Indicator B – 3.1: Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equatio...
Indicator B – 3.1: Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process. Indicator B – 3.2: Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis & Respira0on
Objectives Describe the process of photosynthesis Describe the process of cellular respiration Compare cellular respiration to photosynthesis Describe the process of glycolysis Describe the process of fermentation Summarize the importance of fermentation
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Glycolysis Fermentation Lactic acid Aerobic Anaerobic Krebs Cycle Electron transport chain Calvin cycle
Photosynthetic organisms are producers. • • •
•
Producers make their own source of chemical energy. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. Definition - light energy is converted to chemical energy produces sugar and oxygen. Captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
→
carbon dioxide + water
glucose + oxygen
(Reactants)
(Products)
granum (stack of thylakoids)
1
chloroplast
6H2O
6O2
2
thylakoid 6CO2
3
energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 1 six-‐carbon sugar
4
C6H12O6
Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts. 2 main parts: 1. Grana
grana (thylakoids) chloroplast
stacks of coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments called thylakoids.
2. Stroma fluid that surrounds the grana inside a chloroplast.
stroma
•
Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
chloroplast
• the green color of plants comes from the reflec0on of light’s green wavelengths by chlorophyll.
• In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts. • Chloroplasts are the membrane-‐bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants.
leaf cell
leaf
2 Main Stages of Photosynthesis Light reaction (Light-dependent reaction) 2. Dark Reaction (Light-independent/Calvin Cycle) Which part of the cell organelle does each stage occur in? 1. Thylakoids 2. Stroma 1.
Light ReacGon (Light-‐Dependent) First step in photosynthesis. Traps sunlight Makes electrons, ATP, and NADPH to run the dark reaction. NADPH stands for: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
The light-‐dependent reacGons capture energy from sunlight.
– take place in thylakoids – water and sunlight are needed – chlorophyll absorbs energy – oxygen is released – energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-‐independent reacGons
Light-‐Dependent ReacGon Energy absorbed from sunlight. Chlorophyll and other light-‐absorbing molecules in the
thylakoid membrane absorb energy from sunlight. The energy is transferred to electrons. High energy electrons leave the chlorophyll and enter an electron transport chain. Water molecules are broken down. Enzymes break down water molecules into oxygen,
hydrogen ions, and electrons. The oxygen is released as waste.
Dark ReacGon (Light-‐Independent) Also
called Calvin Cycle Second step Uses ATP and electrons from the light reaction Uses carbon dioxide from the air to make glucose (sugar).
Light-‐Independent ReacGon The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from
the first stage to make sugars. The energy sources are the molecules of ATP and NADPH formed during the light-‐dependent reacGons. The energy is needed for a series of chemical reacGons
called the Calvin Cycle.
•
The light-independent reactions make sugars.
– take place in stroma – needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere – use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reacGons
What is needed in each stage? Water and sunlight 2. ATP, electrons, and carbon dioxide What is released in each stage? 1. Oxygen, (ATP, electrons and NADPH) energy sources 2. Glucose 1.
In which type of cell does this cellular process takes place? 1.
Eukaryotes – Plant Cells
Defini0on of Respira0on Process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-‐ based molecules when oxygen is present
C6H12O6 + 6O2 glucose + oxygen (reactants)
→
6CO2 + 6H2O carbon dioxide + water (products)
The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiraGon.
Cellular RespiraGon Takes place in: Mitochondrion
1
matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane)
2 main parts: Inner
membrane Matrix
mitochondrion
energy
3 energy from glycolysis
and
6O 2
ATP
and 6CO 2
2
inner membrane
ATP
and 6H 2 O
4
Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen. Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria. mitochondrion
animal cell
Glycolysis must take place first.
– anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) – takes place in cytoplasm – splits glucose into two three-‐carbon molecules – produces two ATP molecules
2 Main Stages in Cellular Respiration 1.
Krebs Cycle Produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiraGon.
2 Main Stages in Cellular Respiration 2. Electron Transport Made of proteins Needs energy-‐carrying molecules from the Krebs cycle and oxygen to make ATP.
Which part of the cell organelle does each stage occur in? 1. 2.
Matrix Inner membrane
What is needed in each stage? 1. Two 3 carbon molecules 2. Oxygen & energy carrying molecules
What is released in each stage? 1. 2.
Carbon dioxide and a small amount of ATP Water & ATP (large amounts)
In which type of cell does this cellular process takes place? 1. Eukaryotes – plants and animals
Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis. The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain. Krebs Cycle – –
1
takes place in mitochondrial matrix breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis
– makes a small amount of ATP – releases carbon dioxide – transfers energy-‐carrying molecules
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) energy
3 energy from glycolysis
and
6O 2
ATP
and 6CO 2
2
inner membrane
ATP
and 6H 2 O
4
The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP. – takes place in inner membrane – energy transferred to electron transport chain – oxygen enters process – ATP produced -‐-‐water released as a waste product