Indicator B – 3.1: Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process.   Indicator B – 3.2: Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis     &     Respira0on  

Objectives Describe the process of photosynthesis Describe the process of cellular respiration Compare cellular respiration to photosynthesis Describe the process of glycolysis Describe the process of fermentation Summarize the importance of fermentation

1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8. 

Glycolysis  Fermentation  Lactic acid  Aerobic  Anaerobic  Krebs Cycle  Electron transport chain  Calvin cycle

Photosynthetic organisms are producers. •  •  • 

• 

Producers make their own source of chemical energy. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. Definition - light energy is converted to chemical energy produces sugar and oxygen. Captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

6CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2



carbon dioxide + water

glucose + oxygen

(Reactants)

(Products)

granum  (stack  of  thylakoids)  

1  

chloroplast  

6H2O  

6O2      

2  

  thylakoid   6CO2  

3  

energy   stroma  (fluid  outside  the  thylakoids)   1  six-­‐carbon  sugar  

4  

C6H12O6  

Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts. 2 main parts: 1. Grana

grana  (thylakoids)   chloroplast  

stacks of coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments called thylakoids.

2. Stroma fluid that surrounds the grana inside a chloroplast.

stroma  

• 

Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.

chloroplast  

• the  green  color  of  plants  comes  from     the  reflec0on  of  light’s  green   wavelengths  by  chlorophyll.          

• In  plants,  chlorophyll  is        found  in  organelles  called          chloroplasts.   • Chloroplasts  are  the   membrane-­‐bound  organelles   where  photosynthesis  takes   place  in  plants.  

leaf  cell  

 

leaf  

2  Main  Stages  of  Photosynthesis   Light reaction (Light-dependent reaction) 2.  Dark Reaction (Light-independent/Calvin Cycle) Which part of the cell organelle does each stage occur in? 1.  Thylakoids 2.  Stroma 1. 

Light  ReacGon  (Light-­‐Dependent)   First step in photosynthesis. ›  Traps sunlight ›  Makes electrons, ATP, and NADPH to run the dark reaction. ›  NADPH stands for: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate › 

›  The  light-­‐dependent  reacGons  capture  energy  from  sunlight.  

–  take  place  in  thylakoids   –  water  and  sunlight  are  needed   –  chlorophyll  absorbs  energy   –  oxygen  is  released   –  energy  is  transferred  along  thylakoid  membrane   then  to  light-­‐independent  reacGons  

Light-­‐Dependent  ReacGon   ›  Energy  absorbed  from  sunlight.   ›  Chlorophyll  and  other  light-­‐absorbing  molecules  in  the  

thylakoid  membrane  absorb  energy  from  sunlight.    The   energy  is  transferred  to  electrons.   ›  High  energy  electrons  leave  the  chlorophyll  and  enter  an   electron  transport  chain.   ›  Water  molecules  are  broken  down.   ›  Enzymes  break  down  water  molecules  into  oxygen,  

hydrogen  ions,  and  electrons.   ›  The  oxygen  is  released  as  waste.  

Dark  ReacGon  (Light-­‐Independent)   › Also

called Calvin Cycle › Second step › Uses ATP and electrons from the light reaction › Uses carbon dioxide from the air to make glucose (sugar).

Light-­‐Independent  ReacGon   ›  The  second  stage  of  photosynthesis  uses  energy  from  

the  first  stage  to  make  sugars.   ›  The  energy  sources  are  the  molecules  of  ATP  and   NADPH  formed  during  the  light-­‐dependent  reacGons.   ›  The  energy  is  needed  for  a  series  of  chemical  reacGons  

called  the  Calvin  Cycle.  

• 

The light-independent reactions make sugars.

– take  place  in  stroma   – needs  carbon  dioxide  from  atmosphere   – use  energy  to  build  a  sugar  in  a  cycle  of   chemical  reacGons  

What  is  needed  in  each  stage?   Water and sunlight 2.  ATP, electrons, and carbon dioxide What is released in each stage? 1.  Oxygen, (ATP, electrons and NADPH) energy sources 2.  Glucose 1. 

In  which  type  of  cell  does  this   cellular  process  takes  place?   1. 

Eukaryotes – Plant Cells

Defini0on  of  Respira0on   Process  of  producing  ATP  by  breaking  down  carbon-­‐ based  molecules  when  oxygen  is  present  

C6H12O6 + 6O2 glucose + oxygen (reactants)



6CO2 + 6H2O carbon dioxide + water (products)

The  reactants  in  photosynthesis  are  the  same  as  the   products  of  cellular  respiraGon.  

Cellular  RespiraGon   Takes place in: Mitochondrion

1  

matrix  (area  enclosed   by  inner  membrane)    

2 main parts: › Inner

membrane › Matrix

mitochondrion  

energy  

3   energy  from     glycolysis  

and  

6O    2  

ATP  

and   6CO    2  

2  

inner  membrane  

ATP  

and   6H  2    O  

4  

Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria. mitochondrion  

animal  cell  

  Glycolysis  must  take  place  first.  

–  anaerobic  process  (does  not  require  oxygen)   –  takes  place  in  cytoplasm   –  splits  glucose  into  two  three-­‐carbon  molecules   –  produces  two  ATP  molecules  

2 Main Stages in Cellular Respiration 1. 

 

Krebs  Cycle   ›  Produces  molecules  that  carry   energy  to  the  second  part  of  cellular   respiraGon.  

2 Main Stages in Cellular Respiration 2.      Electron  Transport   ›  Made  of  proteins   ›  Needs  energy-­‐carrying  molecules   from  the  Krebs  cycle  and  oxygen  to   make  ATP.  

Which part of the cell organelle does each stage occur in? 1.  2. 

Matrix   Inner  membrane  

  What  is  needed  in  each  stage?   1.  Two  3  carbon  molecules   2.  Oxygen  &  energy  carrying  molecules  

What is released in each stage? 1.  2. 

Carbon  dioxide  and  a  small  amount  of  ATP   Water  &  ATP  (large  amounts)  

  In  which  type  of  cell  does  this  cellular  process  takes   place?   1.  Eukaryotes  –  plants  and  animals  

Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. Krebs  Cycle   –  – 

1  

takes place in mitochondrial matrix breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis

–  makes  a  small  amount  of   ATP   –  releases  carbon  dioxide   –  transfers  energy-­‐carrying   molecules  

mitochondrion  

matrix  (area  enclosed   by  inner  membrane)     energy  

3   energy  from     glycolysis  

and  

6O    2  

ATP  

and   6CO    2  

2  

inner  membrane  

ATP  

and   6H  2    O  

4  

The  electron  transport  chain  produces  a  large   amount  of  ATP.   –  takes  place  in  inner   membrane   –  energy  transferred  to   electron  transport   chain   –  oxygen  enters  process   –  ATP  produced   -­‐-­‐water  released  as  a        waste  product  

1  

mitochondrion  

matrix  (area  enclosed   by  inner  membrane)    

Electron  Transport  

3   energy  from     glycolysis  

and  

6O    2  

energy  

ATP  

and   6CO    2  

2  

inner  membrane  

ATP  

and   6H  2    O  

4