PERSONAL SAFETY AT WORK GUIDANCE To be read in conjunction with the: Health and Safety Policy, Risk Assessment Policy, Security Policy, Lone Working Policy, Lone Working Guidance

Document Type H&S Policy Unique Identifier HS-011 Document Purpose Health and safety of employees Document Author Health & Safety Managers / Local Security Management Specialists reporting to the Company Secretary Target Audience All staff Responsible Group H&S Committee Date Ratified November 2011 Expiry Date November 2014

The validity of this policy is only assured when viewed via the Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust website (hacw.nhs.uk.). If this document is printed into hard copy or saved to another location, its validity must be checked against the unique identifier number on the internet version. The internet version is the definitive version. If you would like this document in other languages or formats (i.e. large print), please contact the Communications Team on 01905 760020 or email [email protected].

Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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Version History Version 1

Circulation Date 09/11

2 3

10/11 11/11

Job Title of Person/Name of Brief Summary of Change Group Circulated to H&S Committee members and Merge of PCT and MHPT policy Union H&S Reps JNCC N/A Quality & Safety Committee Ratified for use

Accessibility Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust has a contract with Applied Language Solutions to handle all interpreting and translation needs. This service is available to all staff in the trust via a free-phone number (0800 084 2003). Interpreters and translators are available for over 150 languages. From this number staff can arrange:  Face to face interpreting  Instant telephone interpreting  Document translation  British Sign Language interpreting

Training and Development Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust recognise the importance of ensuring that its workforce has every opportunity to access relevant training. The Trust is committed to the provision of training and development opportunities that are in support of service needs and meet responsibilities for the provision of mandatory and statutory training. All staff employed by the Trust are required to attend the mandatory and statutory training that is relevant to their role and to ensure they meet their own continuous professional development.

Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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PERSONAL SAFETY AT WORK GUIDANCE CONTENTS Page No 1.

Predisposing Factors Associated with Aggressive Behaviour

4

2.

Defusing Violence and Aggression

4

3.

Reducing the Risk of Violence and Aggression

5

4.

Personal Guidance for Safer Working

7

5.

Travelling

10

6.

Staying in Hotels

11

7.

Stalking and Harassment

11

Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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PERSONAL SAFETY AT WORK GUIDANCE 1. PREDISPOSING FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR Aggression can be caused by a wide range of factors examples of which include: 1.1 Procedural The following may generate frustration and anger in those who experience them: 

Lengthy and complex administrative processes.

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Long waiting times.

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A lack of prompt or full explanation either for delays or clinical procedures.

1.2 Environmental Lack of familiarity with hospitals and clinics can cause people to feel at a loss and part of a system over which they have no control. It is important for all staff to remember that what is familiar territory to them is a very strange environment for many patients and their relatives, which may be making them feel anxious. Anxiety can often cause excessive responses, including verbal and sometimes physical aggression. 1.3 The patient’s health Patients or their relatives can be anxious about diagnosis, investigative/treatment procedures and prognosis, again leading to excessive responses. Additionally, certain conditions can predispose patients to aggressive behaviour and staff should be aware of these in their own areas of work. 1.4 Anticipatory Grief/Bereavement This can cause people to express themselves in an aggressive/violent way. 1.5 Interpersonal conflict A number of factors such as gender, race, personal beliefs and previous experiences can affect communications between people. Staff must be aware of these possibilities and take note of the non-verbal signals being transmitted by the person to whom they are speaking. 1.6 Stress Life creates stresses that can sometimes be translated into aggressive acts; the most recently publicised being “road rage”. Stress affects everyone, including employing organisation staff, and can influence the way in which they judge situations. NOTE: It is important when undertaking any risk assessment process to consider these types of risk factors. This will assist you in determining the level of risk associated with any particular hazard.

2. DEFUSING VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION 

Try at all times to imagine yourself in the other person’s place and conduct yourself accordingly

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Be polite at all times

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Talk calmly, avoid sudden movements and, if appropriate, smile

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Check posture to ensure that it is not intimidating. Do not tower over a patient in a bed or a chair, sit at their level and maintain eye contact

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Answer questions accurately and factually. If someone asks a question, assume they want a truthful answer Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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

Do not challenge or accuse anyone who is angry or abusive. Try to ascertain why they are feeling as they do

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Be especially careful to avoid rising to any personal comments or criticism. In such circumstances, politely ask if the person would prefer to resume the conversation, at a later date/time, or speak to a colleague

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Do not persist in trying to manage a situation that is getting out of hand, withdraw as politely as possible and seek assistance immediately

In clinical settings, a range of responses specific to individual patients’ situations may apply. Where appropriate refer to local guidelines or clinical risk assessments in your own clinical areas.

3. REDUCING THE RISK OF VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION 3.1 Workplace Risks associated with violence and aggression will be considered in the design, alteration and upgrading of work areas. This will include the careful positioning of entrances, good lighting of entrances and other access routes, thoroughfares and relocation of work activities that do not need to be in public areas. The Trust will work to ensure that reception areas and reception desks are easily identifiable, accessible and properly staffed. Clear signing and security glass will be provided, where required. The layout of sitting and waiting areas will be considered, together with separate areas for people to talk about sensitive issues and as a refuge for patients who are upset or are grieving. Noise will be reduced where possible to reduce stress amongst patients and the public, who will be provided with information about the expected length of time they will have to wait to be seen. Efforts will also be made to reduce boredom amongst patients and the public by providing reading materials and other facilities. The design of treatment rooms will take account of the choice of furniture and fittings used, the ease with which staff can withdraw, the provision of suitable alarm systems, and the need for easy communication between staff, while at the same time retaining privacy for patients. The employing organisation Trust will work to ensure that lighting, decoration and furnishings contribute to a relaxed environment. 3.2 Working Practices and Patterns Training will reflect the assessed risks of violence and aggression in respect of individual staff or staff groups. 3.3 Reception Staff Reception staff will receive training and instruction on how to receive patients and deal with actual or potential violence and aggression. 3.4 Community / Home Visits Generic assessments of the risks of visiting particular clients groups will be undertaken to identify the precautions required for specific visits. The potential risk of violence will be assessed before individual home visits, are made so far as is reasonably practicable. This assessment will also consider information passed on at the point of referral and by other agencies. Issues such as a known history of violence, the patient’s or relative’s recent medical and personal history (including information on behaviour, mood, medication and aggression) should all be considered. The Trust will work to ensure the exchange of information and co-operation between all agencies that might visit patients in the community. Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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In a limited number of cases, staff might consider meeting the patient or client away from the home, or visiting the patient with a colleague. They might consider arranging for staff or others to provide an escort, the use of alarm and/or communication devices, or making prior arrangements with local police and other agencies. Staff will report back to colleagues at the end of the day or shift in respect of visits previously identified as being potentially “difficult”. Where members of staff plan to go home following the last visit, they will contact a colleague to inform them of their safe completion of their task. Members of Trust staff, who are responsible for delegating work to pre-registration mental health students, must adhere to the requirements of this policy and ensure that a generic risk assessment has been carried out and that they have received all appropriate training before delegating a community / home visit to a student to undertake alone. 3.5 Wards, Departments, Clinics and Surgeries The above examples of work areas will need to adopt an inclusive approach, involving all staff, in identifying, assessing and controlling the risk of violence and aggression. Whilst controls should be tailored to the specific risks associated with an individual patient, it is possible to identify generic risks and the control measures necessary to reduce them. Information obtained from the patient, the medical records, colleagues and other agencies, is vital to the process of risk management. Clear procedures should exist to ensure that relevant information is passed onto colleagues at shift hand-over and to others coming into contact with the patient or visitor. The process of risk identification and control should consider issues such as space, lighting, access and exit routes, storage, supervision, observation and the location of staff facilities. 3.6 Staffing Managers will aim to ensure that there will be enough staff trained in either managing actual or potential aggression or breakaway techniques to cope with foreseeable violent incidents. In general, with regard to staffing levels and competence, the manager will review the acceptability of lone working in isolated premises, the length of time where staff work alone, and review cover for breaks, and hand-over periods etc. Managers will also review the need to respond effectively to a violent incident while maintaining adequate levels of care for other patients. 3.7 Security Systems Security systems, which can reduce the risk of violence to staff, will be kept under review. Communication between staff, in the community, and their base, together with alarm systems will also be considered. Where appropriate; good links with the police will be maintained. Service specific procedures for responding to incidents will be in place which: 

Describe the circumstances, under which such procedures should be followed.

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Describe the role of individual members of staff.

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Identify an individual responsible for co-ordinating a response.

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Set out any circumstances in which physical restraint is necessary.

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Include arrangements for ensuring that appropriately trained members of staff are available at all times, if required by the risk assessment.

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Include criteria for calling the police.

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Give clear guidance on reporting procedures for the full range of incident types.

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Indicate the follow-up actions, including staff debriefing and counselling, where appropriate.

4. PERSONAL GUIDANCE FOR SAFER WORKING Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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These guidance notes are intended to help managers and front line staff to further reduce the risk of becoming victims of violence and other crime. It is important to examine these tips in the context of the workplace and everyday personal safety. Appropriate sections may be selected as possible control measures, to help reduce the risk to lone workers. The Trust wishes to thank The Suzy Lamplugh Trust for their permission to include extracts, from some of their advice leaflets, in the information below. 4.1 At the Office 

Consider the layout of the building and how you could make a quick exit if you needed to.

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Make full use of any security measures e.g. lock access doors, where possible.

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Position yourself for best vision of the door.

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Consider security at the office and especially arrangements when working outside normal hours.

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Identify places of safety around the building and nearby.

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Ensure you can access an outside-line telephone.

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Plan your travel to and from work carefully and link up with colleagues.

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Challenge anyone that you do not recognise; Can I help you?” is all you need, and be polite.

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Be polite and helpful on the telephone - you or one of your colleagues could come face to face with this person later.

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If you have to end an abusive call, do so in a controlled, assertive manner.

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Communicate any concerns you have over procedures or working practice to your employer, and offer solutions.

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Report all violent incidents and harassment of any form, whether from service users / clients / patients or colleagues.

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Where possible, plan appointments when other people are present in the building, particularly if a client could be difficult.

4.1.1 Meetings at the Office 4.1.2 Planned Meetings 

Where possible, check background information about a client / patient so that you are aware of any safety concerns.

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Inform colleagues of your meeting and consider asking one to be present.

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Inform reception and security staff, where appropriate.

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Prepare the meeting room and clear objects/potential weapons.

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Ensure your position with access to exits and panic alarms.

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Think through exit strategies and ways to terminate the meeting.

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Put your visitors at ease and make them feel welcome.

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Be prepared for the meeting and have the necessary information/paperwork.

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Inform your manager of any problems so that they can prepare for repercussions.

4.1.3 Unplanned Meetings

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

Ask reception/colleagues to establish the reason for the visit, the number of visitors and their mood.

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Assess the situation and meet the visitors in an area where colleagues can see you.

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If you decide to go ahead with the meeting ask for a couple of minutes to find a room and follow meetings guidance.

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If unable or unwilling to hold the meeting, consider how you can best explain this and offer alternatives.

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Always listen, empathise and take the visitor and their situation seriously.

4.2 Reception & Clinics 

Use body language to stress non-threatening behaviour.

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Ensure valuables etc. are kept secure and out of sight.

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Maintain a physical barrier between you and the client or patient.

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Don’t become so engrossed that you fail to notice situations developing.

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Ensure you have an escape route if necessary.

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Where installed do you know where panic buttons are located.

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Follow rules about restricted access and the need to show identity cards.

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When faced with aggression, remain calm and controlled.

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Use good listening skills and try to defuse the situation.

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Make sure you can react quickly to avoid being attacked.

4.3 Community Working 

The senior staff member on shift should monitor staff whereabouts by telephone.

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Staff should contact a designated person when they go off duty. This person will be responsible for notifying the senior member of staff on shift.

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If there is anyone unaccounted for one hour after a shift, the senior member of staff should contact team members and then the on call manager should be informed. Where necessary, the on call manager will be responsible for notifying the police.

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Prior to a first visit, staff should gather as much information as possible about the new service user i.e. GP, social worker, referrer etc.

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If there is any concern about safety, staff should attend in pairs, or contact their line manager if this is not possible.

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Try to visit any new / unknown client in daylight or in pairs.

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Staff should withdraw from any visit if a situation is making them uneasy. The circumstances should be reported immediately to the line manager and await further advice.

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If a home visit is ‘out of hours’ staff should inform their line manager and agree to contact them when they are safely home.

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If a visit takes significantly longer than planned, contact your base to notify them of any change in arrangements.

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Always ask for pets to be removed to a secure location before entering a property.

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Be mindful of where you park your vehicle. Avoid unauthorised areas. Do not leave any equipment or valuables on show in the car. It is not recommended to use ‘nurse on call’ Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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signs as these draw attention to the car and attract opportunistic break-ins for syringes etc. 4.4 Mobile Phones 

Trust mobiles are available for lone workers who work within community based teams. They are an essential requirement for staff to maintain communication with their team and line manager.

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There should be sufficient access to a mobile phone for all full time and part time lone workers who are considered at risk.

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Any shared mobiles must be returned to base at the end of the day and the last user is responsible for ensuring it is left secure.

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Members of staff are responsible for keeping any mobile fully charged, know how it works and always check to see if they have a signal.

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Emergency contacts should be on speed dial and ensure the phone is kept to hand.

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Ensure that all team members know any ‘code’ word or phrase that a lone worker will use to convey the nature of a threat.

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Staff should be mindful that the use of a mobile phone could escalate a situation from verbal abuse to physical abuse.

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The observed use of a mobile may identify a member of staff as a target for street crime.

4.5 Staff identification 

The purpose of identification badges is to assist service users in identifying and verifying that individuals are who they say they are. This is very important when staff are working in the community, however, use of name badges can increase an individual’s personal safety risk.

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A risk assessment should be carried out to determine whether wearing a name badge poses an unacceptable personal safety risk.

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If it is considered to pose such a risk, an employer cannot insist that staff wear name badges.

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If members of staff are required to wear name badges as part of their work, clients have been known to use this information to harass staff. It can also lead to a feeling of vulnerability and stress by staff.

Under the Health and Safety at Work Act, etc. 1974, employers are obliged to exercise a reasonable duty of care with respect to the safety of their employees. 4.6 Working Outside 4.6.1 Before leaving 

Arrange with a colleague a system of times by which you will report in, give them a summary of your visits and keep to it.

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Try to find out as much as possible about the person you are meeting, study any files and talk to colleagues.

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Ensure that all parties are clear as to the purpose of the meeting.

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Hold meetings in public areas that you are happy with.

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When visiting unfamiliar territory, verify details first.

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If in any doubt as to the location or the person, seek support or rearrange the meeting to suit you. Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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

Organise yourself effectively to avoid finding yourself in a difficult situation.

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Consider calling the person before the meeting to confirm arrangements and establish their mood/state.

4.6.2 Personal checklist 

Carry your credentials or ID, ready to show at the door straight away.

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Ensure you posses all necessary documentation regarding the visit.

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Carry a personal alarm and mobile phone, if possible, and programme in key numbers.

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Always carry emergency cash and a phone card.

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Carry a torch.

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Avoid carrying things that attract criminals and do not provide them with the opportunity to commit the crime.

4.6.3 On return 

Ensure information concerning risk is passed to other colleagues/added to file.

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Report any incident that may have occurred.

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Review safe practice with colleagues at team meetings.

5. TRAVELLING 5.1 General Travel Safety 

Consider personal safety when making travel arrangements.

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Plan routes carefully and, if you have a regular schedule, vary these.

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Select hotels/accommodation carefully.

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Always consider various options and have a ‘Plan B’.

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Carry a personal alarm and a mobile phone with key numbers programmed in.

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Keep valuables out of sight.

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Appear confident and purposeful to deter potential illegitimate interest.

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Ensure your car is serviced and has sufficient fuel.

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If you breakdown use your mobile phone, on a motorway stand on the embankment but lock yourself in the car if someone approaches (talk through part open window).

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On buses and trains select your seat carefully - near others - and be prepared to move.

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Possess taxi numbers, and ascertain the details of the driver being sent to collect you.

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Carry enough cash for your journey and some extra for emergencies.

5.2 Travelling On Foot 

You are more likely to escape danger wearing clothes you can move in easily and shoes that are comfortable. Walking quickly is usually safer than trying to run.

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Valuables, such as wallets, should be kept in a secure inside pocket or a body belt.

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Try to keep both hands free to carry things:

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Women should use a small bag slung across the body under a jacket or coat or a shoulder bag with a short strap and secure fastenings.

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Make sure it sits close to your body with the fastening innermost.

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Give them up if grabbed rather than risk injury. Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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

Carry in your pocket:

◦

A BT charge card

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The telephone number to stop all your cheque cards

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Some change or a travel card

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Your keys

Whenever possible: 

Avoid walking alone at night.

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Keep to busy, well-lit roads.

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Avoid short cuts and poorly-lit or little used underpasses.

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To avoid kerb crawlers, walk:

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Facing oncoming traffic

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On the street side of the pavement

If you have to walk in the same direction as the traffic and a driver stops:

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Simply turn and walk the other way... the driver cannot follow

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Note the registration number if you can

◦ ◦

If you have to wait around, choose a well-lit, busy area and look confident and positive Never accept or give lifts to strangers

 If you think you are being followed, cross the road and keep walking. If you are still being followed make for either:

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The nearest busy area

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An open shop

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A well-lit house

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If necessary, ask for help

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Avoid areas where you know groups of people loiter, such as pubs and clubs.

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Don’t switch off to the world by wearing a personal stereo.

 Plan your journey in advance and avoid giving the impression that you do not know where you are going. If you think you might be attacked, your voice is your best defence. You cannot drop it or lose it. Attackers, confronted by a loud shout or scream, may beat a hasty retreat. If you need help, shout a positive instruction, such as “Phone the Police!” - people are more likely to react when given a call to action. Be prepared to give up your bag or briefcase if it is snatched. When you walk home at night, keep an alarm in your hand and be prepared to use it. A personal alarm set off next to an attacker’s head can scare them off, or temporarily delay them, giving you valuable seconds to escape. 5.3 Travelling on a Bike Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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Cycling can be one of the safest ways of travelling. 

Keep your cycle and lights in good working order.

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Plan your route before leaving.

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Avoid alleyways and subways if possible.

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Wear bright clothing and bright strips.

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Have mirrors and a piercing horn.

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Do not wear a personal stereo when cycling.

5.4 Travelling On Public Transport When travelling by public transport, there are a number of simple rules you can follow to make sure your journey is as safe as possible. 5.4.1 By bus 

Try to queue at a bus stop where there are likely to be people around.

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At night, use a bus stop in a busy, well-lit area.

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If you talk to anyone on the bus, do not give personal details such as where you live or work.

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If possible, sit near the driver.

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Before starting a bus journey, check the departure and arrival times and let someone know your travel arrangements.

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If possible, try to be met at your destination. Be aware of other passengers who alight at your stop.

5.4.2 By train 

Make sure you have a phone-card or change to make a telephone call if your train is delayed or cancelled.

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Avoid travelling in compartments with no access to a corridor.

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Sit in a compartment where there are lots of people.

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If you have a handbag, briefcase or personal computer, put it under your arm preferably on the inside by the window.

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If you feel uneasy in a carriage, get off at the next stop and change to another carriage, possibly near the driver. Or go to the buffet car, if there is one.

5.4.3 In a taxi or mini-cab Hackney carriages (often “Black Cabs”) are licensed by District Councils and will normally display a licence plate on the outside and the licence number on the inside. The driver must wear a badge in a conspicuous place. Mini-cabs are not allowed to ply for hire and must be booked over the telephone or at their office. Most mini-cab drivers are reliable and honest, but they are not vetted, so it is recommended that you follow these guidelines: 

Make sure you have the number of a reputable taxi or mini-cab company, before leaving home or work.

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When you book your cab, ask the company for the driver’s name, call-sign and what type of car is being used. At night ask them to knock on your door.

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Note the driver’s badge number and report any problems to the owner of the taxi company or the police (London mini-cab drivers do not have badge numbers). Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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

In any conversation with the driver, do not give personal information.

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Have money ready when you arrive at your destination.

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Have your door keys in your pocket so you can enter your home quickly.

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Try to book your taxi to bring you home before you go out. Give your name and, when the driver arrives, ask for the name in which the taxi was booked.

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If you feel uneasy with the driver, ask to stop at a busy, familiar place and get out.

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If possible, share the taxi with a friend or colleague.

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Beware of bogus mini cabs, which unlawfully ply for hire at busy night spots by calling out “Someone ordered a cab?”

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Only flag down a Hackney Carriage.

5.5 Travelling In a Car 

Do not advertise the fact that your car belongs to a health worker.

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Keep your car in good working order and have it serviced regularly.

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If you hire a car, make sure it has been checked, or check it yourself.

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Carry extra petrol in a safety-approved portable petrol tank.

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Consider joining one of the breakdown/rescue organisations.

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Make sure you have change and a phone-card for an emergency.

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Check directions and plan the route before setting off, using main roads whenever possible.

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Keep the directions and an A to Z in the car, so you do not have to stop to ask.

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Tell someone the route you will be taking and when you expect to arrive.

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Stay in the car as much as you can. Keep the doors locked and windows closed, especially in towns where you will be stopping at junctions.

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Keep handbags, briefcases, mobile phones and valuables out of sight and out of reach of open windows, preferably in the glove compartment, under the seat or in the boot, .in case of snatch thieves.

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When you leave the car, lock personal belongings in the boot, not on display.

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Lock your car, even if you are only going to pay for petrol on a garage forecourt.

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Carry car keys in your hand or pocket.

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When parking in daylight, consider what the area will be like in the dark.

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At night, park in a place which is well-lit and, if possible, busy. Try to avoid multi-storey car parks or areas where you and your vehicle are not clearly visible.

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Before you get into the car, check the back seat - keep a torch handy for this.

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Think before stopping if flagged down, e.g. at an incident, is it genuine or is it safer to telephone the appropriate emergency service.

5.5.1 On Approaching Your Destination 

Select your parking spot carefully and position for a quick exit.

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In a cul-de-sac, whenever possible, park facing the exit.

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If parking in the daylight consider what it will be like if you return after dark. Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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In the hours of darkness, park in a well lit area and check the back seat before you get into it.

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Assess the environment before committing yourself.

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Always lock the car and put valuables in the boot out of site.

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Keep your keys to hand for a quick escape.

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Wait outside and listen before knocking on the door.

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Be purposeful and confident as this can deter illegitimate interest.

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Have an exit excuse prepared in case you do not feel comfortable.

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Show respect for other people and their property.

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Do not overdress or wear attractive jewellery.

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Carry what you need in your pockets where possible.

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Position yourself with a good escape route if you feel anxious for your safety.

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Remain calm and refuse to be drawn into arguments.

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Trust your intuition.

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Be prepared by studying the case notes carefully prior to visiting a new client or patient -are there any potential risks?

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Tell someone where you are going and how long you expect to be.

5.5.2 Car Parks 

Avoid poorly lit car parks.

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Whenever possible, choose a manned car park and park as close as you can to the attendant.

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Reverse into the space. Hide away all valuables and obvious possessions.

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Make sure the interior light is working. Shut all windows. Lock all doors. Note exactly where you have parked your car.

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When returning to your car, have keys ready to get in quickly. Before entering scan the back seat to check no-one has climbed in.

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Lock doors immediately and drive off quickly.

5.5.3 Basic vehicle security 

Doors - Lock them every time you leave your car.

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Windows - Close all windows. headlamps and sunroof.

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Ignition Keys - Remove your ignition key on every occasion you leave your vehicle. Invest in security devices to help prevent or detect any criminal activity.

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Stereos - Security code your stereo equipment. detachable unit.

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Removable Satellite Navigation - Always remove and store securely, preferably in the boot or, at least, in a lockable glove compartment. If necessary, remove evidence of its attachment (e.g. sucker marks) to the windscreen.

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Documents - Never leave vehicle documents in your car. Your registration document, MOT and insurance certificate will help the thief sell your vehicle. Personal Safety at Work Guidance

Etch an identification number on all windows,

Fit a security device or have a

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

Luggage and Valuables - Do not leave any luggage or valuables on display, as they will catch the eye of the opportunistic thief. Credit cards should never be left in the car. One in five of all credit card thefts occur from unattended vehicles.

5.5.4 If your car breaks down 

Turn on your hazard warning lights.

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Try to assess whether it is safer to stay in your car, or to get out. Take account of how isolated you are and the time of day.

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If you stay inside, sit in the passenger seat to give the impression you are not alone.

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Display a ‘HELP’ notice if you stay in the car.



Keep your doors locked and the windows open no more than one-and-a-half inches. If someone stops to offer help, ask them to telephone the police.



If you leave the car, lock it and note its location. If you have a personal alarm, take it and keep it in your hand. If it is dark, or will be soon, take a torch.



If you have a warning triangle, place it in the direction of oncoming traffic, 30 metres from your car and on the same side of the road.



If you break down on the motorway:

◦ Turn on your hazard warning lights and pull over on to the hard shoulder. Try to coast to a telephone.

◦ If you have a warning triangle, place it 100 metres behind your car. ◦ Never

cross the carriageway to reach a closer telephone and never reverse to a telephone.

◦ If

you cannot drive further, a marker post every 100 metres points to the nearest telephone. Telephones are 1,000 metres apart, so you will never have to walk more than 500 metres. No money is required - when you lift the handset, it rings in the police control room - and they will know where you are.

◦ When

using the telephone, face oncoming traffic so you can see if anyone approaches.

◦ If you are a woman alone, tell the control room. ◦ Tell

the control room the problem, and have your breakdown organisation card and registration number ready.

◦ Back at the car, lock all the doors, apart from the front passenger door, and wait on the embankment nearby. If an unidentified vehicle draws up, get in your car, lock the door and wind the window down only a little way. 5.6 Road Rage Some basic tips for dealing with an aggressive driver who is directing road rage at you: 

Don’t get out of the car; keep your windows up and your car locked.



Do your best to keep your cool and appear pleasant. This may be difficult but it is important, for your own safety and that of others who may be travelling with you, to try to defuse the situation rather than meet aggression with aggression.



Avoid eye contact with the driver.

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

If the aggressive driver is behind you, try to keep a good space between yourself and the car in front of you to give you a chance to move into that space and away from the aggressive driver if necessary.



Take note of their licence plate number if possible. Note the colour and shape of the vehicle. Try to remember anything identifiable about the driver.



Get away from the car as soon as you have the opportunity - without speeding.



Keep moving until you can stop in an area where there are other people around - for instance a petrol station.



If you have a mobile phone, use it to report the incident to the police as soon as it is safe to do so. This will keep the police alerted and ensure others will not be subjected to such aggression.

5.7 Car Jacking 

Keep your doors locked while driving in built up areas.



Do not leave your keys in the car at any time.



Look around you for anyone hovering before you get out of your car.



If you think you are being followed keep driving until you reach a busy public place.



If you feel threatened make a note of the car and the number plate.



Keep a disposable camera in the car to record any incident.



If your car is hit from behind, delay getting out of the car and if you feel threatened:

◦ ◦

Sound your horn to attract attention. Use a mobile phone to contact the police giving details of where you are a description of the people and details of the car.



If the car drives away make a note of the number plate and description of the car.



As last resort use a personal shriek alarm to disorientate an attacker.



It is recommended that you keep with you in your car:

◦

A mobile phone.

◦

A personal shriek alarm.

◦

A disposable camera.

◦

A pen and paper.

6. STAYING IN HOTELS There are a number of things you can do to help make staying in hotels safer: 

Park nearby, in a well lit area where you and your vehicle can be seen.



At reception, try to avoid other people overhearing your name and room number.



Try to avoid rooms that are accessible from outside, such as ground floor rooms.



If there is a safety chain on the door, or a lock preventing access with a pass key, use it.



Use a door alarm, if you have one.



Only go to other people’s rooms if you are absolutely sure you will be safe. Personal Safety at Work Guidance

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

Never invite people to your room unless you know you are safe with them.



If you hear any disturbance, stay in your room and telephone for help.



Do not wander in the hotel grounds after dark.



If you would rather not be seen dining alone, order your meal in your room.

7. STALKING AND HARASSMENT (Extract from Home Office Guidance) 7.1 Advice to victims 

You don’t have to be rich or famous for someone to follow you or spy on you or try to get more involved in your life than you want them to be.



A total stranger or someone you know, or used to know, very well could be involved.



If you think you are being stalked, report your concerns to police, no matter how trivial the harassment may seem to you.



The police must treat it seriously and will investigate your complaint.



If you are in fear of immediate danger, call 999.

7.2 Help the police to help you 

By gathering evidence.



Keep a record of what happened, where and when every time you were followed, phoned, got post or e-mail messages.



If possible, download onto disk and print out a hard copy of e-mail messages, but do not delete the original - keep it for the police to examine.



If you have a mobile telephone, do not tamper with or dispose of it or its simcard without first consulting the investigating officer. It may contain valuable evidence.



The more details you have, the better, how the offender looked or sounded, what they were wearing, the make, number plate or colour their car.



Making notes in a diary is a good idea, this may be used in any later court proceedings.



Write information down as soon as possible when events are still fresh in your mind.



Include details of dates and times of the incidents, and people who may have witnessed them.



Find out if any of your neighbours, etc, saw or heard what happened.



Keep letters and parcels as evidence, even if they contain frightening or upsetting messages, do not throw them away, keep them in a box so you don’t have to handle them.



If you recognise the handwriting, you can keep the letter or parcel as evidence without having to open and read the contents.



Tape record telephone conversations if you can, and keep the tape.



Make sure you keep any stored messages (including text messages) or telephone numbers that you have received on your mobile telephone and caller id units; use 1471 on your phone and write down details of calls - even if you didn’t answer them.



Try to get a photograph or video evidence of your stalker (especially if they are someone who has already been warned by the police not to come near you).



Tell your neighbours, friends and work colleagues about what is happening, and.

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

Keep notes of anything they see and hear (for example if other’s answer your phone at work). They can act as independent witnesses, and tell you of anything they may see when you’re not there.

7.3 How can you help yourself? 

Take a mobile telephone, when out in the community.



Carry a personal attack alarm and learn how to use it - but do not carry anything that is meant for use as a weapon.



Think about improving your home’s security - ask the police for advice.



Try to alter your daily routines, ask friends to go with you whenever possible, and always try to let someone know what your plans are and if you have to change them while you’re away from home or work.



When out and about, if you feel insecure, look out for places such as 24-hour petrol stations and shops or police stations and other emergency services where you could go to for help.



If the stalking is at college or university, think about telling a tutor or head of department who might be able to put a stop to it. In-house support groups are available.



At banks, building societies and other cash outlets you are asked for your mother’s maiden name as a security password. This name is available to anyone researching public records. Is it okay to use something else.

7.4 If you know or find out who your stalker is 

Remember not to confront your stalker or even engage them in conversation.



Do not, under any circumstances, agree to a meeting to talk about how you feel about them constantly bothering you.



Do not respond in any way to calls, letters or conversations. If you ignore the phone nine times and pick it up on the tenth, you will send the message that persistence pays. Once they have your attention, they will be encouraged to carry on.



Ask friends or your solicitor to contact them if you want to get a message to them.

7.5 Avoiding unwanted phone calls 

If someone makes phone calls that are offensive, threatening or simply worryingly frequent.



Just say “hello” when you answer, not your name or number.



Try to keep calm and not show any emotion - many callers will give up if they don’t think they’re making any impression on you or your feelings.



Use an answer machine to screen out calls and only talk to people you want to. Caller id units are another way of ensuring you know who is calling before you answer the telephone.



Ask a friend to record the outgoing message on your answer machine, for example a man’s voice might throw the caller off balance.



Make sure your message doesn’t make it clear you’re alone. “we can’t come to the phone right now” rather than “I’m not at home”.



If the caller rings again, put the handset down on a table for a few minutes and walk away.

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

The caller will think you are listening. After a few minutes replace the handset - you do not have to listen to what the caller has to say.



Dial 1471 and keep a note of the number that called, when and for how long.



Contact your telephone company - the operator will be able to tell you who to talk to, they may also offer a facility to bar unwanted calls.



Decide if you want to change to an ex-directory number.

7.6 Avoid being stalked on the Internet 

Always remember you are never totally anonymous on the Internet. Use your ‘stranger - danger’ instincts.



Use an on-screen nickname that doesn’t make it easy to guess your real identity (or even whether you are a man or a woman).



Never give out your password, even to someone who claims to be from your internet company.



Do not give personal information, such as a photograph of yourself or details of telephone numbers and credit cards, to people you talk to in chat rooms or newsgroups.



Be careful if you answer ‘junk mail’; and - log off (leave the ‘room’) if you are uncomfortable with what is being said in change channels.



It is safer not to meet people you have chatted to on-line. If you do decide to meet them, take a friend and meet in a public place where you feel safe.

7.7 If you are stalked on the Internet If you get offensive or threatening e-mails or messages on-screen: 

Do not delete the messages - save them onto a disk or print out the screen.



Keep all paper and hard copies, together with any other evidence, and call the police.



You can contact your internet service provider who may be able to block incoming email from specified addresses.



You can always change your e-mail address.

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