Percentage of U.S. Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes 1994
No Data
2000
9.0%
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics
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Educational Concepts 2012 1
2011 US Diabetes Statistics • Diabetes affects 25.8 million people in the US (8.3% of the U.S. population) – 18.8 million diagnosed, 7.0 million undiagnosed
• 10.9 million (26.9%) of those aged ≥65 have diabetes • 215,000 people 20 years estimated to have had prediabetes in 2010 in 2010 • 7th leading cause of death in the U.S.
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf
Cost of Diabetes • Total (direct and indirect) estimated diabetes costs in the US in 2007 = $174 billion the US in 2007 $174 billion – Medical expenses for people with diabetes are more than two times higher than for people without diabetes
• A 50 year old with diabetes dies, on average, 6 years earlier than someone without diabetes
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. NEJM. 2011; www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf
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Educational Concepts 2012 2
Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology Inherited/acquired factors Insulin deficiency, iinappropriate glucagon i t l secretion1,3
Acquired/genetic factors (obesity)1,2 Insulin resistance1
↑ FFA1‐3
↓ Glucose uptake1,2 Gluco‐ lipotoxicity
↑ Production of glucose in the liver1,2
Decreased Incretin Decreased Incretin Effect Hyperglycemia1‐3
FFA=free fatty acid Type 2 DM1 1Bergenstal RM, et al. Endocrinology. 2001; 2DeFronzo RA. Diabetes. 1988; 3Poitout V, et al. Endocrinology. 2002.
Current Therapeutic Targets BRAIN
PANCREAS
Dopamine Analogs Pramlintide
Insulin GLP‐1 Agonists DPP‐4 Inhibitors Sulfonylureas Pramlintide (α cells only) Meglitinides
GI TRACT
LIVER
Metformin Thiazolidinediones (TZD) / MUSCLE/FAT
?? KIDNEY ??
Metformin Thiazolidinediones (TZD)
GLP‐1 Agonists Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
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Educational Concepts 2012 3
Updated ADA/EASD Consensus Algorithm STEP 1
STEP 2 Tier 1: Well‐validated therapies
At Diagnosis: Lifestyle + Metformin
STEP 3
Lifestyle + Metformin + Basal Insulin
Lifestyle + Metformin + Intensive Insulin
Lifestyle + Metformin + Sulfonylurea Tier 2: Less well‐validated therapies Lifestyle + Metformin Lifestyle + Metformin + + Pioglitazone Pioglitazone + No hypoglycemia No hypoglycemia, Sulfonylurea edema/CHF, bone loss Lifestyle + Metformin + GLP‐1 agonist
Lifestyle + Metformin + Basal Insulin
No hypoglycemia, weight loss, nausea/vomiting Nathan DM, et al. Diabetes Care. 2009.
AACE/ACE DIABETES ALGORITHM FOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. AACE/ACE Diabetes Algorithm for Glycemic Control. Available at https://www.aace.com/publications.
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Educational Concepts 2012 4
Risks of Current Therapies: Weight Gain Hypoglycemia
Met‐for min
DPP‐4 Inhib‐ itor
GLP‐1 Agonist
SU
Glinide
TZD
AGI
Insulin
Pram‐ lintide
GLP‐1 Agonist
SU
Glinide
TZD
AGI
Insulin
Pram‐ lintide
Weight Gain
Met‐for min
DPP‐4 Inhib‐ itor
Neutral Benefits Causes
The Kidneys Play an Important Role in the Handling of Glucose • Total glucose stored in body g y • Glucose utilization • Brain • Rest of body • Glucose in Western diet • Renal glucose production (gluconeogenesis + glycogenolysis) • Renal glucose filtration and reabsorption • Urinary glucose
~450 gg ~250 g/day ~125 g/day ~125 g/day ~180 g/day ~70 g/day ~180 g/day 0 g
Wright EM, et al. J Intern Med. 2007.
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Educational Concepts 2012 5
Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporters SGLT1
SGLT2
Site
Mostly intestine with some kidney
Almost exclusively kidney
Sugar specificity
Glucose or galactose
Glucose
Affinity for glucose
High Km = 0.4 Mm
Low Km = 2 Mm
Capacity for glucose transport
Low
High
Role
Dietary glucose absorption Renal glucose reabsorption
Renal glucose reabsorption
Lee YJ, et al. Kidney Int Suppl. 2007.
Altered Renal Glucose Control in Diabetes • Renal gluconeogenesis is increased in patients with Type 2 DM patients with Type 2 DM • Renal contribution to hyperglycemia • 3‐fold increase relative to patients without diabetes
• Glucose reabsorption • Increased SGLT2 expression and activity in renal epithelial cells from patients with diabetes vs. normoglycemic individuals Marsenic O. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009; Bakris GL, et al. Kidney Int. 2009; Rahmoune H, et al. Diabetes. 2005.
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Educational Concepts 2012 6
Rationale for SGLT2 Inhibitors • The SGLT2 is a glucose transporter responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption glucose reabsorption • Selective SGLT2 inhibitors could reduce blood glucose levels due to increased renal excretion of glucose • Mutations in the SGLT2 transporter linked to hereditary renal glycosuria a relatively benign condition in humans glycosuria, a relatively benign condition in humans • Selective SGLT2 inhibition would cause urine loss of the calories from glucose (200‐300 kcal/day), also potentially leading to weight loss Brooks AM, Thacker SM. Ann Pharmacother. 2009; Nair S, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010.
Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors Inhibition of renal tubular Na+‐glucose cotransporter
Reversal of hyperglycemia
Reduction of “glucotoxicity”
Insulin sensitivity in muscle and liver Gluconeogenesis Improved beta cell function
Brooks AM, Thacker SM. Ann Pharmacother. 2009; Nair S, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010.
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Educational Concepts 2012 7
SGLT2 Inhibitors in Phase 3 Development • Dapagliflozin • Canagliflozin • Empagliflozin • Ipragliflozin • Tofogliflozin
Empagliflozin: Change in A1C Randomized, double‐blind, 12 week trial comparing empagliflozin and open‐label metformin†
C Change in A1C (%)
0.2 0
5 mg
10 mg
25 mg
Metformin
Placebo
‐0.2 ‐0.4 ‐0.6 06
*
* *
‐0.8
*
N = 408 Baseline A1C = 7.9% *P