brachypodion pinnati Hadać & Klika 1944 (Extrazonal meadow steppes of East Central Europe)...............................................280 1. Euphorbio pannonicae-Brachypodietum pinnati A. Horváth 2010......281 2. Polygalo majori-Brachypodietum pinnati H. Wagner 1941.................282 3. Sanguisorbo muricatae-Brometum erecti Illyés, Bauer & Botta-Dukát 2009.......................................................................284 4. Trifolio medii-Brachypodietum pinnati Illyés, Bauer & Botta-Dukát 2009.......................................................................284 5. Lino tenuifolii-Brachypodietum pinnati (Dostál 1933) Soó 1971.......285 6. Poo badensis-Caricetum montanae V. Sipos & Varga 1996.................286 Order 19.5. Trifolio-Geranietalia sanguinei (Müller 1962) Borhidi comb. nova (Herbaceous forest fringe vegetation)............................................................................287 Alliance 19.5.1. Geranion sanguinei Tüxen in Müller 1962 em. Borhidi 2012 (Calcareous xero-thermophilous forest fringe communities)........................................288 Suballiance 19.5.1.1. Geranenion sanguinei Borhidi 2003 (Xero-thermophilous fringe communities on hard soils).......................................289 1. Geranio-Dictamnetum Wendelberger 1954..........................................289 2. Peucedanetum cervariae Kaiser 1926...................................................289 3. Geranio-Trifolietum alpestris Müller 1962..........................................289 4. Geranio-Anemonetum sylvestris Müller 1962.....................................290 Suballiance 19.5.1.2. Peucedanenion oreoselini Borhidi 2003 (Xero-thermophilous fringe communities on sand)...............................................290 19

1. Melampyro debreceniensi-Peucedanetum oreoselini Borhidi & Papp L. 2003...........................................................................290 2. Peucedano oreoselini-Geranietum sanguinei Borhidi & Papp L. 2003...........................................................................291 Alliance 19.5.2. Trifolion medii Müller 1961 (Mezophilous fringes with clovers)...........................................................................291 1. Trifolio medii-Melampyretum nemorosi Dierschke 1974....................291 Alliance 19.5.3. Melampyrion pratensis Passarge 1979 (Central European acidophilous forest fringe communities).....................................291 VIII. Weed vegetation...................................................................................................................292 Class 20. STELLARIETEA MEDIAE Tüxen, Lohm. & Prsg. in Tüxen 1950 (Weed vegetation of crop fields and disturbed sites)...............................................................294 Subclass 20a. VIOLENEA ARVENSIS Hüppe & Hofmeister 1990 (Weed vegetation of crop fields)........................................................................................ 296 Order 20.1. Papaveretalia rhoeadis Hüppe & Hofmeister 1990 (Weed vegetation of spring and autumn crops on alkaline soil)....................................296 Alliance 20.1.1. Caucalion lappulae (Tüxen 1950) von Rochow 1951.....................296 1. Camelino microcarpae-Anthemidetum austriacae Holzner 1973........296 2. Sisymbrio orientalis-Anthemidetum ruthenicae (Pinke 2000) Pinke & Borhidi 2003...............................................................................297 3. Stachyo annuae-Setarietum pumilae Felföldy 1942 corr. Mucina 1993.....................................................................................297 4. Echinochloo-Setarietum pumilae Felföldy 1942 corr. Mucina 1993.....................................................................................298 5. Conyzo-Setarietum viridis Pál & Borhidi in Pál 2007.........................298 Alliance 20.1.2. Veronico-Euphorbion Sissingh ex Passarge 1964...........................298 1. Veronicetum trilobae-triphyllidi Slavnić 1951.....................................299 2. Stellario mediae-Mercurialietum annuae Ubrizsy 1967.......................299 3. Ornithogalo-Muscarietum racemosae Pál 2007...................................299 4. Lamio-Stellarietum mediae Pál 2007...................................................300 5. Convolvulo-Geranietum pusilli Pál & Borhidi in Pál 2007.................300 Alliance 20.1.3. Trifolio-Medicaginion sativae Balázs 1944 em. Soó 1959.............301 1. Plantagini lanceolatae-Medicaginetum sativae (Balázs 1944) Soó & Tímár in Tímár 1954..............................................301 Order 20.2. Sperguletalia arvensis Hüppe & Hofmeister 1990 (Sub-Atlantic weed vegetation).....................................................................................302 Alliance 20.2.1. Digitario-Setarion Sissingh 1946 em. Hüppe & Hofmeister 1990 (Calcifuge weed vegetation of arable lands)..................302 1. Spergulo arvensis-Anthemidetum ruthenicae Holzner 1974 nom. inv....................................................................................................302 2. Aphano arvensis-Matricarietum chamomillae Tüxen 1937.................303 3. Setario pumilae-Digitarietum sanguinalis Felföldy 1942 corr. Borhidi 1996.....................................................................................303 4. Rorippo-Setarietum pumilae Simon ex Soó 1961................................303 5. Atriplici patulae-Scleranthetum arvensis Borhidi 2003.......................303 6. Setario viridis-Galinsogetum parviflorae Tüxen 1950 em. Müller & Oberd. in Oberd. 1983.......................................................304 20

Order 20.3. Lolio-Linetalia J. & R. Tüxen 1961 (Weed vegetation of flax fields)......304 Alliance 20.3.1. Lolio remoto-Linion Tüxen 1950....................................................304 1. Lolio temulenti-Linetum usitatissimi Tímár 1952...............................304 Subclass 20b. SISYMBRIENEA Pott (1992) 1995 em. Borhidi 2003 (Continental weed vegetation of crop fields and annual weed communities of disturbed places)...................................................................................... 305 Order 20.4. Eragrostetalia J. Tx. ex Poli 1966 (Continental weed vegetation of crop fields).................................................................305 Alliance 20.4.1. Amarantho-Chenopodion albi Morariu 1943..................................305 1. Consolido orientali-Stachyetum annuae Tímár 1957...........................305 2. Amarantho-Chenopodietum albi (Morariu 1943) Soó 1947................306 3. Hibisco trioni-Persicarietum amphibii (Tímár 1957) Borhidi 2003.....306 4. Convolvulo-Portulacetum Ubrizsy 1949 em. Pál & Borhidi 2007......307 Alliance 20.4.2. Tribulo-Eragrostion minoris Soó & Tímár in Tímár 1957 (Weed communities on loose sandy substrates).........................................................307 1. Vicio hirsutae-Eragrostietum minoris Tímár 1957...............................307 2. Hibisco-Eragrostietum minoris Soó & Tímár in Tímár 1957..............307 3. Polygono arenarii-Vicietum hirsutae Tímár 1957 nom. inv.................308 4. Tribulo-Tragetum Soó & Tímár in Tímár 1955....................................308 5. Portulacetum oleracei Felföldy 1942...................................................308 Alliance 20.4.3. Matricario-Chenopodion albi Tímár 1954.......................................309 1. Matricario-Atriplicetum littoralis Tímár 1954.....................................309 Alliance 20.4.4. Salsolion ruthenicae Philippi 1971..................................................309 1. Setario-Plantaginetum indicae Passarge 1988......................................309 2. Panicetum capillaris Mititelu & Roman 1988......................................309 3. Erysimo diffusi-Cynodontetum dactylontis (Jarolímek et al. 1997) Borhidi 2003........................................................310 Alliance 20.4.5. Eragrostio-Polygonion arenastri Couderc & Izco ex Čarni & Mucina 1997............................................................................................310 1. Eragrostio-Polygonetum arenastri Oberd. 1954 corr. Mucina 1993....310 2. Lolio-Cynodontetum dactylontis Jarolímek et al. 1997.......................310 3. Conyzo-Cynodontetum dactylontis Eliaš 1979....................................311 4. Polygono-Portulacetum oleracei Eliaš 1986........................................311 Derivative asssociation 1. Cynodon dactylon (Eragrostetalia).......................................................311 Order 20.5. Sisymbrietalia J. Tx. in Lohm. et al. 1962 (Roadside xerophilous weed communities)...................................................................313 Alliance 20.5.1. Sisymbrion officinalis Tüxen, Lohm. & Prsg. in Tüxen 1950........313 1. Erigeronto-Lactucetum serriolae Lohm. in Oberd. 1957.....................314 2. Hordeo murini-Cynodontetum (Felföldy 1942) Felföldy ex Borhidi 1996.........................................................................314 3. Linario vulgaris-Brometum tectorum Knapp 1964..............................314 4. Hordeetum murini Libbert 1933...........................................................315 5. Atriplici tatarici-Hordeetum murini (Felföldy 1942) Tüxen 1950.......315 6. Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis Mucina 1993.......................315 7. Sisymbrietum altissimi Bornkamm 1974.............................................315 8. Capsello-Descurainietum sophiae Mucina 1993..................................316 Alliance 20.5.2. Atriplicion nitentis Passarge 1978...................................................316 1. Bromo tectorum-Sisymbrietum orientalis Eliaš 1979..........................316 2. Rorippo austriacae-Hordeetum murini (Tímár 1947) Tüxen 1950......316 21

3. Cynodonto-Atriplicetum tataricae Morariu 1943.................................317 Alliance 20.5.3. Malvion neglectae (Gutte 1966) Hejný 1978..................................317 1. Malvetum pusillae Morariu 1943.........................................................317 2. Malvetum neglectae Felföldy 1942......................................................317 3. Chenopodio vulvariae-Urticetum urentis (Slavnić 1951) Soó 1971....318 4. Polygono arenastri-Chenopodietum muralis Mucina 1987..................318 5. Malvo neglectae-Chenopodietum vulvariae Gutte 1966......................318 6. Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae Jarolímek et al. 1997....................318 7. Bromus sterilis DC (Sisymbrietalia)....................................................319 Class 21. ARTEMISIETEA VULGARIS Lohm. & al. in Tüxen 1950 (Nitrophilous, roadside weed vegetation)................................................................................319 Order 21.1. Onopordetalia acanthii Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika & Hadač 1944 (Biennial, xerophilous weed communities)...................................................................319 Alliance 21.1.1. Onopordion acanthii Br.-Bl. et al. 1936..........................................320 1. Onopordetum acanthii Br.-Bl. 1936.....................................................320 2. Carduo acanthoidis-Onopordetum acanthii Soó ex Tímár 1955..........320 3. Xanthietum spinosi Felföldy 1942.......................................................321 4. Lappulo echinatae-Cynoglossetum Klika 1935...................................321 Alliance 21.1.2. Dauco-Melilotion Görs 1966...........................................................321 1. Berteroetum incanae Sissingh & Tiedem. in Sissingh 1950................322 2. Picridi-Lactucetum salignae Ubrizsy 1961..........................................322 3. Dauco-Picridetum Görs 1966...............................................................322 4. Tanaceto-Artemisietum vulgaris Sissingh 1950...................................323 5. Echio-Melilotetum albi Tüxen 1947....................................................323 6. Poo compressae-Tussilaginetum Tüxen 1931......................................324 7. Cerintho-Vicietum villosae Mucina 1992............................................324 8. Calamagrostis epigeios DC [Onopordetalia]........................................324 Alliance 21.1.3. Arction lappae Tüxen 1937.............................................................325 1. Hyoscyamo-Conietum maculati Slavnić 1951.....................................325 2. Conietum maculati I. Pop (1965) 1968................................................325 3. Arctietum lappae Felföldy 1942...........................................................326 4. Arctio-Artemisietum vulgaris Oberd. et al. ex Seybold & Müller 1972.......................................................................326 5. Pruno-Ballotetum Felföldy 1942..........................................................326 6. Cirsio lanceolati-arvensis Morariu 1943..............................................326 7. Lycietum barbarum Felföldy 1942.......................................................327 8. Balloto-Malvetum sylvestris Gutte 1966.............................................327 9. Balloto-Marrubietum vulgaris (Sowa 1971) Mucina 1993..................327 10. Carduetum acanthoidis Felföldy 1942...............................................327 11. Chenopodio polyspermi-Polygonetum arenastri Borhidi 2003..........328 12. Balloto nigrae-Chenopodietum urbici (Jarolímek et al. 1997) Borhidi 2003.............................................................................................328 13. Cannabietum ruderalis Fijalkowski 1967...........................................328 Order 21.2. Agropyretalia repentis Oberd. et al. 1967 (Semi-ruderal, mezo-xerophilous communities)...........................................................328 Alliance 21.2.1. Convolvulo-Agropyrion repentis Görs 1966...................................329 1. Lepidio-Aristolochietum clematitis (Tímár 1950) Borhidi 2003.........329 2. Bromo japonici-Aristolochietum Ubrizsy 1967...................................329 3. Aristolochio-Convolvuletum arvensis Ubrizsy 1967...........................329 22

4. Convolvulo-Agropyretum repentis Felföldy 1943...............................330 5. Falcario-Agropyretum repentis (Felföldy 1942) Müller & Görs 1969.......................................................330 6. Lepidietum drabae Tímár 1950............................................................330 Alliance 21.2.2. Artemisio-Agropyrion intermedii Müller & Görs 1969..................331 1. Melico transsilvanicae-Agropyretum repentis Müller in Görs 1966....331 2. Diplotaxidi tenuifoliae-Agropyretum repentis Philippi in Müller & Görs 1969...............................................................331 3. Poo compressae-Anthemidetum tinctoriae (Müller & Görs 1969) Oberd. 1970..........................................................331 4. Convolvulo-Brometum inermis Eliaš 1979..........................................332 5. Agropyro intermedii-Crambetum tatariae (Lakatos 1964) Borhidi 1996...................................................................332 6. Salvio-Marrubietum peregrini Mucina 1981........................................332 7. Sisymbrio orientalis-Xeranthemetum annui Mucina 1992..................332 8. Helianthus tuberosus agg. DC [Artemisietea vulgaris]........................333 Alliance 21.2.3. Gypsophilo paniculatae-Agropyrion repentis Borhidi, Csiky, Lájer & Pál all. nova hoc loco........................................................................333 1. Gypsophilo paniculatae-Agropyretum repentis Borhidi, Csíky, Lájer & Pál 2007...........................................................................334 Class 22. ORYZETEA SATIVAE Miyawaki 1960 (Weed vegetation of rice fields)..............334 Order 22.1. Oryzo-Echinochloëtalia Bolós & Masclans 1955 (Weed vegetation of rice fields).....................................................................................334 Alliance 22.1.1. Oryzion sativae Koch 1954.............................................................334 1. Echinochloo-Oryzetum sativae Soó & Ubrizsy in Ubrizsy 1948.........335 Class 23. BIDENTETEA TRIPARTITI Tüxen et al. in Tüxen 1950 (Hygrophilous weed vegetation).............................................................................................335 Order 23.1. Bidentetalia tripartiti Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika & Hadač 1944 (Hygrophilous weed vegetation of marshes and river banks)........................................336 Alliance 23.1.1. Bidention tripartiti Nordhagen 1940 em. Tüxen in Poli & J. Tx. 1960.......................................................................................336 1. Bidenti-Polygonetum hydropiperis Lohm. in Tüxen 1950..................336 2. Polygono lapathifolii-Bidentetum Klika 1935.....................................336 3. Rumici-Alopecuretum aequalis Cîrtu 1972..........................................337 4. Xanthio strumarii-Chenopodietum I. Pop 1968...................................337 5. Rorippo sylvestris-Xanthietum strumarii (Tímár 1950) Borhidi 2003......................................................................337 6. Atriplici prostratae-Xanthietum italici (Tímár 1950) Borhidi 2003.....337 7. Stachydi-Bidentetum tripartitae Felföldy 1943....................................338 8. Chenopodio polyspermi-Atriplicetum sagittatae (Tímár 1950) Borhidi 2003......................................................................338 9. Chenopodio-Xanthietum strumarii Jarolímek et al. 1997....................338 10. Junco-Tussilaginetum Soó 1927.........................................................339 Alliance 23.1.2. Chenopodion rubri Soó 1969..........................................................339 1. Echinochloo-Polygonum lapathifolii Soó & Csűrös 1947...................339 2. Chenopodio rubri-Heleochloetum alopecuroidis (Tímár 1950) Borhidi 2003......................................................................340 3. Chenopodietum rubri Tímár 1947........................................................340 23

Class 24. GALIO-URTICETEA Passarge ex Kopecký 1969 (Mezophilous weed vegetation of shaded habitats).................................................................340 Order 24.1. Lamio albi-Chenopodietalia boni-henrici Kopecký 1969 (Mezophilous communities of forest weeds).................................................................341 Alliance 24.1.1. Galio-Alliarion Lohm. & Oberd. in Oberd. & al. 1967...................342 1. Torilidetum japonicae Lohm. ex Görs & Müller 1969.........................342 2. Sambucetum ebuli Felföldy 1942.........................................................342 3. Alliario officinalis-Chaerophylletum temuli Lohm. 1949....................343 4. Conio-Chaerophylletum bulbosi I. Pop 1968.......................................343 5. Anthriscetum trichospermi Hejný & Kippelová in Hejný & al. 1979..................................................................................344 6. Physalidetum alkekengi Kaiser 1926...................................................344 7. Geo urbani-Chelidonietum majoris Jarolímek et al. 1997...................344 Alliance 24.1.2. Impatienti noli-tangere-Stachyion sylvaticae Görs ex Mucina 1993.................................................................................................344 1. Epilobio-Geranietum robertiani Lohm. ex Görs & Müller 1969.........344 2. Urtico-Parietarietum officinalis Segal in Mennema & Segal ex Klotz 1985...........................................................................................345 Alliance 24.1.3. Aegopodion podagrariae Tüxen 1967.............................................345 1. Chaerophylletum aromatici Neuhäuslová-Novotná & al. 1969...........345 2. Chaerophylletum bulbosi Tüxen 1937.................................................346 3. Chaerophylletum aurei Oberdorfer 1957.............................................346 4. Anthriscetum sylvestris Hadač 1978....................................................346 5. Carpesio abrotanoidis-Physalidetum alkekengi Borhidi 2003.............347 6. Sisymbrietum strictissimi Brandes in Mucina 1993.............................347 Order 24.2. Convolvuletalia sepium Tüxen 1950 (Fringe vegetation of wet habitats).347 Alliance 24.2.1. Senecion fluviatilis Tüxen 1950 (Alluvial fringe vegetation).........347 1. Urtico-Convolvuletum Görs & Müller 1969........................................348 2. Bidenti-Calystegietum Felföldy 1943..................................................348 3. Glycyrrhizetum echinatae Slavnić 1951...............................................348 4. Calystegio-Impatientetum glanduliferae (Gondola ex Soó 1971) Borhidi 2003.............................................................................................349 5. Calystegio-Agropyretum repentis Felföldy 1943 nom. inv. propos.....349 6. Deschampsio-Inuletum helenii Dávid 2003.........................................349 7. Impatienti glanduliferae-Solidaginetum Moor 1958............................350 8. Solidago gigantea DC [Galio-Urticetea]..............................................350 9. Fallopia japonica-bohemica DC [Galio-Urticetea]..............................350 10. Heracleum mantegazzianum DC [Galio-Urticetea]...........................350 Alliance 24.2.2. Petasition officinalis Sillinger 1933 (Coltsfoot communities)........351 1. Aegopodio-Petasitetum hybridi Tüxen 1947........................................351 Class 25. POLYGONO ARENASTRI-POËTEA ANNUAE Rivas-Martinez 1975 corr. Rivas-Martinez & al. 1991 (Trampled weed vegetation)................................................351 Order 25.1. Polygono arenastri-Poëtalia annuae Tüxen in Géhu & al. 1972 corr. Rivas-Martinez & al. 1991 (Mezophilous trampled meadows)...................352 Alliance 25.1.1. Matricario matricarioidis-Polygonion arenastri Rivas-Martinez 1975 corr. Rivas-Martinez & al. 1991 (Yard knotweed communities)......................352 1. Plantagini majoris-Polygonetum arenastri Knapp ex Passarge 1964 corr. Borhidi 2003............................................................................352 24

2. Poëtum annuae Felföldy 1942..............................................................353 3. Chamaesyci supinae-Polygonetum arenastri (Tímár 1950) Ubrizsy 1974 corr. Borhidi 1996.......................................353 4. Sclerochloo-Polygonetum arenastri Soó ex Bodrogközy 1966 corr. Mucina 1993............................................................................354 Alliance 25.1.2. Saginion procumbentis Tüxen & Ohba in Géhu & al. 1972...........354 1. Sagino procumbentis-Bryetum argentei Diemont et al. 1940..............354 IX. Vegetation of forest gaps and clear-cut areas..........................................................................355 Class 26. EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII Tüxen & Prsg. in Tüxen 1950 (Vegetation of clearings in mezophilous deciduous forests)...................................................355 Order 26.1. Atropetalia Vlieger 1937 (Central European vegetation of clearings in broadleaved forests)...............................356 Alliance 26.1.1. Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii Tüxen 1950.....................356 1. Senecioni sylvatici-Epilobietum angustifolii Tüxen 1937...................356 2. Digitali-Calamagrostietum arundinaceae Sillinger 1933.....................357 3. Calamagrostietum epigei Juraszek 1928..............................................357 Alliance 26.1.2. Atropion Br.-Bl. ex Aichinger 1933................................................357 1. Epilobio-Atropetum bella-donnae Tüxen 1931 em. 1950....................357 2. Molinietum arundinaceae Szodfridt & Tallós 1974.............................357 3. Eupatorietum cannabini Tüxen 1937...................................................357 Alliance 26.1.3. Sambuco-Salicion capreae Tüxen & Neumann in Tüxen 1950 (Shrubberies of mezophilous forest clearings)...........................................................358 1. Solidagini-Cornetum sanguineae I. Kárpáti 1958................................358 2. Sambucetum racemosae Noirfalise in Lebrun et al. ex Oberd. 1967...358 3. Aegopodio-Sambucetum nigrae Doing 1963.......................................359 4. Sambucetum nigrae Oberd. et al. 1967................................................359 5. Fragario-Rubetum (Pfeiffer 1936) Sissingh 1946................................359 6. Astero-Rubetum caesii I. Kárpáti 1962................................................359 X. Shrubberies...............................................................................................................................360 Class 27. RHAMNO-PRUNETEA Rivas-Goday & Borja 1961 (Xero- and mezophilous shrubberies)......................................................................................360 Order 27.1. Prunetalia spinosae Tüxen 1952 (Xero-thermophilous shrubberies).........360 Alliance 27.1.1. Berberidion Br.-Bl. 1950 (Submediterranean thermophilous shrubberies)........................................................360 1. Pruno spinosae-Crataegetum Soó (1927) 1931....................................361 2. Ligustro-Prunetum Tüxen 1952...........................................................361 3. Cotoneastro tomentosi-Amelanchieretum Jakucs 1961.......................361 Alliance 27.1.2. Prunion spinosae Soó 1947 (Continental shrubberies)....................362 1. Prunetum fruticosae Dziubaltovski 1926.............................................362 2. Prunetum tenellae Soó 1947.................................................................362 3. Cerasetum mahaleb Oberdorfer & Müller 1979...................................363 Alliance 27.1.3. Spiraeion mediae Borhidi & Z. Varga 1999 (Subcontinental rocky shrubberies)...........................................................................363 25

1. Helleboro odori-Spiraeetum mediae Borhidi & Morschhauser 2003.................................................................364 2. Waldsteinio-Spiraeetum mediae Zólyomi 1936...................................364 XI. Deciduous forests....................................................................................................................365 Class 28. SALICETEA PURPUREAE Moor 1958 (Gallery forests).....................................365 Order 28.1. Salicetalia purpureae Moor 1958 (Riparian softwood shrubberies and forests).................................................................365 Alliance 28.1.1. Salicion triandrae Müller & Görs 1958 (Willow shrubberies)........365 1. Rumici crispi-Salicetum purpureae Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996..............................................................366 2. Polygono hydropiperi-Salicetum triandrae Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996..............................................................367 Alliance 28.1.2. Salicion albae Soó 1930 em. Müller & Görs 1958 (Softwood gallery forests)..........................................................................................367 Suballiance 28.1.2.1. Salicenion albae-fragilis Kevey 2008 (Willow gallery forests)..........................................................................................368 1. Leucojo aestivi-Salicetum albae Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996.....368 Suballiance 28.1.2.2. Populenion nigro-albae Kevey 2008 (Poplar gallery forests)...........................................................................................369 1. Carduo crispi-Populetum nigrae Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996.....370 2. Senecioni sarracenici-Populetum albae Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996..............................................................371 3. Crataegetum nigrae Slavnić 1952.........................................................372 Class 29. ALNETEA GLUTINOSAE Br. Bl. & Tx. ex Westhoff & al. 1946 (Swamps of temperate Europe)...............................................................................................373 Order 29.1. Alnetalia glutinosae Tx. 1937 (Swamps of temperate Europe)..................373 Alliance 29.1.1. Salicion cinereae Müller & Görs ex Passarge 1961 (Willow and birch swamps).......................................................................................374 1. Salici pentandrae-Betuletum pubescentis (Zólyomi 1931) Soó 1955........................................................................374 2. Salicetum auritae Jonas 1935...............................................................375 3. Calamagrostido-Salicetum cinereae Soó & Zólyomi in Soó 1955.......375 4. Sphagno recurvi-Salicetum cinereae (Zólyomi 1934) Soó 1955.........376 5. Sphagno recurvi-Betuletum pubescentis Zólyomi 1931......................376 Alliance 29.1.2. Alnion glutinosae Malcult 1929 (European Alder swamps)............376 1. Carici elongatae-Alnetum Koch 1926..................................................377 2. Sphagno squarrosi-Alnetum Sol.-Gorn. ex Pried. 1997.......................378 3. Fraxino pannonicae-Alnetum Soó & Járai-Komlódi in Járai-Komlódi 1958..............................................................................379 4. Carici elatae-Salicetum albae Kevey 2008...........................................380 Alliance 29.1.3. Molinio-Alnion glutinosae Kevey 2008 (Drained swamps)...........380 Suballiance 29.1.3.1. Serratulo tinctoriae-Salicenion cinereae Kevey 2008 (Drained willow and birch swamps)......................................................................381 1. Molinio-Salicetum cinereae Kevey 2008.............................................381 2. Ophioglosso-Betuletum pubescentis Riezing, Szollát & Simon 2009..............................................................................382 26

Suballiance 29.1.3.2. Molinio-Alnenion glutinosae Kevey 2008 (Drained alder swamps).........................................................................................383 1. Molinio-Alnetum glutinosae Kevey 2008............................................383 2. Veratro albo-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Kevey & Papp L. in Kevey 2008..........................................................................................384 Alliance 29.1.4. Scirpo sylvatici-Alnion glutinosae Kevey 2008 (Peat deficient swamps).............................................................................................384 Suballiance 29.1.4.1. Berulo erectae-Salicenion cinereae Kevey 2008 (Peat deficient willow swamps).............................................................................385 1. Berulo erectae-Salicetum cinereae Kevey 2008...................................385 Suballiance 29.1.4.2. Scirpo sylvatici-Alnenion glutinosae Kevey 2008 (Peat deficient alder swamps).................................................................................386 1. Angelico sylvestris-Alnetum glutinosae Borhidi in Borhidi & Kevey 1996.............................................................................386 2. Scirpo sylvatici-Salicetum fragilis Kevey 2008...................................387 3. Cardamini parviflorae-Quercetum roboris Molnár Zs. 2010................387 Class 30. QUERCO-FAGETEA Br. Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 em. Borhidi 1996 (Mezophilous deciduous forests).............................................................................................388 Order 30.1. Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawlowski in Pawl. et al. 1928 (European beech woods and mixed mezophilous forests).............................................388 Alliance 30.1.1. Alnion incanae Pawlowski in Pawlowski & Wallish 1928 (Hardwood gallery forests)........................................................................................389 Suballiance 30.1.1.1. Alnenion glutinosae-incanae Oberd. 1953 (Alder gallery forests)............................................................................................389 1. Aegopodio-Alnetum glutinosae V. Kárpáti, I. Kárpáti et Jurko ex Šomšák 1961............................................................................................389 2. Carici pendulae-Alnetum Borhidi & Kevey 1996................................390 3, Carici brizoidis-Alnetum I. Horv. 1938 em. Oberd. 1953....................390 4. Carici remotae-Fraxinetum excelsioris Koch ex Faber 1936...............391 5. Paridi quadrifoliae-Alnetum Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996...........391 6. Petasito hybridi-Salicetum fragilis Kevey 2008...................................392 Suballiance 30.1.1.2. Ulmenion Oberd. 1953 (Riverine hardwood gallery forests).......................................................................393 1. Fraxino pannonicae-Ulmetum Soó in Aszód 1935 corr. 1963.............394 2. Pimpinello majoris-Ulmetum Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996..........395 3. Scillo vindobonensis-Ulmetum Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996.......395 4. Carici brizoidis-Ulmetum Kevey 2008................................................395 5. Knautio drymeiae-Ulmetum Borhidi & Kevey 1996...........................396 Alliance 30.1.2. Carpinion betuli Issler 1931 (Central European oak-hornbeam forests).................................................................397 1. Circaeo-Carpinetum Borhidi 2003.......................................................397 2. Carpesio abrotanoidis-Carpinetum Kevey et al. in Borhidi & Kevey 1996.........................................................................398 3. Scillo vindobonensis-Carpinetum Kevey 2008....................................399 4. Convallario-Carpinetum Kevey 2008..................................................399 5. Corydalido cavae-Carpinetum Kevey 2008.........................................400 6. Cyclamini purpurascenti-Carpinetum Csapody ex Borhidi & Kevey 1996........................................................................402 7. Corydalido pumilae-Carpinetum Kevey 2008.....................................402 27

8. Carici pilosae-Carpinetum Neuhäusl & Neuhäuslová-Novotná 1964 em. Borhidi 1996.............................................................................403 9. Aceri campestri-Quercetum roboris Fekete 1965.................................404 Alliance 30.1.3. Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani Klika 1955 (Central European scree and ravine forests)..............................................................405 1. Mercuriali-Tilietum Zólyomi & Jakucs in Zólyomi 1958....................406 2. Scutellario columnae-Tilietum platyphylli (Fekete & Járai-Komlódi 1962) Borhidi in Borhidi & Kevey 1996........406 3. Primulo veris-Tilietum platyphyllae (Isépy 1968) Borhidi 1996.........407 4. Roso pendulinae-Tilietum platyphylli Csiky in Csiky et al. 2001.......407 5. Waldsteinio-Carpinetum (Jakucs & Jurko 1967) Soó 1971.................408 6. Scolopendrio-Fraxinetum Schwickerath 1938.....................................409 7. Parietario-Aceretum (Horánszky 1964) Soó 1971...............................409 8. Corydalido cavae-Aceretum pseudoplatani Moor 1938.......................410 9. Astrantio-Tilietum platyphyllae Buday 1980.......................................410 Alliance 30.1.4. Fagion sylvaticae Luquet 1926 (Beech woods of cold temperate Europe)..................................................................410 Suballiance 30.1.4.1. Eu-Fagenion Oberd. 1957 (Beech woods of Central Europe)..........................................................................411 1. Aconito-Fagetum Soó 1960..................................................................411 2. Melittio-Fagetum Soó 1964 em. 1971..................................................412 3. Daphno laureolae-Fagetum (Isépy 1970) Borhidi in Borhidi & Kevey 1996.........................................................................413 4. Cyclamini purpurascentis-Fagetum Soó 1971.....................................414 5. Carici strigosae-Fagetum Kevey 2008.................................................415 Suballiance 30.1.4.2. Cephalanthero-Fagenion Tüxen in Tüxen & Oberd. 1958 (Central European beech woods on rocks)....................................................415 1. Fago-Ornetum Zólyomi (1950) 1958...................................................416 2. Seslerio hungaricae-Fagetum Zólyomi 1967.......................................417 3. Epipactido atrorubentis-Fagetum Less 1998........................................417 4. Tilio-Sorbetum Zólyomi & Jakucs (1957) 1967..................................418 Alliance 30.1.5. Aremonio-Fagion (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi, in Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989 (Illyrian beech woods).........................................................419 Suballiance 30.1.5.1. Erythronio-Carpinenion (Marinček in Wallnöfer et al. 1993) Borhidi 1996 (Illyrian oak-hornbeam forests)..............................................................................419 1. Fraxino pannonicae-Carpinetum Soó & Borhidi in Soó 1962.............420 2. Veronico montanae-Carpinetum Kevey 2008......................................420 3. Helleboro dumetorum-Carpinetum Soó & Borhidi in Soó 1962.........421 4. Anemoni trifoliae-Carpinetum Borhidi & Kevey 1996........................422 5. Asperulo taurinae-Carpinetum Soó & Borhidi in Soó 1962.................422 Suballiance 30.1.5.2. Primulo vulgaris-Fagenion Borhidi 1963 em. 1996 (Submontane Illyrian beech woods).......................................................................423 1. Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum Pócs & Borhidi 1960.....................................423 2. Helleboro odori-Fagetum Soó & Borhidi in Soó 1960........................424 3. Doronico austriaci-Fagetum Borhidi & Kevey 1996...........................424 4. Leucojo verni-Fagetum Kevey & Borhidi 1992...................................425 Suballiance 30.1.5.3. Polysticho setiferi-Acerenion pseudoplatani Borhidi & Kevey 1996 (Illyrian ravine and scree forests).....................................426 28

1. Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni (A. O. Horvát 1958) Soó & Borhidi 1962.................................................................................426 2. Scutellario altissimae-Aceretum (A. O. Horvát 1958) Soó & Borhidi 1962.................................................................................427 3. Polysticho setiferi-Aceretum Kevey in Borhidi & Kevey 1996...........428 Class 31. QUERCETEA ROBORI-PETRAEAE Br.-Bl. 1932 (Acido-mezophilous deciduous forests)..................................................................................428 Order 31.1. Quercetalia roboris Tüxen 1931 (European acido-mezophilous deciduous forests).........................................................428 Alliance 31.1.1. Luzulo-Fagion Lohm. & Tüxen in Tüxen 1954 (Acidophilous beech woods)......................................................................................429 Suballiance 31.1.1.1. Luzulo-Fagenion (Lohm. & Tüxen in Tüxen 1954) Oberd. 1957 (Central European acidophilous beech woods).................................429 1. Luzulo nemorosae-Fagetum sylvaticae Meusel 1937..........................430 2. Galio rotundifolii-Fagetum Soó 1971..................................................430 Suballiance 31.1.1.2. Gentiano asclepiadeae-Fagenion Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005 (Balkanian acidophilous beech forests).......................................431 1. Sorbo torminalis-Fagetum (A. O. Horvát 1972) Borhidi & Kevey 1997.............................................................................432 Alliance 31.1.2. Quercion robori-petraeae Br.-Bl. 1932. (European acido-mezophilous oak forests)................................................................432 Suballiance 31.1.2.1. Genisto germanicae-Quercenion (Neuhäusl & Neuhäuslová-Novotná 1967) Oberd. 1987 (Central and East European subcontinental acido-mezophilous oak forests)........433 1. Deschampsio flexuosae-Quercetum sessiliflorae Firbas & Sigmond 1928...........................................................................433 2. Campanulo rotundifoliae-Quercetum petraeae (Csapody 1964) Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005...................................434 Suballiance 31.1.2.2. Castaneo-Quercenion (Soó 1962 em. 1971) Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005 (Balkanian submediterranean acido-mezophilous oak forests)..............................................................................435 1. Luzulo forsteri-Quercetum petraeae Borhidi & Kevey 1996...............435 Class 32. QUERCETEA PUBESCENTIS-PETRAEAE (Oberd. 1948) Jakucs 1960 (Submediterranean and subcontinental xero-thermophilous forests of continental Europe).............................................................................................................436 Order 32.1. Orno-Cotinetalia Jakucs 1960 (Southeast European pubescent oak forests and scrubs)...............................................437 Alliance 32.1.1. Orno-Cotinion Soó 1960 (Pannonian pubescent oak forests and scrubs)...........................................................437 Suballiance 32.1.1.1. Fraxino orni-Quercenion pubescentis Kevey 2008 (Pannonian pubescent oak forests).........................................................................437 1. Vicio sparsiflorae-Quercetum pubescentis Zólyomi ex Borhidi & Kevey 1996........................................................................438 2. Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Borhidi & Morschauser in Borhidi & Kevey 1996.........................................................................438 3. Aconito anthorae-Fraxinetum orni Borhidi & Kevey 1996..................439

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4. Euphorbio angulatae-Quercetum pubescentis (Knapp 1942) Hübl 1959..........................................................................440 5. Veratro nigrae-Fraxinetum orni Kevey & Borhidi 2001......................440 Suballiance 32.1.1.2. Cotino-Quercenion pubescentis Kevey 2008 (Pannonian pubescent oak scrubs).........................................................................441 1. Cotino-Quercetum pubescentis Soó (1931) 1932................................441 2. Inulo spiraeifoliae-Quercetum pubescentis (Jakucs 1961) Soó & Borhidi in Soó 1971...............................................442 3. Geranio sanguinei-Quercetum pubescentis Wagner ex Wendelberger 1953.................................................................443 Order 32.2. Quercetalia cerridis Borhidi 1996 (Southeast European turkey oak forests).......................................................................443 Alliance 32.2.1. Quercion petraeae Zólyomi & Jakucs 1957 (East Central European subcontinental oak forests)..................................................444 Suballiance 32.2.1.1. Quercenion petraeae Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005.......444 1. Quercetum petraeae-cerridis Soó 1963................................................445 2. Fraxino orni-Quercetum cerridis Kevey & Sonnevend in Kevey 2008..........................................................................................445 3. Agrostio tenuis-Quercetum cerridis Csapody (1974) ex Borhidi & Kevey 1996........................................................................446 4. Molinio litoralis-Quercetum cerridis Szodfridt & Tallós ex Borhidi 1996........................................................................................447 Suballiance 32.2.1.2 Luzulo multiflorae-Quercenion petraeae Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005 (Subcontinental acidophilous oak forests)........447 1. Genisto pilosae-Quercetum petraeae (Magyar 1933) Zólyomi et al. ex Soó 1963......................................................................448 2. Sorbo ariae-Quercetum petraeae Simon 1977......................................448 Alliance 32.2.2. Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1954 (Balkanian subcontinental dry oak forests)................................................................449 Suballiance 32.2.2.1. Quercenion farnetto Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005 (Balkanian turkey oak forests)...............................................................................450 1. Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii A. O. Horvát 1981.....450 2. Asphodelo-Quercetum roboris (Borhidi & Járai-Komlódi 1959) Borhidi 1996.............................................................................................451 3. Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Kevey 2007............................451 Suballiance 32.2.2.2. Luzulo forsteri-Quercenion polycarpae Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005 (Submediterranean acidophilous dry oak forests)........................452 1. Genisto pilosae-Quercetum polycarpae (A. O. Horvát 1967) Borhidi & Kevey 1996.............................................................................453 2. Viscario vulgaris-Quercetum polycarpae Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005.........................................................................................453 Alliance 32.2.3. Acero tatarici-Quercion Zólyomi & Jakucs 1957 (Steppe forests and steppe woodlands of the European forest-steppe zone).............454 Suballiance 32.2.3.1. Fraxino excelsiori-Quercenion pubescentis Kevey 2008 (Subcontinental closed oak forests of the mountains).......................455 1. Corno-Quercetum pubescentis Jakucs & Zólyomi ex Máthé & M. Kovács 1962.............................................................................................455 2. Cirsio pannonici-Quercetum pubescentis Less 1998...........................456 3. Seslerio hungaricae-Quercetum virgilianae Suba & al. 1982..............456 30

4. Poo scabrae-Quercetum petraeae (Horánszky 1964) Soó 1971 corr. Borhidi hoc loco...............................................................457 5. Tilio-Fraxinetum excelsioris Zólyomi (1934) 1967.............................457 Suballiance 32.2.3.2. Poo scabra-Quercenion pubescentis Kevey 2008 corr. Borhidi 2012 (Subcontinental oak scrubs in the mountains).........................458 1. Ceraso mahaleb-Quercetum pubescentis Jakucs & Fekete 1957.........459 2. Festuco pseudodalmaticae-Quercetum pubescentis (Horánszky 1957) Soó 1963.....................................................................459 3. Epipactido microphyllae-Quercetum Csiky 2003................................460 Suballiance 32.2.3.3. Polygonato latifolii-Quercenion roboris Kevey 2008 (Lowland subcontinental closed oak forests).........................................................460 1. Convallario-Quercetum roboris Soó (1939) 1957................................461 2. Polygonato latifolii-Quercetum roboris (Hargitai 1940) Borhidi in Borhidi & Kevey 1996............................................................462 3. Melico nutantis-Quercetum roboris Kevey 2008.................................462 4. Melico altissimae-Quercetum roboris (Zólyomi & Tallós 1967) Kevey 2008.....................................................463 5. Pulmonario mollis-Quercetum roboris Kevey 2008............................464 6. Dictamno-Tilietum cordatae Fekete 1961............................................465 Suballiance 32.2.3.4. Acero tatarici-Quercenion roboris Kevey 2008 (Subcontinental steppe woodlands)........................................................................466 1. Iridi variegatae-Quercetum roboris (Hargitai 1940) Borhidi in Borhidi & Kevey 1996............................................................466 2. Junipero-Populetum albae (Zólyomi ex Soó 1950) Szodfridt 1969.....467 3. Melampyro debreceniensi-Quercetum roboris Borhidi & Papp L. 2003...........................................................................468 4. Festuco rupicolae-Quercetum roboris Soó (1943) 1957......................469 5. Populo canescenti-Quercetum roboris (Hargitai 1940) Borhidi in Borhidi & Kevey 1996............................................................470 6. Quercetum pubescenti-roboris (Zólyomi 1957) Michalko et Džatko 1965.........................................................................470 7. Peucedano alsatici-Quercetum roboris Kevey 2008............................471 8. Galatello-Quercetum roboris Zólyomi & Tallós 1967.........................472 XII. Coniferous forests..................................................................................................................474 Class 33. ERICO-PINETEA I. Horvat 1959 (Xero-thermophilous pine forests)....................474 Order 33.1. Erico-Pinetalia I. Horvat 1959 (Xero-thermophilous pine forests)............474 Alliance 33.1.1. Erico-Pinion Br. Bl. in Br. Bl. et al. 1939 (Limestone pine forests)............................................................................................475 1. Lino flavi-Pinetum sylvestris Pócs ex Soó 1964..................................475 2. Calamagrostio variae-Pinetum Wendelberger 1962.............................476 Class 34. PULSATILLO-PINETEA Oberd. in Oberd. et al. 1967 (European continental pine forests).........................................................................................476 Order 34.1. Pulsatillo-Pinetalia Oberd. in Oberd. et al. 1967 (Continental and subcontinental pine forests)...............................................................476

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Alliance 34.1.1. Festuco vaginatae-Pinion sylvestris Soó 1971 (Southeast European continental pine forests)...........................................................477 1. Festuco vaginatae-Pinetum sylvestris Soó (1931) 1971.......................477 Class 35. VACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 (Temperate needle-leaved forests)...........................................................................................478 Order 35.1. Piceetalia excelsae Pawlowski in Pawlowski et al. 1929 (European spruce forests)..............................................................................................478 Alliance 35.1.1. Abieti-Piceion (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939) Soó 1964 (Central European fir-spruce forests).........................................................................479 1. Bazzanio-Abietetum Ellenberg & Klötzli 1972...................................479 Order 35.2. Pino-Quercetalia Ružička 1964 (Continental acidophilous pine woods)...480 Alliance 35.2.1. Pino-Quercion Medwecka-Kornas & al. 1959 (East European acidophilous pine oak forests)..........................................................480 1. Genisto nervatae-Pinetum Pócs 1966...................................................481 2. Aulacomnio-Pinetum Pócs 1966..........................................................482 XIII. Naturalized tree plantations.................................................................................................483 Class 36. ROBINIETEA Jurko ex Hadač & Sofron 1980 (Black locust plantations).............483 Order 36.1. Chelidonio-Robinietalia Jurko ex Hadač & Sofron 1980 (Black locust plantations on nutrient-rich, mesic soils).................................................483 Alliance 36.1.1. Chelidonio-Robinion Hadač & Sofron 1980 (Black locust plantations on mesic soils)...................................................................484 1. Anthrisco cerefolii-Robinietum Majer 1963........................................484 Order 36.2. Balloto nigrae-Robinietalia Balogh L. & Borhidi 2006 (Black locust plantations on nutrient-poor, dry soils)....................................................484 Alliance 36.2.1. Balloto nigrae-Robinion Hadač & Sofron 1980 (Dry black locust plantations)....................................................................................484 1. Bromo sterilis-Robinietum Pócs 1954.................................................484 New syntaxa, corrections and combinations.................................................................................486 References.....................................................................................................................................487 Index of terms and syntaxa...........................................................................................................525

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