Pathogens of Animal and Human Health Importance Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian
Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University, University Park
What’s Zoonosis ? Zoonosis is an infection or infestation shared in nature by man and animals.
Selection of Pathogens !!!
Animals raised on farms that are well managed (good housing, hygienic conditions , and balanced diet) on most occasions are free of diseases that occur naturally in animals
Pathogens of concern
More than 150 pathogens can cause zoonotic infections (animals to humans) Concern of animal and human health:
Salmonella E. coli Bacillus anthracis Mycobacterium spp. Brucella spp. Leptospira spp. Chlamdiya spp Listeria monocytogenes Y. enterocolitica Clostridium perfringens Klebsiella spp.
Cryptosporidia Cyclospora Giardia
Pathogens of concern
More than 150 pathogens can cause zoonotic infections (animals to humans) Concern of animal and human health:
Salmonella E. coli Bacillus anthracis Mycobacterium spp. Brucella spp. Leptospira spp. Chlamdiya spp Listeria monocytogenes Y. enterocolitica Clostridium perfringens Klebsiella spp.
Cryptosporidia Cyclospora Giardia
Introduction
Concerns directed at manure from a broad spectrum of livestock operations
dairy beef poultry swine
Who are the concerned ?
Concerned public
neighboring farmers
rural residents
environmentalists
local, state and federal policy makers
Concerned about what ?
Effect on animal and human health on spreading manure
Pathogens in manure* Pathogen
Animal
Human
Salmonella
E. coli O157:H7
M. paratuberculosis
?
Listeria monocytogenes
Cryptosporidia
* Pathogens of significant importance
What does manure contain ?
Animal excreta ( feces and urine)
Bedding
Dilution water
Secretions of the nose, throat, blood, vagina, mammary gland, skin, and placenta
Pathogens in manure: what can they affect ? human health
animal health water supply crops Manure biota (insects, mammals) pasture
Pathogens – type and number
Manure can contain 1010 bacteria/ g
Pathogens
Salmonella 100 to 10 million cells/g
Pathogens - Survival
Source (species) pH (acidic or alkaline) Dry matter (well mixed or slurry) Age (stored or fresh manure) Chemical composition (fiber, protein) Microbial characteristics (spore formers, Gm +ve) Environmental temperature (winter, summer)
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Cows with clinical signs could excrete M. paratuberculosis in excess of million organisms per gram of feces Under laboratory conditions take 8-16 weeks for visible growth to occur Does not multiply in the environment Phenol-based disinfectants recommended for disinfecting M. paratuberculosis infected barns and maternity and calving pens
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Soil 1 year Acidic soil associated with increased clinical cases of Johne’s disease
Manure Feces kept at room temp. - 160 to 190 days
Liquid manure 5 oC 252 days high concentration of 15 oC 98 days calcium and high Pasture pH, fewer clinical infected pasture cases of Johne’s regarded as unsafe disease reported for 1 year.
Other Tap or pond water - 240 to 380 days
What’s Salmonella ? Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
Rod shaped bacteria Appears pink to red when stained with Gram’s stain (Gram-negative)
Enterobacteriaceae (intestinal bacteria)
Salmonella (genus) )
enterica ( species) )
serovar ( over 2200 serovars)
Example: Salmonella enterica serovar derby S. Derby
Where does Salmonella come from ?
Host adapted Human: S. Typhi Cattle: S. Dublin Poultry: S. Pullorum Pigs: S. Choleraesuis Non host adapted S. Typhimurium
Inhabitant of intestinal tract of
animals
birds
reptiles
insects
Salmonella -2003
Number of reported cases have increased S. Typhimurium -constant S. Enteritidis – decline S. Newport -increase
Salmonella Typhimurium Slurry Salmonellas found in low numbers ( < 100 /g) of slurry. S90% of organisms die in 14 weeks when slurry is stored SSurvive only for short periods on grass SAnimals allowed to graze on exp. infected lots not easily infected SDanger from spreading of salmonellosis minimized by storing the slurry for 1 month and allow animals to graze 1 month after spreading the slurry.
Manure Feces Exp. contaminated: 170 days Manure Exp. contaminated: Liquid manure 10 oC - 140 days Semi-solid manure 10 oC - 84 days Solid manure 10 oC - 35 days 20 oC - 21 days 40 oC - 14 days
Other Blood: 30 oC - 40 days Pasture: Following an outbreak; 21 days Exp. contamination: 329 days Feed: Isolated from 21% of rendered feed products.
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-positive bacteria Widely distributed in animal production environments Survives under adverse environmental conditions
Listeria monocytogenes Soil
Manure
Other
4-12 oC - 240 to 311 days 18-20 oC - 201 to 271 days
Naturally infected cattle feces - 1 to 6 years
Silage:naturally contaminated -450 days
Liquid manure: summer -36 days winter - 106 days
Milk : naturally contaminated stored in ice chest - 210 days Water: about 7 days
Shiga Toxin producing E. coli
STEC
Shiga toxin producing strains of E. coli
Clinical manifestations
Includes E. coli O157:H7 HUS (predominantly a disease of children) HC (all ages, primarily adults)
1983- First association between hamburgers and HC. 1993- Public recognition – JACK IN THE BOX !
E. coli O157:H7 Facts
Prevalence of EC O157:H7 in animal manure is low (0-3%) Feedlot: 1-3% animals positive for E. coli O157:H7
E. coli O157:H7 Facts
Once colonized, shedding is short (< 30 days) Animals undergoing nutritional stress are more likely to shed
Fasting may increase shedding
There is some suggestion that warmer environments increase EC O157:H7
E. coli O157:H7 Facts
EC O157:H7 is common in water troughs on farms Feed may become contaminated and support replication, particularly in summer Applying manure to forage crops has not been associated with increased EC O157:H7 prevalence Heifers may be more resistant
E. coli O157:H7 Soil 150 days
Manure
Other
Exp. contaminated: 5 oC - 70 days 22 oC - 56 days 37 oC - 49 days
Water: 222 to 257 days SE. coli O157:H7 found to persist for 120 days in water trough sediments
Slurry: 3- 6 weeks
Feed: E. coli O157:H7 has been shown to proliferate in moist feeds and TMRs.
Feces: 90 days
Controlling EC O157:H7 On-Farm
Separate feed from manure
Prevent water tank contamination
Decrease hide contamination
Transition diet modification
Cryptospordia
Cryptosporidium parvum
Waterborne protozoan parasite
Water contaminated with “animal-infected feces”
1993 Milwaukee outbreak in which 403,000 people became sick resulted in nationwide recognition of C. parvum as an “emerging pathogen”
The Hudson Farm
Hudson Farm
Meet the Hudsons !
Linda Mary
Fred
Jeff
Dave
Susan
John
The Hudson Dairy Farm z
History
z
1920 - Established 1956 - Upgraded 1981 - New structures & equipment
Employees
Jeff Hudson, owner 1 farm worker 1 milker Dave, Linda, Fred Susan & John feed the calves
Jeff Hudson Owner Since 1982
M&S Dry cow & heifer barn
Calf barn
Milk cow barn Holding area
Feed barn B T R
Milking parlor Tool shed
Hudson home
Grazing area
Hudson dairy farm layout
Dairy Herd Statistics z
HERD PERFORMANCE
z
DAIRY CATTLE
Grade A milk
4600- 4800 lbs of milk per day
z
No antibiotic residue violations BTMSCC: 200,000 500,000 last year.
12 calves 19 dry cows 20 heifers 87 cows in milk
OTHER ANIMALS
4 stray cats 2 dogs 1 pony 3 ducks and 8 chickens
October 1, 7.00 am Jeff, I have got a deal for you ! How about 3 calves for $ 90 ? IF you don’t, I have someone who will take it !
????
I’ take it !
October 1, 10.00 am
M&S Dry cow & heifer barn
Calf barn
Milk cow barn Holding area
Feed barn B T R
Milking parlor Tool shed
Hudson home
There’s no one to tell him where to put the calves, so he leaves them in the calf barn !!!!!!
Grazing area
October 4 5.00 am 3 new calves, and 2 other calves have high temp. and bloody diarrhea …!
8.00 am The Vet examines the herd. He also takes a swab sample for lab testing.
He then treats the calves, and then tells Jeff …”You might have a serious problem”
8.00 p.m. A total 7 out of 15 calves are now sick. He treats the sick calves.
11.00 PM Jeff, has to take both and to the County Hospital emergency room --- abdominal cramps and high temperature.
This has not been a good day for Jeff !
October 5 4.00 am Children admitted. Dave volunteers to help
5.00 am 8 dead calves Dave loads the dead calves on the UNI-LOADER and takes them to the pit.
6.00 am The cows have just returned from milking, he quickly TURNS AROUND hoses down the uniloader, and picks up feed for feeding the cows
October 8 z
z
z
Nothing much happening on the farm. The remaining sick calves nursed back to health. On October 8th, the children return home. Diagnosis: Salmonellosis.
October 10 z The veterinarian calls to tell that Salmonella from his calves is a new type of Salmonella called DT104.
October 12 z
4.00 am 18 cows in milk are scouring ! 9.00 am
z
Sick cows are moved from the milk barn to the maternity /sick pen. 11.00 am
z
z
The Vet examines the cows.
Verdict: Salmonellosis. 12.00 noon
Mr. Smith a neighbor, who buys raw milk tells Jeff that they are going to host 24 Boy Scouts over the weekend on his game farm.
October 14 z
9.00 am
z
11.00 am
z
Jeff learns, 18 of 24 boy scouts are hospitalized & 2 in serious condition. The County Health Officer, the State Regulatory Veterinarian, The Milk Agent, his Veterinarian, FDA and USDA officials come to the farm.
11.30 am
Herd is to be quarantined, till further notice.
All newspapers carry the outbreak story !
Milk makes kids sick ……… Salmonella outbreak traced to DAIRY farm …….. Milk contains bugs that makes people sick ……….
Scientists say …….. Dairy farming ...... Dairy cows ….. All infected with dangerous bugs Killer bug on the loose …… dairy cows responsible
How did Salmonella
typhimurium DT104 get into raw milk ?
Cattle
Actinomyces pyogenes
Anthrax Brucellosis Campylobacteriosis Cowpox Cryptosporidiosis Escherichia coli O157:H7 European tick-borne encephalitis Foot and mouth disease Giardiasis Leptospirosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Pseudocowpox Q-fever Rabies Salmonellosis
S. zooepidemicus Taenia saginata Yersinia enterocolitica
Horses
Actinobacillus spp.
Anthrax Brucellosis Cryptosporidiosis Equine morbillivirus Glanders Leptospirosis Rabies Salmonellosis Yersiniosis
Sheep & Goats
Actinobacillus spp.
Anthrax Brucellosis Campylobacteriosis
Chlamydia trachomatis
(ovine) Cryptosporidiosis European tick-borne encephalitis
Francisella tularensis
Giardiasis Leptospirosis Louping ill Orf Q-fever Rabies Salmonellosis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Pigs
Anthrax
Ascaris suum
Botulism
Brucella suis
Cryptosporidiosis
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Flavobacterium Influenza Leptospirosis
Pasteurella spp.
Pigbel Rabies Salmonellosis Sarcosporidiosis Scabies S. dysgalactiae (group L)
S. milleri S. suis type 2 (group R)
Swine vesicular disease
Taenia solium Trichinella spiralis Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
CDC NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN HUMANS
CATTLE
SHEEP & GOATS
HORSES
PIGS
DOGS
CATS
BIRDS
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
X
HUS
X
Anthrax
X
X
X
Botulism
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Brucellosis
X
X
X
X
X
Cryptosporidiosis
X
X
X
X
X
EEE
X
St. Louis Encephalitis
X
WEE E. coli O157:H7
X X
Lyme Disease
X
Psittacosis Rabies
X X
X
X
X
RMSF Salmonellosis Trichinosis
OTHER
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
1999 CDC NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN HUMANS
UNITED STATES
PENNSYLVANIA
Hantavirus Pulomonary Syndrome
42, (15 states)
-
HUS
181 cases, 26 states,
2
Anthrax
-
-
Botulism
23
-
Brucellosis
82
-
Cryptosporidiosis
2,361
123
EEE
5
-
St. Louis Encephalitis
4
-
WEE
1
-
E. coli O157:H7
4513
59
Lyme Disease
2,781
Psittacosis
16,273 cases, (NE and NC) 16
Rabies
6,730
206
RMSF
579
18
Salmonellosis
40,596
1,462 +1,271
Trichinosis
12
-
1