Personality I. II. III. IV. V.
Psychoanalytic Perspective Trait Perspective Humanistic Perspective Social-Cognitive Perspective Personality Assessment
I. Psychoanalytic Perspective
Conclusions Freud Drew after Studying Conversion Disorder • There is an unconscious. • There are active processes of defense and repression. • Childhood sexuality is very important.
Psychoanalytic Personality Concepts • Levels of Awareness – Conscious – Preconscious – Un/Subconscious
• Personality Structures – Id (pleasure principle) – Ego (reality principle – Superego (morality principle)
Conflict, Anxiety, & Defense • Anxiety: a warning signal that something bad is about to happen • Anxiety signals the ego to use defenses • Anxiety ~ air raid siren warning of an impending air attack • Ego defenses ~ anti-aircraft guns designed to combat the enemy planes
Ego Defense Mechanisms • Repression (The master defense):blocking mental content from conscious awareness • Regression • Reaction Formation • Projection • Rationalization • Displacement • Sublimation
Personality Development • Freud also had a stage model of psychosexual development (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, & Genital) • Getting stuck in one of these stages is called “fixation” • More about an important stage: The Phallic Stage & the Oedipus & Electra Complexes – Identification resolves the conflict and results in the formation of the superego
II. Trait Perspective
The FiveFactor Theory
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Emotionally Unstable (neurotic)
Eysenck’s Simpler Model Eysenck’s Theory of Personality
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Extraverted
Introverted
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Emotionally Stable
introversion ◄► extraversion neuroticism ◄► emotional stability
III. Humanistic Perspective
inherent goodness of people
healthy personality development
Humanistic Perspective
human potential for psychological growth
self-awareness and free will
Key Humanistic Concepts • Self-Concept: An organized set of beliefs that you hold about yourself. (Who are you? Describe yourself.) • Self-Esteem: One’s feelings of high or low selfworth (How do you feel about your selfconcept?)
Rogers’ Fully-Functioning Person • Trust their feelings/Intuitions • Experience feelings intensely & deeply • Accept and express all feelings • Less likely to conform to social roles • Present focused • Honest & open
• Open to and learn from experience • Constantly developing & growing • Oriented towards fully living life • Show care and concern for others • Creative
Factors Contributing to Psychological Health • Unconditional Positive Regard/Acceptance – In contrast to Conditional Positive Regard
• Empathy • Genuineness
IV. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal Determinism Social-cognitive perspective; personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits, our environment, and our behavior
Personal Control • Locus of Control (Rotter) – Internal versus external
• Learned Helplessness (Seligman)
V. Personality Assessment • MMPI • Projective Tests
MMPI • Example of an “empirically derived” test • Questions “earn” their way onto the final test by statistically differentiating different groups of people (people with and without depression, people with and without schizophrenia, people with and without alcohol problems, etc…)
Simulated MMPI Items
Simulated MMPI Items
MMPI Clinical Scales
MMPI Clinical Scales
Projective Tests • Assume that people will reveal their (unconscious) personalities when they interpret ambiguous stimuli. • Examples: – Rorschach Inkblot Test – Thematic Apperception Test
What might this be?
Can someone tell a story about what’s going on in this picture?
Psychological Disorders I. What Is a Mental Disorder? II. History of Mental Disorders III. Cultural Relativity of Abnormal Behavior IV. Classifying Mental Disorders V. Anxiety Disorders VI. Mood Disorders VII.Dissociative Disorders VIII.Schizophrenia
I. What Is a Mental Disorder?
The “Three Ds” of Abnormal Behavior • Distress (disturbing) • Dysfunction (maladaptive, unjustifiable) • Deviance (atypical)
II. History of Mental Disorders A. Demonic Possession
Trephination
II. History of Mental Disorders A. Demonic Possession B. Biological Perspective C. Psychological Perspective •
Modern theorists combine the last two approaches with a social approach to create the bio-psycho-social perspective on mental disorders
III. Cultural Relativity of Abnormal Behavior
IV. Classifying Mental Disorders
V. Anxiety Disorders A. B. C. D. E.
Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Panic Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
VI. Mood Disorders A. Major Depressive Disorder 1. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
B. Dysthymic Disorder C. Bipolar Disorder D. Cyclothymic Disorder
Symptoms of Depression (5/9 symptoms for at least 2 weeks)
• Depressed mood • Weight loss/gain • Motor agitation or impairment • Fatigue or loss of energy • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Change in sleep • Concentration impairment • Thoughts of death or suicide • Loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities
Symptoms of Mania • Elevated, expansive or irritable mood for at least 1 week, plus at least three of the following: • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity • More talkative or pressure to keep talking • Flight of ideas or racing thoughts • Increase in goal-directed activity • Excessive involvement in potentially dangerous activities
VII. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociation ~ forgetting or memory impairment • Most well known dissociative disorder: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, a.k.a. multiple personality disorder)
VIII. Schizophrenia A. Positive Symptoms 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized sensations, thinking, speech, & behavior
B. Negative Symptoms 1. Flat Affect 2. Lack of Speech 3. Lack of Motivation
Therapies & Treatments I. Psychoanalysis II. Humanistic Therapies III. Cognitive Therapies IV. Behavior Therapy V. Couple, Family, & Group Therapies VI. Psychotherapy Effectiveness VII.Biomedical Therapies
I. Psychoanalysis
Ways of Accessing the Unconscious • Free Association • Dream Interpretation – Material in dreams is symbolic; dreams allow unconscious wish fulfillment
• Transference – Client relates to therapist as if therapist were a significant person from the client’s past (mother, father, sibling)
• Interpretations
II. Humanistic Therapies • • • •
Client-Center Therapy (Carl Rogers) Unconditional positive regard/acceptance Empathy Genuineness
III. Cognitive Therapies • Aaron Beck: Cognitive Therapy • Albert Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
IV. Behavior Therapy • Classical Conditioning – Systematic desensitization: teach people relaxation skills and then gradually expose them to anxiety-evoking situations
• Operant Conditioning – Token economies
V. Couple, Family, & Group Therapy
VI. Additional Thought on Psychotherapy
Common Factors of Psychotherapy • Hope • A New Perspective/Explanation • An Empathic, Trusting Relationship
VII. Biomedical Therapies • Medications
Antianxiety Medications • Benzodiazapines (e.g., Valium, Xanex) – Highly addictive, withdrawal unpleasant – Increase GABA to decrease brain activity
• Non-benzodiazapines (e.g., Buspar) – Fewer side effects – Unclear how it works
Antidepressant Medications • Tricyclic Antidepressants • MAOIs (a.k.a., MAO Inhibitors) • SSRIs (e.g., Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft) – Prevent reuptake of serotonin
• Lithium – Used to treat mania – Not technically an antidepressant
Antipsychotic Medications • Used to treat the psychotic symptoms associated with disorders such as schizophrenia
Other Biomedical Treatments • ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) • rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) • Deep brain stimulation • Psychosurgery • Therapeutic Lifestyle Change
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) • Aerobic Exercise (30 minutes/day, at least 3 times/week) • Adequate sleep (at least 7-8 hours/night) • Light exposure (30 minutes each morning) • Social connection (at least 2 meaningful social engagements/week) • Anti-rumination (identifying and redirecting negative thoughts • Nutritional supplements (fish oil supplements with omega-3 fatty acids)
