Pig Manure Management in Asia
Tetsuo Kuyama Manager (Water Resource management) Natural Resource and Ecosystem Services Area
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Purpose of Session Knowledge sharing of following topics on pig manure management considering the common and different situations (natural/social) in WEPA countries • Pig industry in WEPA countries • Impacts of pig industry to water environment • Uniqueness of pig manure management 2
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Pig Industry in WEPA countries (Outlook) • • • •
55 % of global pig production (2011) About 580 million heads (as of live pig in 2014) in WEPA countries Rapid increase of pig population in China, Vietnam, Myanmar Few exported pigs: Most of pigs are consumed in each country. Pig production increase is supposed to be due to human population increase and change of food culture
• •
Increase of large scale producer: China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam High pig density around big cities: China, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippine
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Europe Asia USA
Brazil
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Pig Production in 2011 (total production over the world: 110,270 thousands tonnes)
Global Pig Production in 2011 Other countri es 25% Bra zi l 3% Spa in 3% Germa ny 5%
China 46%
USA 9%
Other WEPA countries 6%
Vi etnam 3%
Source: FAO
Total Production over the world: 110 million tones
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Number of Live Pig in WEPA Countries (2014) 1,000,000,000
Country with more than 5 million heads of pigs
Heads Heads
100,000,000 10,000,000
1,000,000 100,000 10,000 China Vietnam Vietnam Myanmar Myanmmar Phillippine Korea China Philippine Korea
Japan Indonesia Indonesia Thailand Cambodia Malaysia Malaysia Nepal Japan Thailand Laos Laos Cambodia Nepal
Sri SriLanka Lanka
Source: FAO
WEPA total: About 580 million heads
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Change in Number of Live Pig in WEPA Countries 30,000,000
600,000,000
25,000,000 20,000,000
400,000,000
Head
Head
500,000,000
300,000,000
15,000,000 10,000,000
200,000,000
5,000,000
100,000,000
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
0
Year
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
Thailand
Vietnam
Phillippine
Myanmmar
Korea
Japan
Indonesia
Malaysia
Source: FAO
China
Other selected WEPA countries
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Pig meat import/export in WEPA countries (2011) Japan
Japan
Vietnam
Vietnam
Thailand
Thailand
Phillippines
Phillippines
Malaysia
Malaysia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea
China
China 0%
20%
40%
Production
60%
Imports
80%
100%
0%
20%
Exports
40%
60%
80%
100%
Utlization Source: FAO
Production/Imports
Utilization/Exports
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Size of Pig Industry in WEPA countries Share of pigs slaughtered by farm size in Thailand (1993 and 2013) Number of pigs slaughtered
Pigs slaughtered by farm size (%)
1-500
73
25
>500
27
75
1993
2013
Source: Agricultural Census and FAO
Same trend in China, Japan and Vietnam
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Pig Density in Asia Beijing Tianjin
Shanghai
Hanoi Manila
Bangkok HCMC
Source: FAO, LEAD Project
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Supposed Issues caused by Pig Industry related with Water Environment • •
Pollution load increase from pig industry to water environment Change in pattern of pollution loading from pig industry to water environment
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Severe negative environmental/social impact from pig industry in the city near high pig density area in addition to pollution from domestic wastewater 11
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Cases of Water Environmental Pollution caused by Pig Industry reported in WEPA Countries Thailand • According to Pollution Control Department in 1999, 23 % of BOD loading in Tha Chin River (western part of Bangkok city) was caused by pig industry. In 2000, water quality at Tha Chin River became critical as the level of DO has dropped to near zero in the most part of the river. In addition, there was complaint that pig production is a cause of water pollution in Bangpakong River in the eastern region. Consequently, in 2001, PCD added the pig industry in the regulated list (source：FAO).
Philippine • In Balanac River, which is a tributary of Laguna de Bay and Benig River in Tarlac located in Luzon, water pollutions caused by pig industry were reported, and therefore DENR investigated these rivers. In addition, river waters in Lantapan, Bukindo in Mindanao have also become polluted with E.coli and there was suspicion that the pollitants must have come from human and livestock waste (source: FAO) 12
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Cases of Water Environmental Pollution caused by Pig Industry reported in WEPA Countries China • According to 12th National Five Years Plan of Livestock Pollution Prevention, 59 % of total pollution load to Lake Tai is reported to be caused by agricultural sector, mainly from livestock industry. In addition, Chinese government conducted national pollutant inventory survey in 2009 and 2010. The result of the survey in 2010 illustrated that 45% of COD load and 25 % of NH3 load were from livestock industry. Consequently, Chinese government started to intensify livestock pollution prevention from 12th National Five Years Plan.
Vietnam • ????
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Pig Density in Asia Beijing Tianjin Lake Tai Shanghai
Hanoi
Bangoakong River Bangkok Thai Chin River
Manila HCMC
Balanac River and Lagnuna de Bay
Source: FAO, LEAD Project
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How to manage pig manure?
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Today’s Program 13:05-13:35 “Progress of WEPA Action Program on Pig Wastewater Management in Vietnam” Ms. Quyenh Huong, ESI, Vietnam 13:35-13:55 Coffee Break
13:55-14:25 “Swine waste management in Thailand ” Dr. Chao Nokyoo, Pollution Control Department, MONRE, Thailand 14:25-14:55 “Environmental management of Pig excreta in Korea” Dr. Eugene Chung, Senior Researcher, National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea
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Contents of Each Presentation • Current situation of pig farm • Impact of pig manure to the environment • Issues on pig manure management • How to overcome or improve the issues 17
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Consideration Points in Sharing of Knowledge on Pig Manure Management in Asia • Waste Management and Wastewater Management • Difference of Pollution Loading by Different Pig Sizes and Different Breeding Methods • Antibiotics Use • Biogas Production
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Manure Urine (wastewater)
Feed
Feces (waste) 19
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Methodology of Pig Manure Treatment in Japan (2009) No 26%
Yes 74% Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan
Separation of Feces (Waste) and Urine (Wastewater) at Primary Treatment Stage 20
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Methodology of Pig Manure Treatment in Japan (2009) 100
100
Feces (Waste)
80 60
60
%
%
Urine (Wastewater)
80
40
40
20
20
0
0 Drying Drying
Composting Incineration Composting Methane Others Others Incineration Metahne Fermentation Fermentation
Composting
Drying Composting Biological Storage(use to Others Drying Composting Biological Storageas Metahne MethaneDischarge Discharge Others Treatment liquied Fermentation Sewerage Treatment fertilizer) (use as Fermentation to liquid Sewerage fertilizer)
Treatment/Storage and Discharge/Use as Fertilizer Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan
Treatment Methodology at Secondary Stage
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Issues in Use of Composting and Liquid Fertilizer 700,000 35,000,000
600,000 30,000,000
500,000 400,000
tonnes
1000Ha
25,000,000
300,000 200,000
20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000
100,000
5,000,000
0
0
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Agricultural land
2010
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Consumption of Nitrogen Fertilizer Source: FAO
Change of Agricultural Land and Nitrogen Fertilizer Consumption in WEPA Countries22
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Pollution Load Unit by Different Pig Types (Thailand)
Country Thailand
Pig Type
Manure Volume (l/head/day)
BOD (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
SS (mg/l)
TKN (mg/l)
Breeder
64
800
1,700
900
350
Fattener
24
3,500
7,400
4,700
700
Nursery
20
2,500
5,400
3,000
350
Source: Pollution Control Department, MONRE, Thailand
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Pollution Load Unit by Different Breeding Methods (Japan/WHO) Country
Breeding Method
Japan
Pig House with Water Washing
WHO
Manure Volume (l/head/day)
BOD (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
SS (mg/l)
TN (mg/l)
118
1,927
1,378
1,268
456
Pig House without Water Washing
3
14,848
7,879
17,576
7,273
Solid Floor/Water Washed
40
2,253
-
5,000
500
Slotted Floor/Pit Manure
8
11,750
-
8,571
2,607
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (Japan) , WHO
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Thank you in advance for your active discussion
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