Pathogens of Animal and Human Health Importance

Pathogens of Animal and Human Health Importance Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University...
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Pathogens of Animal and Human Health Importance Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian

Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University, University Park

What’s Zoonosis ? Zoonosis is an infection or infestation shared in nature by man and animals.

Selection of Pathogens !!! „

Animals raised on farms that are well managed (good housing, hygienic conditions , and balanced diet) on most occasions are free of diseases that occur naturally in animals

Pathogens of concern „

„

More than 150 pathogens can cause zoonotic infections (animals to humans) Concern of animal and human health: „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Salmonella E. coli Bacillus anthracis Mycobacterium spp. Brucella spp. Leptospira spp. Chlamdiya spp Listeria monocytogenes Y. enterocolitica Clostridium perfringens Klebsiella spp.

ƒ Cryptosporidia ƒ Cyclospora ƒ Giardia

Pathogens of concern „

„

More than 150 pathogens can cause zoonotic infections (animals to humans) Concern of animal and human health: „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Salmonella E. coli Bacillus anthracis Mycobacterium spp. Brucella spp. Leptospira spp. Chlamdiya spp Listeria monocytogenes Y. enterocolitica Clostridium perfringens Klebsiella spp.

ƒ Cryptosporidia ƒ Cyclospora ƒ Giardia

Introduction „

Concerns directed at manure from a broad spectrum of livestock operations „ „ „ „

dairy beef poultry swine

Who are the concerned ? „

Concerned public „

neighboring farmers

„

rural residents

„

environmentalists

„

local, state and federal policy makers

Concerned about what ?

„

Effect on animal and human health on spreading manure

Pathogens in manure* Pathogen

Animal

Human

Salmonella





E. coli O157:H7





M. paratuberculosis



?

Listeria monocytogenes





Cryptosporidia





* Pathogens of significant importance

What does manure contain ? „

Animal excreta ( feces and urine)

„

Bedding

„

Dilution water

„

Secretions of the nose, throat, blood, vagina, mammary gland, skin, and placenta

Pathogens in manure: what can they affect ? human health

animal health water supply crops Manure biota (insects, mammals) pasture

Pathogens – type and number „

Manure can contain 1010 bacteria/ g

„

Pathogens „

Salmonella 100 to 10 million cells/g

Pathogens - Survival „ „ „ „ „ „ „

Source (species) pH (acidic or alkaline) Dry matter (well mixed or slurry) Age (stored or fresh manure) Chemical composition (fiber, protein) Microbial characteristics (spore formers, Gm +ve) Environmental temperature (winter, summer)

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis „

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis „

„

„ „

Cows with clinical signs could excrete M. paratuberculosis in excess of million organisms per gram of feces Under laboratory conditions take 8-16 weeks for visible growth to occur Does not multiply in the environment Phenol-based disinfectants recommended for disinfecting M. paratuberculosis infected barns and maternity and calving pens

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Soil 1 year Acidic soil associated with increased clinical cases of Johne’s disease

Manure Feces kept at room temp. - 160 to 190 days

Liquid manure 5 oC 252 days high concentration of 15 oC 98 days calcium and high Pasture pH, fewer clinical infected pasture cases of Johne’s regarded as unsafe disease reported for 1 year.

Other Tap or pond water - 240 to 380 days

What’s Salmonella ? Light Microscope

„ „

„ Electron Microscope

Rod shaped bacteria Appears pink to red when stained with Gram’s stain (Gram-negative)

Enterobacteriaceae (intestinal bacteria) „

Salmonella (genus) )

enterica ( species) )

serovar ( over 2200 serovars)

Example: Salmonella enterica serovar derby S. Derby

Where does Salmonella come from ? „

Host adapted Human: S. Typhi Cattle: S. Dublin Poultry: S. Pullorum Pigs: S. Choleraesuis Non host adapted S. Typhimurium

Inhabitant of intestinal tract of „

animals

„

birds

„

reptiles

„

insects

Salmonella -2003 „

„ „ „

Number of reported cases have increased S. Typhimurium -constant S. Enteritidis – decline S. Newport -increase

Salmonella Typhimurium Slurry Salmonellas found in low numbers ( < 100 /g) of slurry. S90% of organisms die in 14 weeks when slurry is stored SSurvive only for short periods on grass SAnimals allowed to graze on exp. infected lots not easily infected SDanger from spreading of salmonellosis minimized by storing the slurry for 1 month and allow animals to graze 1 month after spreading the slurry.

Manure Feces Exp. contaminated: 170 days Manure Exp. contaminated: Liquid manure 10 oC - 140 days Semi-solid manure 10 oC - 84 days Solid manure 10 oC - 35 days 20 oC - 21 days 40 oC - 14 days

Other Blood: 30 oC - 40 days Pasture: Following an outbreak; 21 days Exp. contamination: 329 days Feed: Isolated from 21% of rendered feed products.

Listeria monocytogenes „

„

„

Gram-positive bacteria Widely distributed in animal production environments Survives under adverse environmental conditions

Listeria monocytogenes Soil

Manure

Other

4-12 oC - 240 to 311 days 18-20 oC - 201 to 271 days

Naturally infected cattle feces - 1 to 6 years

Silage:naturally contaminated -450 days

Liquid manure: summer -36 days winter - 106 days

Milk : naturally contaminated stored in ice chest - 210 days Water: about 7 days

Shiga Toxin producing E. coli „

STEC „

Shiga toxin producing strains of E. coli „

„

Clinical manifestations „ „

„

„

Includes E. coli O157:H7 HUS (predominantly a disease of children) HC (all ages, primarily adults)

1983- First association between hamburgers and HC. 1993- Public recognition – JACK IN THE BOX !

E. coli O157:H7 Facts „

„

Prevalence of EC O157:H7 in animal manure is low (0-3%) Feedlot: 1-3% animals positive for E. coli O157:H7

E. coli O157:H7 Facts „

„

Once colonized, shedding is short (< 30 days) Animals undergoing nutritional stress are more likely to shed „

„

Fasting may increase shedding

There is some suggestion that warmer environments increase EC O157:H7

E. coli O157:H7 Facts „

„

„

„

EC O157:H7 is common in water troughs on farms Feed may become contaminated and support replication, particularly in summer Applying manure to forage crops has not been associated with increased EC O157:H7 prevalence Heifers may be more resistant

E. coli O157:H7 Soil 150 days

Manure

Other

Exp. contaminated: 5 oC - 70 days 22 oC - 56 days 37 oC - 49 days

Water: 222 to 257 days SE. coli O157:H7 found to persist for 120 days in water trough sediments

Slurry: 3- 6 weeks

Feed: E. coli O157:H7 has been shown to proliferate in moist feeds and TMRs.

Feces: 90 days

Controlling EC O157:H7 On-Farm

„

Separate feed from manure

„

Prevent water tank contamination

„

Decrease hide contamination

„

Transition diet modification

Cryptospordia „

Cryptosporidium parvum „

Waterborne protozoan parasite

„

Water contaminated with “animal-infected feces”

„

1993 Milwaukee outbreak in which 403,000 people became sick resulted in nationwide recognition of C. parvum as an “emerging pathogen”

The Hudson Farm

Hudson Farm

Meet the Hudsons !

Linda Mary

Fred

Jeff

Dave

Susan

John

The Hudson Dairy Farm z

History „ „ „

z

1920 - Established 1956 - Upgraded 1981 - New structures & equipment

Employees „ „ „ „ „

Jeff Hudson, owner 1 farm worker 1 milker Dave, Linda, Fred Susan & John feed the calves

Jeff Hudson Owner Since 1982

M&S Dry cow & heifer barn

Calf barn

Milk cow barn Holding area

Feed barn B T R

Milking parlor Tool shed

Hudson home

Grazing area

Hudson dairy farm layout

Dairy Herd Statistics z

HERD PERFORMANCE 

z

DAIRY CATTLE 

Grade A milk

 



4600- 4800 lbs of milk per day



z 



No antibiotic residue violations BTMSCC: 200,000 500,000 last year.

12 calves 19 dry cows 20 heifers 87 cows in milk

OTHER ANIMALS 

4 stray cats 2 dogs 1 pony 3 ducks and 8 chickens

October 1, 7.00 am Jeff, I have got a deal for you ! How about 3 calves for $ 90 ? IF you don’t, I have someone who will take it !

????

I’ take it !

October 1, 10.00 am

M&S Dry cow & heifer barn

Calf barn

Milk cow barn Holding area

Feed barn B T R

Milking parlor Tool shed

Hudson home

There’s no one to tell him where to put the calves, so he leaves them in the calf barn !!!!!!

Grazing area

October 4 5.00 am 3 new calves, and 2 other calves have high temp. and bloody diarrhea …!

8.00 am The Vet examines the herd. He also takes a swab sample for lab testing.

He then treats the calves, and then tells Jeff …”You might have a serious problem”

8.00 p.m. A total 7 out of 15 calves are now sick. He treats the sick calves.

11.00 PM Jeff, has to take both and to the County Hospital emergency room --- abdominal cramps and high temperature.

This has not been a good day for Jeff !

October 5 4.00 am Children admitted. Dave volunteers to help

5.00 am 8 dead calves Dave loads the dead calves on the UNI-LOADER and takes them to the pit.

6.00 am The cows have just returned from milking, he quickly TURNS AROUND hoses down the uniloader, and picks up feed for feeding the cows

October 8 z

z

z

Nothing much happening on the farm. The remaining sick calves nursed back to health. On October 8th, the children return home. Diagnosis: Salmonellosis.

October 10 z The veterinarian calls to tell that Salmonella from his calves is a new type of Salmonella called DT104.

October 12 z

4.00 am  18 cows in milk are scouring ! 9.00 am

z

Sick cows are moved from the milk barn to the maternity /sick pen. 11.00 am

z





z

The Vet examines the cows.

Verdict: Salmonellosis. 12.00 noon 

Mr. Smith a neighbor, who buys raw milk tells Jeff that they are going to host 24 Boy Scouts over the weekend on his game farm.

October 14 z

9.00 am 

z

11.00 am 

z

Jeff learns, 18 of 24 boy scouts are hospitalized & 2 in serious condition. The County Health Officer, the State Regulatory Veterinarian, The Milk Agent, his Veterinarian, FDA and USDA officials come to the farm.

11.30 am 

Herd is to be quarantined, till further notice.

All newspapers carry the outbreak story !

Milk makes kids sick ……… Salmonella outbreak traced to DAIRY farm …….. Milk contains bugs that makes people sick ……….

Scientists say …….. Dairy farming ...... Dairy cows ….. All infected with dangerous bugs Killer bug on the loose …… dairy cows responsible

How did Salmonella

typhimurium DT104 get into raw milk ?

Cattle „

Actinomyces pyogenes

Anthrax „Brucellosis „Campylobacteriosis „Cowpox „Cryptosporidiosis „Escherichia coli O157:H7 „European tick-borne encephalitis „Foot and mouth disease „Giardiasis „Leptospirosis „

„

Mycobacterium bovis

Pseudocowpox „Q-fever „Rabies „Salmonellosis „

S. zooepidemicus „Taenia saginata „Yersinia enterocolitica „

Horses „

Actinobacillus spp.

Anthrax „Brucellosis „Cryptosporidiosis „Equine morbillivirus „Glanders „Leptospirosis „Rabies „Salmonellosis „Yersiniosis „

Sheep & Goats „

Actinobacillus spp.

Anthrax „Brucellosis „Campylobacteriosis „

„

Chlamydia trachomatis

(ovine) „Cryptosporidiosis „European tick-borne encephalitis „

Francisella tularensis

Giardiasis „Leptospirosis „Louping ill „Orf „Q-fever „Rabies „Salmonellosis „

„

Yersinia enterocolitica

Pigs „

Anthrax

„

Ascaris suum

„

Botulism

„

Brucella suis

„

Cryptosporidiosis

„

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Flavobacterium „Influenza „Leptospirosis „

„

Pasteurella spp.

Pigbel „Rabies „Salmonellosis „Sarcosporidiosis „Scabies „S. dysgalactiae (group L) „

S. milleri „S. suis type 2 (group R) „

„

Swine vesicular disease

Taenia solium „Trichinella spiralis „Yersinia enterocolitica „

„

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

CDC NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN HUMANS

CATTLE

SHEEP & GOATS

HORSES

PIGS

DOGS

CATS

BIRDS

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

X

HUS

X

Anthrax

X

X

X

Botulism

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Brucellosis

X

X

X

X

X

Cryptosporidiosis

X

X

X

X

X

EEE

X

St. Louis Encephalitis

X

WEE E. coli O157:H7

X X

Lyme Disease

X

Psittacosis Rabies

X X

X

X

X

RMSF Salmonellosis Trichinosis

OTHER

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

1999 CDC NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN HUMANS

UNITED STATES

PENNSYLVANIA

Hantavirus Pulomonary Syndrome

42, (15 states)

-

HUS

181 cases, 26 states,

2

Anthrax

-

-

Botulism

23

-

Brucellosis

82

-

Cryptosporidiosis

2,361

123

EEE

5

-

St. Louis Encephalitis

4

-

WEE

1

-

E. coli O157:H7

4513

59

Lyme Disease

2,781

Psittacosis

16,273 cases, (NE and NC) 16

Rabies

6,730

206

RMSF

579

18

Salmonellosis

40,596

1,462 +1,271

Trichinosis

12

-

1

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