BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 10, Issue: 2, Page: 120-124, July - October, 2014

Review Paper

PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus) M.J. U ddin1, M. H. Akand1, S. I slam2, H. Mehraj1 and A FM Jamal U ddin1* M.J. U ddin, M. H. Akand, S. Is lam, H. M ehraj and AFM Jamal U ddin ( 2014). Phos phorus Levels on Growth and Yield of Okra ( Abelmoschus esculent us). Banglades h Res . Pub. J. 10( 2): 120-124. Ret rieve from htt p://www.bdres earchpublicat ions.com/admin/journal/upload/1410015/1410015.pdf

Abstract An ex periment w as conduct ed at Hort icult ure Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricult ural U niv ersity, Bangladesh from April t o August 2012 t o ev aluat e t he different doses of nit rogen on grow t h and y ield of okra (BARI Dherosh-1). Experiment consist ed four levels of phosphorus v iz. P0: 0 (cont rol), P1: 70, P2: 80 and P3: 90 kg P2O5/ ha using Rando mized Complet e Block Design w it h t hree replicat ions. Maximum plant height (87.8 cm), number of leav es (45.4/plant), leaf lengt h (29.5 cm), pet iole lengt h (23.2 cm), st em diamet er (2.3 cm), int ernode lengt h (14.8 cm), number of branches (4.0/plant ), fruit lengt h (17.0 cm), fruit diamet er (1.9 cm), number of flow er buds (30.2/plant ), number of fruit s (22.5/plant) w eight of individual fruit (11.4 g), fresh w eight of leav es (294.5 g/plant), dry matt er cont ent of leav es (11.4%) and y ield (7.32 kg/plot and 17.0 t /ha) w as found from P 2 w hereas minimum from P0.

Key Words: Okra, nitrogen levels growth and yield. Introduction Okra (Abelmoschus esculent us) belongs to Malvaceae family is a popular vegetable and phosphorus is an important macronutrient for plant. Plants ex hibit numerous physiological and metabolic adaptations in response to seasonal variations in phosphorus content. Phosphorus deficiency is characterized by low ATP content and ATPase activity which are partly responsible for drastic reduction in growth and yield w hile enhanced activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases which increase the availability of P in P-deficient seasons (Supatra and Mukherji, 2004). Crop growth is continuously threatened by phosphorus limitation on most tropical and temperate soils (Akinrinde and Adigun, 2005). Use of proper doses of fertilizer is one of the most important ways of better production of okra and phosphorus fertilizer has a great effect in this respect (Yogesh and Aora, 2001). Effect of phosphorus application on green fruit yield in okra has been conflicting and phosphorus fertilization can influenced in fruiting development (Mohanta, 1998). Considering these facts current study was undertaken to determine the optimum levels of phosphorus on growth and yield of okra. Materials and Methods The experiment w as carried out at Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during April to August 2012. BARI Dherosh-1 w as used in the ex periment. Four levels of phosphorus fertilizer viz. P0: 0 kg P2O5/ha (control), P1: 70 kg P2O 5/ha, P2: 80 kg P2O 5/ha, P3: 90 kg P2O 5/ha were used by follow ing Randomized Complete Block Design w ith three replications. The size of the each plot was 2.4 × 1.8 m. The distance maintained between two blocks and two plots were 1.0 and 0.5 m, respectively. Cowdung @ 10t/ha, nitrogen @ 120 kg/ha and potassium @ 150kg/ha were used. Nitrogenous fertilizers were splitted and applied at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) and other were applied as basal dose. Seeds were sown in row s having a depth of 2-3 cm with maintaining distance from 30 cm and 60 cm from plant to plant and row to row respectively. Five plants were randomly selected from the middle rows of each unit plot for collecting data. Data were collected on plant height, leaves number, petiole *Corres ponding Aut hors ’ Email: [email protected] 1 Depart ment of Hort icult ure, Sher-e-Bangla Agricult ural U niversit y, Dhaka-1207, Ban glades h 2 Depart ment of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricult ural U nivers it y, Dhaka-1207, Banglades h

121 Phosphorus Levels on Growt h and Yield of Okra

length, stem diameter, leaf length, number of branches/plant, internode length, fresh weight/plant, dry weight/plant, days to flowering, number of flower buds/plant, number of fruits/plant, w eight of individual fruits, fruit length, fruit diameter, yield/plot and yield/ha. Stem and fruit diameter was measured with digital calipers (DC-515). The final dry content was taken by follow ing formula: Dry weight of leaves (g) Dry matter content of leaves =

× 100 Fresh weight of leaves (g)

Collected data were statistically analyzed by using MSTAT-C computer package program and difference among treatments was estimated by Least Significance Differences (LSD) test at 5% level of probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). Results and Discussion Plant height: Tallest plant was found from P2 (87.8 cm) which w as statistically identical w ith P3 (84.7 cm) while shortest from P0 (71.0 cm) at 80 DAS (Fig. 1a). Bhai and Singh (1998) reported that P application significantly increased the plant height. Number of leaves/plant: M aximum number of leaves w as observed in P2 (45.4/plant) which w as statistically identical w ith P3 (44.1) while minimum from P0 (38.0/plant) at 80 DAS (Fig. 1b). Length of leaf: Longest leaf w as found in P2 (29.5 cm) w hereas shortest from P0 (20.0 cm) at 80 DAS (Fig. 1c). Length of petiole: Longest petiole was found from P2 (23.2 cm) which w as statistically identical with P3 (22.5 cm) whereas shortest was from P0 (18.1 cm) at 80 DAS (Fig. 1d). Stem diameter: Max imum stem diameter was found from P2 (2.3 cm) w hile minimum from P0 (1.6 cm) at 80 DAS (Fig. 2a). Internode length: Longest internode w as found from P2 (14.83 cm) w hich was statistically identical with P3 (14.7 cm) whereas shortest from P0 (10.3 cm) at 80 DAS (Fig. 2b). Number of branches/plant: Max imum number of branches was found in P2 (4.0/plant) which was statistically identical w ith P3 (3.9/plant) w hile minimum from P0 (3.0/plant) at 80 DAS (Fig. 3a). Akinrinde and Adigun (2005) reported that okra plants were more efficient in their use of P. Fruit length: Longest fruit was found from P2 (17.1 cm) w hich w as statistically identical w ith P3 (16.3 cm) w hereas shortest from P0 (13.3 cm) (Fig. 3b). Increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 kg/ha increased length of fruit (Lax man et al., 2004). The results resemble to those of Arora et al., (1991) and Naik and Srinivas, (1992) w ho reported that pod length in okra was significantly improved by application of P.

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Fruit diameter: M aximum fruit diameter w as found from P2 (1.9 cm) w hich w as statistically identical w ith P3 (1.8 cm) whereas minimum from P0 (1.5 cm) (Fig. 3b). Increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 kg/ha increased fruit diameter (Laxman et al., 2004).

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Fig. 1. Response of okra to different levels of phosphorus on (a) plant height, (b) leaves number/plant, (c) leaf length and (d) petiole length

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Fig. 2. Effect of phosphorus levels of okra on (a) stem diameter and (b) internode length

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Fig. 3. Response of okra to different levels of phosphorus on (a) number of branches/plant and (b) fruit length and diameter

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123 Phosphorus Levels on Growt h and Yield of Okra

Days required for flowering: Early flowering was observed from P2 (39.0 days) which w as statistically identical w ith P3 (39.5 days) while late flowering from P0 (43.8 days) (Table 1). Gill et al., (1974) reported that number of days for flowering w as reduced due to application of the proper level of phosphorus. Number of flower buds/plant: Max imum number of flower buds was found from P2 (30.2/plant) w hich was statistically similar with P3 (29.1/plant) w hile minimum from P0 (23.7/plant) (Table 1). Number of fruits/plant: M ax imum number of fruits was found from P2 (22.5/plant) which was statistically identical w ith P3 (21.5/plant) w hereas minimum from P0 (16.5/plant) (Table 1). Increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 kg/ha increased number of fruits/plant (Laxman et al., 2004) while Sultana (2002) reported that the optimum rate of P plant for okra w as 80 kg/ha. But Chauhan and Gupta (1973) reported that increasing level of phosphorus did not show any significant difference for the number of fruits/plant. Weight of individual fruit: M aximum weight of individual fruit was found from P2 (11.4 g) whereas minimum from P0 (9.9 g) (Table 1). Increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 kg/ha increased mean fruit weight (Laxman et al., 2004) while Majanbu et al. (1985) found no response of phosphorus fertilization to individual fruit weight of okra. Fresh weight of leaves/plant: Max imum fresh weight of leaves w as found from P2 (294.5 g/plant) w hich w as statistically identical w ith P3 (288.7 g/plant) w hereas minimum from P0 (248.5 g/plant) (Table 1). Dry matter content of leaves: Max imum dry matter was found from P2 (11.4%) which was statistically identical with P3 (10.8%) w hile minimum from P0 (8.6%) (Table 1). A successive level of P application Yield/plot: Max imum yield was found from P2 (7.3 kg/plot) whereas minimum from P0 (4.8 kg/plot) (Table 1). Yield/ha: M ax imum yield was found from P2 (17.0 t/ha) w hile minimum from P0 (11.2 t/ha) (Table 1). Increasing levels of phosphorus up to 90 kg/ha increased yield/ha (Laxman et al., 2004). Okra plants were more efficient in their use of P in terms of yield/ha (Akinrinde and Adigun, 2005). Table 1. Response of okra to different levels of phosphorus on crop duration, yield related attributes and yieldX Dry matt er No. of Days t o No. of cont ent Yield Yield/ha Treat ment s flow er flow ering fruits /plant of ( kg)/plot (t on) buds /plant leaves ( %) P0 44.4 a 23.7 c 16.5 c 9.9 c 248.5 c 8.6 c 4.84 11.2 d P1 42.2 b 28.4 b 20.2 b 10.6 b 280.0 b 10.2 b 6.21 14.4 c P2 39.0 c 30.2 a 22.5 a 11.4 a 294.5 a 11.4 a 7.32 17.0 a P3 39.5 c 29.1 ab 21.5 a 11.2 a 288.7 ab 10.8 a 6.93 16.0 b LSD0.05 0.9 1.7 1.8 0.5 13.3 0.7 0.7 CV% 5.6 6.4 6.2 6.7 8.4 7.5 6.1 XI n a column mean values having s imilar lett er(s ) are s t at istically s imilar and t hos e having diss imilar lett er(s ) differ s ignificant ly as per 0.05 level of s ignificance W eight of individual fruits ( g)

Fres h w eight of leaves /plant at harvest ( g)

Conclusion Finally it can be stated that application of 80 kg P2O5/ha was found as the best among the treatments. References Akinrinde, E.A. and Adigun, I.O. 2005. Phosphorus-use efficiency by pepper (Capsicum frutescens) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) at different phosphorus fertilizer application levels on two tropical soils. J. Appl. S ci., 5(10): 1785-1791.

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Bhai, K.L. and Singh, A.K. 1998. Effect of different levels of phosphorus, GA3 and picking on seed production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Indian J. S ci., 38(34): 119-122. Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. 1984. Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research (2 nd edn.). Int. Rice Res. Inst., A Willey Int. S ci., 3: 28-192. Lax man, S., Dhaka, R.S. and M ukherjee, S. 2004. Flowering and fruiting of okra [Abelmoschus esculent us (L.) Moench] as influenced by application of nitrogen, phosphorus and gibberellic acid. J . Eco Physiol., 7(3/4): 181-185. Mohanta, H.C. 1998. Effect of phosphorus and genotype on the yield and yield contributing characters of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Fert. Res., 6(3): 257-267. Supatra, S. and M ukherji, S. 2004. Alterations in activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase and ATP content in response to seasonally varying Pi status in okra (Abelmoschus esculent us). J. Envir. Biol., 25(2): 181-185. Yogesh, M.D. and Arora, S.K. 2001. Effect of N, P and sow ing date on okra (cv. Parbani Kranti) yield. Indian J. Agron., 36(9): 81-86. Sultana, S. 2002. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and boron on okra. M. S Thesis. Department of Soil Science, Banghabandhu Sheikh M uijibur Rahman Agril. Univ., Gazipur. Gupta, A., K. Srinivas and V. Shukla. 1981. Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculent us L. Moench) to plant spacing and nitrogen, phosphorus fertilization. Indian J . Hort. S ci. 38 (3-4): 218-222. Majanbu, S., VB Ogunlela and MK Ahmed. 1986. Response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculent us L. Moench) varieties to fertilizers: Growth and nutrient concentration as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus application. Fert ilizer Research 8(3): 297306. Gill, H.S., P.C. Thakur and T.C. Thakur. 1974. Effect of itrogen and phosphorus on seed yield of sweet pepper. ndian J . of Hort. 31: 74-78. Arora, S.K., B.R. Sharma and N. Kumar. 1991. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on growth and yield components in okra (Abelmoschus esculent us L.). Haryana J . of Hort. S ci. 20(3-4): 261-266. Naik, L.B. and K. Srinivas. 1992. Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on seed crop of okra. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 37(4): 769-771.

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