University of Massachusetts - Amherst
ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Master's Capstone Projects
Center for International Education
1984
Participatory Research: Review and Reflection Charles M. Harns University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Participatory Research:
Review and Reflection
Charles M. Harns Center for International Education University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA Copyright
© 1984
Running Head--Participatory Research: Review and Reflection
01030
Participatory Research:
Review and Reflection 1
Abstract Participatory research is, at one and the same time, a means of investigating social reality, a pedagogy for the powerless and alienated, and a way of creating knowledge that transforms that social reality.
This
paper reviews ten case studies published as participa tory research.
These studies report participatory
research experiences in the U.S.A., Canada, Chi le, Tanzania and India.
An analys is
is made of the methods
used, the source of the question guiding the inquiry, the role of social transformation and the connections that these ten efforts may have with Marxist theory. Spec ial
attention is given to the concept of praxis,
as described by Paulo Fre ire , and the relation of praxis to participatory research.
A description of partic
ipa-
tory research is developed that draws clear distinctions between participatory research and action research, and that supports the author's contention that participatory research is liberatory pedagogy in process.
Participatory
Research:
Review
lection
and
2 Participatory be termed in the process,
the
research
are
more
case
involved of
and
under
name of
the
increasingly
case
luminate research research:
to
draws
characterize assumptions
that what
them,
case of
the
scale.
ies
the
social
transformation,
becomes
role and
research.
of
participatory
studies
are
part
participatory
research
is
taking
guide
the in
the
place,
activities action.
connections
that Finally,
research
inquiry
participatory
the
to
ipatory
participatory
of
used
of
research
underlie
and
context
Next,
questions
ident
theory.
st,
participatory
published
definition
a
participatory
whom and on what
are
our
features
where
activities:
refresh
and
information-
research,
These
F
As more
research,
ipatory
studies.
action.
areas.
activities
from
certain in
participatory
educational,
participatory
certainly
research
in many other
political,
can
consistency
the
describing
concerning
paper
new,
great in
problem-solving
assumptions
not
in participatory
important
This
the
creativity
studies
descriptions
with
showing
s uniform
become
research
While and
gathering
our
though
emergent.
enthusiasm
people
Research
and who research with
in
Marxist
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 3
With
the
perspectives
in mind,
I examine
by Paulo
Freire,
ticipatory
ing
the and
the
a brief
research
the
of
divergences
studies
praxis, it
as has
the
described
is
distinctly
par-
made
literature
description
fresh
with
an attempt
in and
a pursuit
case
connection
Finally,
definition as
the
concept
research.
reconcile
from
to
by presentof
participatory
different
from
action
research. The Context The cited
case
research
efforts
settings
(Barndt,
rural,
industrial
United
States
and Fox, 3);
in
(Kanhare,
{Brown, l;
1980),
years for
at the
participatory
and
Jackson,
1981;
urban
1978
district
2;
a village in
rural
Canadian
and
1980),
settings
Gaventa,
Dhulis
{1980)
adequate
community.
rural
Note
and
involving
gain
describe
Horton,
in
Research
in in
Chile
the
1980;
Santos
Comstock
Rivera,
northern
socialist under
in
Note India
Tanzania Allende
1980).
Jackson
to
ipatory
and metropolitan
{Mduma, 1980),
Canada
both
1980;
rural
(Falabella,
Part
studies
in
Note the
of
describes
over
a cost project
700 Canadian
sanitation
The project of
a project
in
Indians
infrastructure described
approximately
was a combination
in for
spans $25,000. of
northern
more
a struggle their than
five
The funding
community
contr
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 4
bution
and
Indian
community
to
public
install
to to
specific
water
Indians. the
the
Indian
empowered,
this
entire
sanitation
A long
and
community
the
of
system
the
that
the of
would
government
that
community
the
government's and
concerns
becomes
ex-
of
community,
difficult
local
government
residents
focus
and
the
plans
struggle
the the
and
effort,
non-Indian
redirect
include
this
sewer
the
Through
attempted
as
resisted
service
community.
the
In
an improved
clusively
effort
funds.
as
include
defined
process more
to
is
described
militant
becomes
by
and more
increasingly
intransigent. Jackson's
experience
illustrating
the
"committed
participant
research rather
which than
perience variety
outside
harming the
lirnnologist the to
learner
in
Also,
is
a clear
into
a sanitary
an environmental
participatory
or
her
research
of
how a
Jackson
engineer,
a chemical specialist for
at
ex-
process
character.
The preconditions
of
technical
research
health
a
part,
Jackson's example
the
as
process
particularly
participatory of
the
(p.
61).
in
researcher
on his
be brought
role
useful
militancy
Lake
process. in
outside
researchers,
its
and
research engage
Trout
can
describes
to
particularly
the
and
leads
Big
consultants, without
of
detachment"
at of
role
is
Big
in
readiness Trout
Lake
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection
5 included Indian
the
obvious
community
increasing
economic
and
from
non-native
residents,
to
domination
within
the
growth
of
outside
a new generation
of
and repression,
and
and politically
sophisticated
Gaventa research the to
researchers change
was the
local
and
federal
the
collection
group
was
in
aspiration search
was to on this
mentions teachers, as the
the
training
housewives, staff
participatory It
land
and
this
was exclusively
and the
research
process
from
community
ownership
and
the
groups'
their
own re-
reliance
on,
workers
Gaventa school
and
students
s experience
similar
in
context
study,
in
this
public
included
on
data--
funds.
was a multi-year
funding
priority
public
is
use
revealing
project.
research
trying
the
implement
the
case,
on who lived
etc.,
community in
s'
data
on more
and
of,
were
agenc
absentee
using
In this
land
Additionally,
issue
field
Jackson's.
insisting
design
literate
on a participatory
occupation,
Appalachia.
young,
priorities
descriptive
between
cornmun-
domination
groups
governmental
of
an the
USA.
community
ze,
connection
poverty
with
the
While
report
Appalachia,
and
the
Indians.
both
in
land--family
research the
Horton
experience
research.
the
and
between
the
resistance
ity--springing
disparity
funds outside
to case
($100,000), specialists--
the
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 6
in
this
effort
worked
scholars
alongside
Horton's
the
example
the
political
cal
government
federal
land
boards
tactics
the groups
study
shows
scale,
over
tieing
technical
research
are
the
research
used
several
of
Comstock experience
entire 470)
small in
for
economic
"inside"
and
report
a project
of North
Bonneville
Engineers'
plans
on a larger
this
case
disparity,
again
study
committed
"outside",
this
as
participatory
in
the
state
and
North
a community
is
the
years. the
Jackson's
a fairly
of Washington
resisting
Bonneville
to
research
several
disburse
and
participatory
on the
Again,
to
case
participatory
similarities
spanning
of
resistance.
contextual
were
in
effective
and Fox's
town
with
clear
and Gaventa/Horton's.
intransigence
operating
As before,
and
undertaking
the
the
and many counties,
readiness
shows
and
The Appalachian
skills
lo-
sand
described,
research
research
including
in
Confrontations
overcome
states
describing
offic
presented.
preconditions
a state
scale
to
also
in
and
research
States.
vividly
participatory
researchers--both in
are
area
Gaventa
participatory
government
perspectives.
we see
group. strong
United
local
group
these
of
the
with
Appalachian
particularly
context
and meetings
the
community
is
in
from
largegoes--an (population
The residents Army Corps
community
of
throughout
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection
7 the
Northwest
United
States.
Their
town
to be flooded
when a new hydro-powered
constructed.
The residents
wanted
as a whole
community,
and cultural
character
nearby.
facilitating
such
funding
and
beyond
the
rights
s the North the
Bonneville confl
, and
of
North
Bonneville
faculty
and
minimal
funding
local
for
researchers
servative values,
the
setting,
and
the
ing
were
community cultural Both
research deavors
to
the
uni
Barndt experiences
and
North
on a much smaller
of nature
the
were
colleges,
their that
access
and
s.
The con-
common ethical geographic lity
of
that
technical
the
from
the
out-
enabled
a common goal:
resist-
domination.
describe America, scale
of
In the
tight-knit
of
Brown also
de-
in wielding
preconditions
and
in
the
activi
of
around
study
came directly
support
and
imperialism
are
nearby
strength
was
researchers
($1,000)
interest
researchers this
outs
The strength
it
residents to
a culturally
particular
resisted
own behalf.
the
research were
group.
the
skilled
the
from
geographic
claiming
conscientized
mentioned
community
as
on their
students
similar
The case
struggle
example
en masse,
of
a move,
was
relocate
The Corps
increasingly
information
to
citizens.
become
scheduled
generator
a new area
the
multi-year
power
the
of
to
was
participatory but
than
the
these other
enNorth
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 8
American
examples.
work
with
study
of
literacy
migrant
to
Barndt
it
the
and
families
community"
(page
number
of
of
Barndt
in 1
materials
group and
21).
the
that Barndt
income
range
co-researchers
of taken
factory
worker,
Barndt
appeared
to
this
to
outside
and
inside
say
in
the
themselves nature
this
her
the
the
immigrant
a new
funding
and
project
are
visual
me with scale.
broad
community and
from
the
still process,
and
Her
three
were
a
a microbiologist.
a university
a major in
im-
education
group
relationship
played
the The
community.
agent
pro-
personalness
left
spanned
to
organiza-
producing
with
the
of
the
work
be operating
group.
and
as
two-year
large
the
a
immigrant
community
was not
about
as
American of
a case
was an attempt
groups
from
meant
between
researchers:
The researchers guiding
instance,
education
an insurance
and had
in
of
effort
worked
In this
however,
various
the
Latin
is
us
research,
in
report;
the
immigrant
The cost,
involved
her
with
"It
a study
s description with
pression
in
people
detailed
Latin
from
brings
Toronto.
way: of
by involving
tions
not
this
us
Peru,
raising
processes
to
activity
consciousness
integrate duction
in
research
describes
in
research
workers
participatory
vehicle
familiar
and media
participatory
American the
Barndt,
piecing
role to-
base the
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 9
gether
visual
groups.
In this
to
Freire's
or
IDAC's
the
data
in
flecting
what
own lives.
be,
we tried
cus
of
practice Besides researcher
were not
re-pose
product,
pretend
re-
about to
their
be in
no researcher
respect
never
take
us--their
saying
all
imposed
a can
perspectives our
own
interpretations
we gathered
and
edited.
23) quote
the
gives
article.
comes the
taste
The clear
through
proximity in
a good
consistently and
the
American
community
groups
were
Toronto,
and
they
common experiences participatory
the
in
availability
study,
that
of
were
tone
connection
this
effective
coordinator,
give
rhetorical
statements
{page This
or
s
we would
a visual
to
and
narrations
a culture
as we posit
represented
on the
of
We did role,
was
community
analyses--and
people
neutral
role
would
and form
to
observer:
people
the
but
of
militant
own descriptions
represent
way our
notion
material
them
to
fact
that
already
research
set
the
outside Latin
established
the
in
exploring
stage
experience.
and
work.
several
in
fo-
theory
Barndt's of
interested
as migrants,
of
and
for
their an
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection
10 Brown gives participatory
us
research--so
describes
the
effort
participatory. tory
in
the
United and
gating
his
the
cost
of
number
the of
with
people
ing
the the
funding
proximity
ers
were
the
participative interest the
team
of
the
and
point
of
preconditions
because
participatory
in
it that title.
This clearly are
invite
investi-
is
describes
The
the
exact
his
attempts
management
two years,
and
eventual
decision
students
to
notes of
work
malaise
only
affect-
near
exclusive
control
of
the
management
group,
and
view
of
that
set
case
the
faculty
the
study
stage is
illustrates
pursued It
and
solution.
nor
The obvious
the
to
between
and
group.
effort
group
the
the
faculty
a fac-
between
two years
neutrality
mixed-feelings
effort.
efforts
spend
the
he
low productivity
Brown
of
organization, for
in
mentioned,
during
management
the
of
not
in
relations
facilitating
involved.
interests
research
with
is
that than
place
management to
and
a stance
obvious
the
colleagues
project
and union
Poor
on
fact,
rather takes
resulting
led
problems
to maintain
his
States.
antagonism
Brown and
study
view
in
participative
case
union
different
different,
as
This
management worker
a remarkably
serves
under this
of
the the
researchfor
this
particular broad
range
participative/
purpose
by distinc-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 11
tively the
occupying cases Iris
the
group
chosen.
Santos
Rivera
of
studies
approach
to
California.
special
the
in
of
her
to
study
and
whom the and
after
this
have
the
of
the
of
of
few,
of
this
view
of
San
if
any,
intention
of
learning
skills
Santos
Rivera
children
program.
in
This
are
the
The preappears
teachers,
administration, awareness
with
before
effort. project
are
people
contact--both
an
case
researchers
researchers
school
levels
the
liberatory
start
of
school
continued
a
an effort
inside
outside
point
extraordinary
the
particular
for
flexibility
lunch
of
describes
students,
school
to
in
critical
by the
of
education
With of
spectrum
contribution
use
led
that
the
liberatory
school
in
insiders
conditions the
the
unique
children,
the
Chicano
are
reform
is
with
young
the
description
Rivera
development
colleagues
effort
her
resources.
facilitating
of
a unique
elementary
duration
group
end
with
Santos
financial
the
right
makes
case
of unspecified
and
far
I have
liberatory Diego,
the
to
be
the and
the
and militancy
in
these
children. Leaving
World,
V. J.
effort
by the
In this
study,
the
First
Kanhare
World describes
women of the
now and
the
entering
the
a participatory Dhulis
women enter
into
district
Third
research in
a struggle
India. to
gain
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection
12 better and
wages, land
stop
owners,
exploitation
around of
the
militant of
and
by the
centered focus
the
alcohol the
of
and
as the storage
the
the
techniques
the
that
is
participants
of
the
project
of is
or
not the
to in
work
to
detailed, affiliations
economic
the
and
land
other
concerns.
socialist
research
in
improve
their
need
(improved
cultural
action grain The
grain
integrity
imperialism
resolved effort
of
technologies.
technological
the
their
on class
rural
indigenous
of
is
are,
of
around
alternative
successfully
The length
struggle
based
struggle
practical
drinking
source
situation
maintenance to
the
the
this
time
village
the
resistance
of
or
a village
using of
with
to
include
involvement,
a springboard
we find
of
reconciliation storage)
us
There people
as
the
No mention
operation,
of
later
to and
husbands.
longstanding
served
Mduma takes Tanzania.
beating
for
begins
concerns;
researcher's
of
and
The study
broadens
wife
a history
which
study.
and wage
inequality--this
gender--and,
conflict
land
the
base
a clear
and political
and
farmers.
effort
of women by officials
appropriation
rich
The preconditions
again,
issue
land
women's
cost and
funding.
resist
against
by the
identities
harassment
liberatory
action
made of
sexual
in
and
the
nor
is
of
is
Mduma's exact
the
the
the case
number
sponsorship outside
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 13
researcher. outside the
truly
This researcher
most
remaining
part.
ticipatory
The
in
nized
and
shared
crops
due
to
inadequate
irrunersion
of
the
self-help
(Ujaama)
America,
in
Allende.
Falabella
two
in
years
to the
power
the
torrantes;
and
works
optimistic
years
is
primarily
of
two
sponsored
it
means and
by the
in
closer
Wisconsin
together. Tenure
Allende,
years
himself,
a mutual
coming
and
these
he
and
found with
travels
comes
to
during This
of
Chilean
under
increased
afterwards.
Land
span
the
Chile
consciousnesses grow
after,
nomadic
them,
North
recounts
time
be a torrante
of
in
briefly
shares
briefly
the
collective
With
from to
and
study
landless
a torrante
learns
of
Tanzania.
case
and
Falabella
different
sharing,
last
par-
loss
research
peasants
a description
very
of
government
them,
of
for
recog-
(the
spirit
torrantes.
becoming
what
the
the
for
of
a clearly
an approximate
of
land
use
techniques),
during,
study
with
village
the
notes
ear.
understand
constant
Africa,
for
a sympathetic
the
the
background
the
are
participatory
a leftist
pressure
for
characteristic at
effort;
the
case
in
workers--the of
in
storage
Chile
his
agricultural
in
village
and
an experience
well
this
problem
looked
Asia
roots
preconditions
research
Having
a grass
those study
investigation which,
through
The
study
Centre
with
was an
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 14
unspecified tutional at
base
the
this
amount
process
the
astuteness
the
author the
in
search
to
and
to
rather
In this
(or in
the
than
broad
understanding
of
at
efforts
same
with
research--its
of
the
perseverance
for
two years, on re-
ethnographic approach,
a basis
for
reflection
research
participatory
on a broad
range
the
most
now look
a bit
more
scrutiny;
the
process
of
participa-
in
action.
Research research clear.
brief
superficial
Let's
features
in
problems
These
research.
for
of
environments. us only
with
fairly
and
termed
distinctive
are
who took
participatory
participatory
traditional
torrantes
dissertation
as
of
give
an eye
histori-
paper.
studies
Participatory
vestigation
the
range
however,
In most
serve
be
possibilities,
life
of
to set
pedagogical/political
focusing
descriptions,
tory
for
perusal
an equally
particular,
author
brief
the
commitment torrantes
in
participative)
the
it
that
liberatory
the
the
seen
I took
be four:
of the
later
we have
these
with
and will
analysis
to
The dominance
interesting
practice
seemed
endure
material.
but
insti-
The preconditions
side,
of
Falabella's
clear,
generosity
their
desire
approach, is
Centre.
and
Mr.
entirely
Chile--ripe
author the
support.
in motion
moment
and,
not
Wisconsin
cal
of
is
of
in
in Action the
processes
A hypothesis
has
of been
in-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 15
formulated
by the
the
validity
the
data,
clear,
of the
strongly
about
uses
people
jects
of, in
ships
of is
affecting a stance
of
as
relationship or,
poverty.
isolated
the
of
research, question
siderations
to
feels The researcher of,
results
or
are
strong
relation-
tendency
to
racial
group
the
is
between not
is
include
the
in
commit and
feature of
sociological
the
the
researcher
enlargement
broad
a common concern
example,
a prominent
the
ob-
signif
and
between
nor
The researcher
for
skills
group
results significant
sources
deny
test keep
variables:
relationship
researched
research
or
poverty
A transfer
traditional
affirm
the
inquiry. as
to
the
ifs/he
the
to
fort
outcome.
The research
between
a crime;
and the
of
needed
and
isolate
documents
they
the
to
research
information.
between
researching,
basis
as
is
neutrality--even
as well
so far
data
In an
made
the
the
and
hypothesis.
attempt
assumes
cant
that
process
every
variables
researcher
of
the con-
actual
research
been
emerging
process. Alternate number paper
of
research
years,
illustrate
and
these
research?
In what
efforts?
the
case
a variety
What makes
these
designs
ways
studies
is
By reviewing
for
cited
in
this
those
designs
in
action.
different
from
of
approaches
have
traditional the
traditional
research
techniques,
a
used methods
in
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 16
and materials be shed
cited
on those
Where various ident
did
ies
the
the
research
in
of
second,
research
designs,
by either
that
the
possible no set
insiders
researchers thematic
in
the
inside
interests.
an outside that
primary
problem
researcher
the
encounter
within may enter
group
the
be done
outside may be may have It
in
is
is
with
their
an apparent it
a broader
area
a situation
identified
researched
the
theme.
to
kind;
and
can
enter
group
has
any
alternate
outsiders or
three
problem in
to
Similarly,
researcher
problem
and
into
theme;
or
the
idendescribe
identification
same problem
mind
to
of
a specific
the
that
ling
a general
and
a researcher
themes
as
researchers
Who
identification
pre-identification
some cases
the for
problem
the
studies?
helpful
Additionally,
this
the
pre-identified
in
of
theme.
In
mutual--both
will
guides
how is
it
of
inside
researchers.
that
no pre-identification
pre-identification in
and
efforts,
pre-identification
embedded
some light
case
I find choice
research first,
the
problem,
accomplished?
categories:
studies,
come from
described
in alternative
the
case
question
possibilities
third,
the
questions.
inquiries
tification the
in
co-
lack
possible
of that
a particular also
recognize
theme.
For
example,
process
having
research
as a
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 17
concluded that
that
it
embedded
domination, the
unemployment
and
the
the
inside
group
A matrix
possibilities
a crucial
within
same conclusion.
these
is
can
theme
problem
of
economic
may also
have
illustrating
come together
and
the
may look
reached way like
this: Extent
of
before
research
pre-identification begins:
No pre-identification
at
Pre-identification general
specific
this
the
of
the
Inside
Researcher
Researcher
all
theme
Pre-identification
the
of
Outside
problem
within
theme Linking
the
case
graphic
results
studies the
used following
in
this
paper
display:
to
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 18 Inside Researcher
Extent
of
before
pre-identification the
research
begins:
Outside
(beneficiary
Researcher
group)
Jackson
I
Brown
I
No pre-identification
Kanhare
I
at
Comstock/Fox
all
l I I
Falabella Santos
Rivera I
I
Pre-identification
Brown
I I Kanhare
of
I
general
Brandt
theme
I
l Falabella
I Pre-identification specific
I
Gaven ta/Horton
of
problem
within
I
the
Mduma
I l
theme The above
lay-out
is,
interpretation. point
and
problem case
of
course,
Nonetheless, flesh
out
Jackson
let's
some of
identification
and
open
the
to
Comstock/Fox
criticism
start
from
approaches
theme
identification
enter
a community
and this
used
in in
the
studies. If
a researcher
presuppositions,
is hav~ng
to
done
little
or
no pre-
with
few
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 19
identification
of
wills/he
discover
(1978) (p. of
the
solution
that
more
is
advice
would
indicate.
process
by his
research
sanitation the
at
tasks
of
of
Lake
the but
it
community remained
an understanding point
of
darity
with
with
native
water
and
by the
the
Comstock
community.
helping
in with
experience
the
Fox also people
the
most
rigorous
his
commitment in
in
Chile.
in
with
system.
In
the
their
the
board,
period
decision
to
the
their gain
soli"living
later
hauling viewed important
Falabella
an extended
Trout
into
importance
joining
Big
community's
process"
study.
on
to
recalls,
of
His
the
were
the
took the
extremely
mention
and
identified
from
research
on to
enlightment
researchers
activities
example to
living
meals
piece
was water
room and
prepare
as
and
researchers
Jackson
people"
goes
by entering
paying to
simple
issue
the
this
that
already
problem
did
families,
and
for
the
They
consultants
their
laborer
of
view.
had
the
(1980)
the
sewage
Jackson's
"ask
entry
and
how then
needs?
than
the
Lake,
water
inadequate
problem,
this
community
Trout
community's effort
to
Since
hauling
research,
Jackson
team. Big
the
community's
straightforward:
There
the
of
is
74).
detail
to
focus
(p. of
46). living
provides
community
in
as an agricultural take
that
route
of
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 20
discovery
was preceeded
terviewing
with
Brown's situation
in
one
particular
research
group
the
factory
their
own.
However,
union
group
had
and
had
should
notes.
how their
team
(p.
small
group
problem
back
the
areas
with
cates
that
village
it
particular require
the
the
retreat
cerns,
for the and
of theme
However,
problems
within
problem
the
research
situation
the
Brown
an "empathetic from
interview Brown's
participants
clarifying
the
the
in
effort
was
identified the
that that of
in specific
the
Dhulis
women
one
meet, another
of
outside
researchers.
group
a "camp"
into
the
organized in
their identifying
the
the of
boundary
discuss
indi-
identification
back
in
stages
thematic
research (termed
India by the
early
the
identification
women could assist
on how the
all
during
apparent
the
research
difficult
to
and
everyone.
became
women,
group
questionnaire,
findings
of
the
developed
the
intervention
To move the
in-
research
of
constructed
general
women.
research
theme
this
description
the
their
management
meetings--thereby
Kanhare's
where
305)
Upon completing fed
the
of view In
informal
few presuppositions
the
be conducted.
group
of
both
of
torrante.
with
points
questionnaire"
months
entered
identified
differing
describes
six
by
would
hands a
study)
common conproblems
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 21
to
be addressed
by their
At various
places,
the
problem
and
the
the
was done
women.
a collective by the
research.
by the
During
the
situations
have
established
a general
seek
a community
group
This
seems
the
research
to
camp, of
be the
(p.
the
conducted
the
Latin
and
priorities,
the
mutual
act
of
the
shared
covered:
"Just
base
and
themes
developing
were
intimates tive deeper
we get
search
in
apparent. move in to
action,
a description the
more
Participatory a linear
problem
solution;
this
from
instead,
were
dis-
1
some common s statement collec-
identification.
The
of
re-
participatory
does
problem the
the
between
dynamic
research
fashion
the
an organizational
relationship theme
immi-
describes
themes
Barndt
25).
and
to
strengthening
(p.
effort into
Barndt
methodology,
dialectical
liberatory
open
building
of
American
a working
emerging"
the
remaining
as we were
and may
description
needs
organization,
advance,
Barndt's
community's
community
may
perspective.
Toronto.
through
problem
researcher
in
in
how,
While
the
a similar in
with
was
116)
theme
case
it
outside
with
of
activists
identification
women themselves.
In other
grants
identification
will not
become generally
identification
identifying
of
the
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 22
problem matic in9
by the
people
context the
the
serves
as
on this
in
of the
a situation
a fairly
specific
searcher
enters
role
of
the
a remover There
is
outside
More will
outside
focus
picture.
to
often
still
a need
researcher
to in
may be divergent
and where
play
themselves
Gaventa's land
research
out
in
large-scale
survey
reports
from
local
history
narratives
in
the
that
1
of
research
the
understanding.
situations
for
the
where
interests
problems
Through group,
may
ways.
Appalachia
with
As part
gathered
the
problem
different
point.
s group
citizens.
of
re-
a catalyst:
and
specific
in
outside
clarifying
a variety
identified
situation,
efforts
this
the
this
the~e
in
has the
information
effort
Gaventa
some researchers group
is
large
illustrates
effort
In
assist
focus--particularly
later
research
before
researcher
obstacles
also
be said
reveal
community
of
operates
explored.
studies the
also
participatory
is
problem the
new themes
identification
case
where
resolved,
problem
praxis
transform-
when an
resolution
of
the-
action
Problem
feature
concept
Finally,
is
solving.
important
when the
problem
and
problem
historical
Similarly,
process.
as problem-posing,
complete
a solution--an
itself.
community
in
its
really
world--in
identified arise
is
in
of
the the
descriptive the and
personal their
lifepro-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 23
tagonists,
would
be able
individual
human
impact
Gaventa
chose
situation,
to
and
use
to
interviewing.
train
in
vividness
have
the
informal of
been
and
about
which
heard.
corporate
would And,
a
not
of
allowed
other-
course, a develop-
that
more
easily
be
action
and
organi-
could
later
Certainly
into
41)
the
markedly
participatory
from
traditional
identification
Uncommon demands
and are
self-imposed
identify
feeling
being
(p.
of
approach
those
zation.
range
by outsiders,
with
translated
demands--and
and
problems.
research
efforts
research
in
researcher
made upon
possibilities
themes
do the
follows:
a relationship
interviewed
to
be highly
based
of
approach
this
staff as
system.
a standard
expression
ownership
wise
ment
a depth
in
process
would
the
land
field
the
locally
of
absentee
the
local
to
clearly
interviews
implemented
out
more
inequitable
people
open-ended,
brought
often
the
response
questionnaire
problem
the
open-ended
Appalachian
cautious
differ
of
discern
He describes
While
the
to
in
the
the
area
involvement. outside
these the
cited
researcher--
demands
approaches
The very
act
broaden used of
to
entering
of
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 24
into
a problem-posing
ship
with
the
ditional
research,
is
in
and
relationship
with must
and mutual
the
first
and
Fox,
with
accomplishing
trust.
The outside
understand process. of various
kinds,
and how to
use
professional
in
effort.
Also
this
process
and
the
can
tasks
trust
Falabella, illustrated
and help
the
actual
it,
must
must
of
remain
must
and
re-
be one way of beyond gaining the
collect
information analyze
know how to
assist
theme,
as
it
educate use
them
know how to
their
of
research
how to
to
the
people
how and when to
consultants
reinvestigate
outside
already
organize
they
research
a pedagogical
know how to
they
the
group.
have
of
must
it.
Finally
such
identification
how to
technical
during
a relationship
other
control
involved
facili-
group
researcher
take
people
an organizer,
the
Jackson
problem
and
peers
with
of
The
into
into
But
The people
investigate
enter
feature
situation.
educator
community
this.
entry,
as
intra-
a pedagogical
the
learning
enter
the
of
community
and
initial
their
to
described
all
relation-
uncommon
and key
acts
understanding
how living
their
that
often
In order
Comstock
a unique
problem-posing
process.
is
fact
a mutual
researcher
searcher
in
research
themselves
tator
group
and It
participatory
outside
a problem-resolving
beneficiary
relationship.
see
and
in
continually new
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 25
problems the
in the
and
praxis
new historical
of
their his
research
process,
case
of
the
Big
and
community
would
and
be conducted
accomplished and
group's
commitment
Jackson
Trout
recording,
would
draw
in
created
this
by using sharing
findings
ethic
that,
"Data
participatory
jointly"
this
notes
effort, of
upon
to
(1980)
Lake
representation
information
are
struggle.
Underscoring the
perspectives
collection,
to
the
research
(p.
techniques;
methods
46).
Jackson
of
instructional
a variety
among
in
them
were
the
following: translation into
of
the
pertinent
local
community
reports
and
documents
language,
seminars
and
public
distribution
of
information, a fact field
finding observation
the
community
the
use
of
community
homes, a radio
technical
Trout
with and
the
community
document
review
group, with
group,
photo to
unstructured
The Big
trip
representations
assist
in
the
interviews
of reflection
with
the process,
families
in
their
and, phone-in Lake
consultants,
show.
effort
is and
also
technical
useful
in
showing
research
tasks,
how can
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 26
be
accomplished
work.
within
Jackson
notes
accomplished sources,
was and
(p.
46).
back
to
Jackson's with the
the
In
even the
management
and
(p.
Also,
facilitated
work
used
Until
only
with
to
assist
In
Gaventa's
transfer community Additionally,
of
cut
the
the land
groups the
use
from was
the
when
and
study
outside
in
outside
an explicit researcher
and
his
and
used was group
researcher task
made
of
the
actively
more
decided were
management Appalachia,
on
by
approaches the
view.
groups
created
workers
in-
between
skills
these
union
of
support
team
the
the
tasks
distance
language
time
management,
both
skills
the
linking
to
of
of
government.
po
Mystifying
understandable.
the
all
hands
divergent
research
communications
solidarity
research
to
fed
meetings.
the
on communication
goal-setting. in
also
use
on keeping in
by creating
Brown's
was
Brown's
attempted
union
water
their
from
of
workshops
management
to
pressure
water
and
public
generated
setting,
group
306).
during
by insisting
reconciliation
s research
data
frame-
tasks
the
sources
splayed
group
factory
research of
research group
under
the
water
information
the
mutual
of
research
analysis
continually
community
community,
cluded
a chemical
community
research
among
technical
group
participatory
that
a survey
This the
the
groups. the to
the
researcher. assisted
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 27
the
community
skills
to
group
in
strengthen
government
power
their
collectively
information
with
India,
the
that
research
the
the
to
slogans,
a local
and
the
the
Dhulis
community their
until
research
their
demands
stresses
of
facilitating change:
local
adopted of
the
method
criticisrn
led
research
"Peasants
these
activities:
research
reflection
on the
for
change
of
researcher
process
of
ahead ....
115).
personnel
had
on dialogue
approach
multi-faceted
work
to
teams,
and
dialogue
But
self-
The description
extension
also
also
research
discussion,
is
group
bar-
Kanhare
dialogical
The Tanzanian
as
Appalachia,
collective
the
of
strikes
process.
going (p.
11
creation
As in of
the he notes
(rnorcha),
self-critical
adopted
the
tactic
importance
to
camp,
111).
continual
process and
experiences
the
to
women's
a sit-in (p.
activi-
In addition
elections,
of
propaganda
"A constant
was the
in.
included
version
part
the
many non-traditional
engaged
project
group
as
notes
influence
use
gaining
views,
the
the
share
groups
already-mentioned
attempts
96).
study to
authority
researchers of
(p.
vis-a-vis
this
refused
Kanhare
creation
the
In
bargaining
met.
In ties
the
collective
position
groups.
researchers
had been
developing
echoed
used village
by Mduma,
developed
problem
of
their
solving"
meetings, committees,
inter-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 28
the
development
material
and
recording grain
of the
complementary
creation
of meetings
storage
to
problem
in
was the
only
idea
a neutral
of
all
writer
impossibility
perience. already played
out
meetings,
the
are
used
to
situations,
example,
of
documents,
these
activities,
aspects
to
assist
to
context.
of
the
the
In Santos displays
school
were lunch
is,
ex-
aspect
co-researchers,
re-
activities.
approach
learning
of
community in
Rivera's
situation,
to
using
process
in Freirean
group
is
research:
other
used
the
activities
of
particular assist
That
the
materials,
illustrate
been
of
the
the key
has
pedagogical
the
in
the
research
research
and
who
Another
participatory
training
Brown,
recognized
neutrality.
unusual
action
the
is
defended
eventually
the
The visual
visual
who initially
stages
and
a broader
Even
the
to
common.
studies.
how this
materials
also
researcher
illustrate
creation
visual
the
as well.
Many of
In addition
the
descriptions
discussions,
treats,
researching
research
of
in
in
participatory
nature
noted
case
researcher
these
pedagogical
from
of
cited
of in
documents
researcher,
of
characteristic apparent
the
reading
91).
stance
of
follow-up
public
assist
(p.
The non-neutral apparent
of
and
is fashion,
themes
placing
them
elementary help and
and
school
illustrate led
in
to
a
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 29
deeper
organizational
In Barndt's cal
case,
reflection
cerns
video
on the
immigrants. by the
analysis tape problems
and
also
historical
helped place
of
context. of
her
From the
project,
as
one
also
one
of
of
of
organization. be truly
employ
methods
active
way in
but and was to
participatory, that
describing
We chose
video
tape
as
tool
stages
of
the
groups,
for
own review,
among groups. some sense organizational
of
back
and
in
to the
the
an
use initial
discussion
exchanged
way we could
cornrnon concerns links
in
We interviewed
played
In this
to
analyzing
own experiences.
community
had
people
and
research.
process
it
involved
a process
and
research
the
their
not
education
the
unhampered
tape
a broader
pedagogical
says:
community And if
was to
in
general
Research
criti-
common con-
information-gathering,
with
video
identify
the
to
American
this
was defined
building.
be combined
an aid
Latin
consciousness-raising
organization
problem.
situation
to
task
as
use
current
Barndt our
lunch
the
both
Speaking
start,
only
and
them
their
the
was used
The development
immigrants
emphasis
of
tapes develop
and make by geograph-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 30
ical
barriers.
relationships
with
community,
we were
ing
to
research.
(pp.
22,
material
to
community
problems,
perspectives,
groups
in
it
could
for
stance
the
solidarity
task
the share
solution The entire transfer
with
process of
ical
awareness
into
the
of
research
research
in
the
the
and
community
process.
(p.
25).
participatory use
the
value
an emphasis
on
on rapport. efforts
see
of is
often
the
Traditional
the and
insiders.
pedagogical.
an increasing group
the
as a joint
identification
hands
research
larger
narration,
researchers;
problem
in
an histori-
research
inside
of
community
and
just
through
in
them
analysis"
is
visual
decoding
smaller
research
skills the
the
research,
not
and
is
of
minimal
There
control,
definition
the
embedded
recognize
knowledge
of
defin-
of
of
with
traditional
clearly
outside
the
in
and
"We thus
a deeper
to
use
placing
participatory of
of
lion's
the
and militancy,
generation
focus
encoding
researcher.
Additionally,
them
the
visuals,
developing
efforts of
the
be decoded
In contrast research
to
notes,
the
of
23)
and
she
analysis
so that
in
as building
parts
be the
specifically
assist
time
involving
problems
more
same
various
the
Speaking
cal
At the
is
of
A crit-
integrated research
is
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 31
carried not
out
when deemed
dominate
inside all
the
and the
to
the
process
the
all.
of
to
Falabella
new understandings
builds
of
reflection
It
provide it
problems.
Based
knowledge
act about
is
research of
does
research, social
more
between
Additionally,
tory
research
more
on the
than
seeks
to
transform
reality.
in
generate
a measure and
a social
particular
that
the
social act
it
of seeks
of
the
it
does
research
generation
of
participareality
in
generating to
in-
situation.
transformation,
the
Also,
process
Principles than
solve
assumption social
problem
new themes.
variables, of
of
i.e.,
more
provide
an act
the
action
praxis.
does
a description
a torrante
social
generate
Guiding
than
as
a self-sustained
two or more
does
them
re-frame
action:
Research:
Participatory
relationship
in
life
became
taking
thereby
on itself
Participatory
formation.
and
the
concerns
while
become through
action--as
which
and
process
with
in
conunon themes
apparent
he joined
perspective
critical
become
discovered
The process
than
research
as
generates
more
by the
The
themselves the
torrantes'
Knowledge
a broader
until
the
himself.
in
immerse
social
does
uncritiqued.
again,
taking
and
however
proceed
The themes
torrantes
apparent
and
revealed
apparent
of
or
researchers
again
and categories
very
process,
outside
data,
appropriate,
put
the
knowledge the
force
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 32
of human value process; for
in
judging
sense
the
validity
which
of
exhibits.
of
the
are
asserts of
it
expresses,
people
people
being
values
and bureaucratic posits
and for
the
vocations
that
the is
of
their
the
in
There
lives,
participatory
of
of
the
and
the
the
value economic
research
people,
the
the
knowledge
cultural,
the
are
basis
participatory
Participatory of
basis
communication,
technical,
a world
reasoning
only
basis
which
uncoerced
the
the
the
expressed
from
people.
that
not
domination.
pursues
into
power
controlling free
back
knowledge
instrumental
the
of
and
it
The human values
research value
human morality
this
human values strength
and
by the
people
human ontological
research
expresses
in
its
practice. Oppression shaping
our
hence
from
realized
blocks
knowledge shaping
on the
to
unequal
that
constitutive
our
is control
of
and
Comstock/Fox
world.
our
Jackson, all
on the
access
case
It
and
positivistic
material
level
in
fundamental food,
means
consistent, revolve
Horton,
on activities
in
land,
is
studies
Gaventa, report
to
from
Oppression
level,
resources
information.
so many of
concerns.
the
vocations
activities,
material
expressed
human development:
exchange,
ontological
epistemological
instrumentality, the
these
of
then, around
Kanhare, centered
these and around
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 33
land
use
and
the
Mdurna speaks
to
and Barndt
in
generally,
speak
tion
that
the
to
role
of
reality
the
lives
to
researchers
make
is
Symptoms not
Many of place Gaventa ties,
appear, to
the
with case
that
the
pattern while,
in
are
and
keep
from
(p.
61).
broad reforms
addressed,
as
but
the
of
oppression.
such,
and
of
are
oppression. effort
to
perspectives.
ownership
individual data,
"Regional important facing
of
the
show this
people
goal
by step
sources
larger
trans-
social
features
causes
people
social
ultimate
Step
simultaneously,
be made amongst
transformed.
to
in
a broader may be
efforts
recognized
emerging.
into
participatory
clearly
informa-
involved"
are
land
the
stance,
focus.
problems
more
of
people
seminal
studies
particular notes
the
authors
oppression
"The
problems
on the
when analysing
a larger
in
Rivera
to
and
use.
Santos
problem
upon
the
continual
oppression
confused
access
says,
of
immediate
of
of
research
a reformist
focused
the
transformation
perspective
effort
of
acted
(1978)
and
In contrast
while
of
participatory
radical
on land
all
forces
clearly,
the
pursued,
food,
issue
the
is
historical
of
a particular
Jackson
research
information
and
the
place
more
formation,
are
sue
so that
recognized
to
particular,
will
perspective
On the
access
communibegan
patterns linkages
common issues"
to
see
began
to
began (p.
41).
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 34
From the makes and
experience
this
in
remark
in
participatory
beings soon
world
are
against
and
are
not
the
their
their
that
women.
on this case
Each
rights.
the
They problem
toiling
masses,
that
was
of
villages
the
felt
the and
problems
to the
over
rights
a deeper
necessary.
theme,
Barndt
time major
we asked
people
to
problems
confronting
and
community their
in
problems
leaving
their
analyze
to
as
a Latin
comments
Toronto, here
they with
real
them
as
connected the
reason
and
some began
connections
between
different
Canada.
name
American
homelandsi the
seemingly
coming
same
study:
immigrants
the
for
by all
as
117)
And again,
to
Kanhare
transformation
women all
restricted
faced
of
for
that
oppression,
analysis
the
India,
themselves
fighting
struggling
especially
Toronto
of
social
regarding
realized
women are
(p.
to
area
research:
They
but
Dhulis
regard
The women began human
the
(p.
reasons 25)
for
for
from
the
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 35
The unequal the
sublimation
of
exploitative
case
dealt
studies
as the the
can
focus the
forces
of
Marxists
an economic
order
growth
and domination.
spreads the fact,
oppression
deny
that
applying
say, that
Barndt
is
also
creating
statements
alternative and,
in
the
the
all
some may,
in
is
make their
the
when she producing
alternative
itself not
society"
of
own
oppression
materialis~
means
as
oppression
researchers
point
this
its
Of course,
capitalist
of
control,
that
research
process,
to
of
Comstock/Fox
on this
the
capitalism
seed
to
~istorical
clear
over
a result
instrumental
as outside
of
as
explicitly;
"Participatory
transformation
very
capitalism.
theory
that
us that
as
perspective.
struggle,
Speaking
fashion
point
class
the
Additionally,
grow
the
most
control
studies
Resistance
world
actual
gain
remind
upon
perspective
when they
of
domination.
make that
theoretical
were
to
a dialectical
authors
case
to
Many of
life.
the
dependence
through
concerns
light to
in
contains
in
in
its
the
and
interaction
theory.
social
might
demise
grows
of
economic
phenomenon,
are
attempt
resistance
growth
in
of production,
human
in Marxist
be seen
be discerned of
of
dealings,
underprivileged
productive
means
forms
with
can
over
all
economic
thoroughly
it
control
explicit method to
the
(p.
3).
says,
of
"We
visual social
rela-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 36
tions
of
production.
collectively cal
producing
act"
(p.
Tanzania used
23).
support
an alternate
Finally,
the
and
the
of
the
and economic research.
case
are
process.
they)
corrupted word. of
That
is,
economic
the
that
example
in
socialist
of
world.
The economic
order
induced front
Like
all
other
aspects
be on
of
Rivera, all
of
social
goal
of
a process as part
the
I would
parcel
three
authors
(nor
all
Marxists,
in
commonly
come to
posit
that
the that
the the
they
capitalist economic
oppressed would
social
of world,
a view
as
a
possible,
a
of
the
from
the
participatory process
the
pro-
people result
the
hold
orders
or making
likely
accept
to
the
of
and
noted
and the
broad
not
through of
Santos
ultimate
a priori,
liberation
in
but
world
the
occur
and
the
from
priori,
not
can based
describe
are
not
socialist
does
research
Falabella,
points,
we have
creating,
transformations
a politi-
describe
all
transformation
for
of
as
researchers
they
I would
more
act
structure
cited
they
on these
way that
condition
of
as
Though
posit
gressively
Brown
transformation
consistent
would
of
studies
of
very
system.
Consistently,
this
the
product
a social
exception
conscientization of
Mduma's
extend
exception
possible
authors
see
how participatory
economic
With
to
a collective
illustrates
to
with
We began
research liberation. the
economic
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 37
order of
is
the
constantly
people's
acting
upon
order,
though,
vocation
last
excluded
discussion. to
class
qualify,
is
focus
dissertation
in more
far to
into
this
analysis
of
the
more
participatory touch
muddy to of
or minimize
under
research,
perhaps
a bit
Participatory The concept
of
praxis
more
is
realm
of with
Falabella's point. material class
Chilean
moment
This
comment
is
three
critical
some title under the
not
efforts.
may make these
Research
for
that
these
at
too
focus--
historical
situation
this
working
a historically
appropriate
on that
the
descriptive
background.
problem
in
me on this
in
of
, and
focus
situation.
so apparent
absence
domination.
organizational
the
the
economic
inclusion
as well,
pushed
denigrate
However,
that
gathering
features
rather
Rivera
on and
Rivera's
into
a primarily
research
struggle
I'll
Santos
on the
Santos
entering
process
ontological
economic
from
the
the
the
organizational
never
a bit
and
of
with
from
studies
appropriate
research
efforts
Brown
maintains
seems
meant
be free
Brown's
analysis.
children,
His
to
in
reflecting
The features
be consistent
Falabella's,
narrow
as
would
re-created
valuing,
world.
humans
I have
and
consensually
their
of
possibly
created
other
"action close
and
a difficult
three than
research". of
the
paper.
Praxis one
to
get
a
Participatory
Research:
Review
and Reflection 38
handle
on.
Rather
create
a definition
studies
according
throughout gradually because from
into
focus.
the
reflect
of
bring
the
by naming
acting
upon
in
act
the
see
meaning
They come to do and have limits
of
point,
there
world.
If
the
the
will
come to
in
transcendant
quality.
fact
of
the
and
the
see
of,
create upon
is the
it,
Fundamentally, encounter are
barriers.
at
limit not
limit
people struc-
a feature
as a feature
one,
of
of
of discovering
an empowering
the
current as
the
this
of
this its
to
come to
Left
and
people,
"allowed"
they
and
their
humans
no transforming
The process is
world
reflection
And,
this and
the
for
they
origin
of
ability,
power
encountering
world,
human existence
in
understanding.
on its
human agency
it.
out
priciples
reflecting
in doing.
point
reflect they
and
of what
no praxis
attempted
a unique
oppression,
current
at
have
it,
case
praxis
guiding
capacity
re-naming
experience
is
the
of,
valuing
limits
the
I believe,
themselves
This
resisting
their
critically ture,
it,
of
to
be separated
capacity:
, and of
idea
cannot
Humans
a knowledge-constitutive world
evaluating
appropriate,
or
world.
point,
I have
the
praxis
to
the
this
definition,
activities
upon
at and
This
animals,
in
term
that
research.
other
presence
the
to
concept
participatory
to
to paper
either
attempting,
of
the
the
beyond
than
this as
people
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection
39 then
become
agents
and overcoming reflexive
for
the
previous
process,
a critical it
more
vocations.
and
The very
transformation
of
upon
being
the
makes
world
this
of
praxis
tion
and
occur ing
the
limit
transform
the
and
about
praxis,
a subsequent
stage (p.
transforming,
only
action
in
this
action,
upon
a limit
act
of
Freire
action.
123).
Not
(1982)
type
of
type
of
of
reflection
thinkupon
is
a
a trans-
critically
with
reflec-
and
reflection
only
situation,
Action
activity
that
by which
stage
any
a
action
me emphasize
a prior
of
sense,
being
no dichotomy
a critical
Not any
forming
very
"Let
into
in
world--
reflection the
implies
world
human ontological
Paulo
be divided
situation.
the
critical
world,
simultaneously" is
to
of
praxis
could
on the
with
world
In a constant
reflective.
statement
my defense this
the
the
reflect
line act
creating
then
act
into
in
limits.
people
fashion
bringing
themselves
informed
a reflective
character. Participatory erates sets other
political
research praxis.
participatory types
"radicalness", the
research
the
researchers;
of
is This
research
only
efforts, but,
that
character,
only on the
and
in
not
only
much more
of in
gen-
apart
on the
basis
it
I contend,
distinctively
research--not not
unique
from
continuum the
the
fundamentally,
focii
of of
commitment as
a
of
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 40
theory
of
human
liberation
then,
is
research, Speaking of
to
the
following
liberatory
idea
investigating
the
of
such
of
the
our
action
upon
For
the
methodology
proposed
the
investigators
and
normally
that
investigators.
of
The more
men take
in
their
critical
and,
in
spelling
take
possession
It
is
a special on the
ultra
Nor is
it
of
often
considered
patory
research
is
act
end
active
of
co-
an atti-
the
exploration
of
reality
thematics, (p.
the
97)
research to
pedagogical
perspective
just
of
methodology
be radical not
as
participatory
a political to
objects
reality.
educational
is
reason,
(who
those
to
reality
people
to
that
that
liberal just
out
is
that
awareness
of
my view kind
regard
the
studies:
requires
should
process
describe
which
be considered
investigation)
tude
theme
this
the
the
makes
case
about
precisely
and
recognize,
reality,
praxis.
process.
Freire
cited
thinking
his
would
in
generative
man's
and man's
pedagogy
we will
methodology
investigate
Participatory
themes,
which,
To investigate
action.
a pedagogy,
generative
comments
much of
in
touting
views. a type
of
Finally, research
is
not
just
be placed spectrum. what
are
particithat
can
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection
41 be entered
on a continuum
Participatory
research
of, to
and
the
for
from
ourselves,
knowledge ledge
in
will
of,
in
of
to
research will
is
brief
to
Action
is
to
problem. by:
(1)
(2)
the
hope
solutions
to
level
case
Research:
studies,
confusion
I sense
research
is
researchers
or agreeable
immediate
problems
while
of
the
science problem
or
generally of
authority
mutually
analysis
a
group
identification
social
I
a consensual,
Action
of
section
a pre-identified
initial
con-
by presenting
create
"state-of-the-art"
else.
Distinctions
essentially
approach
by professional
a social
something
brief
Research
is
participa-
In this
problem
the
praxis
research.
two.
to
know-
participatory
the
characterized
our
we have
we have
define what
between
of
organizational
to
distinctions
that
problem-solving
and
and Action
the
clarify
definition
kinds,
communication,
not,
and of
action
attempt
human vocation
situation,
Research
the
and
all
research.
manifestation
When this
From my readings around
the
propagate.
Definitions
fusion
action
human values
When it
Participatory
of
and what
a research
research.
is
uncoerced
is,
be used
left
fundamental
domination
fact
the
praxis
the
through
recognizable tory
as
pursuit
be free
to
the groups,
practical
contributing research, (personal,
to (3) inter-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 42
personal, (4)
group
and
a reformist
and,
(5)
strategy
a minimizing
identification finds
its
where
it
of
in
seems
not
question
in,
and
as
is and
authority
tribal,
assumption
leads
psychological,
action
of,
certain
meant
questioning
genderal
that
the
political
may make
racial, This
focus
officials,
role
to
Voting,
levels:
corrunittees
facilitating
campaigning
candidates
the
organizational and
of
such
be generally
organizational
ombudspersons,
solutions.
societal,
groupings.
problem
relations
the
indicate
the
ethnic,
other
and
take
to
may make them
or
be in-
principal,
of
structure
narrowing
functions
not
school
is
advantaged
problem
individual--such
chief,
that
does authority
the
should
it
and
mainstream
often
itself
existing
a particular
class
to
the
case
union
consultants,
research
supporting
this
to
human
similar
the
settings,
in
economy
interpersonal
therapists,
development with
in
necessary,
religious,
most
political
political
of
bureaucratic
threaten
no fundamental
representative
in
research
research
official--rather,
there
economic
and
problems,
bases
Action
action
manager,
or political
conflict
causes.
seriously
referring
a particular
that
me that
Authority
terpreted
social
spawned.
existing
situation.
analysis),
larger
societal
industrial
fact
to or
the
of
in
level
towards
problem
outlet was
It
as
organizational
in
for,
and
some demo-
Participatory
Research:
Review
lection
and 43
cratic to
settings
used
as we have
productively
research
as
an action
research
approach
focus
action
of
peopled
group,
reformist
stance
research
process,
as a window support
to
generally
of
problem
in is
research
not not
is
because
action
to
not
information
narrow action
participatory action
to
research. research
in
(4)
its
funds
activities
a
during
the
role
and under
has
the
generate
a shortcoming social
research.
communication
Action is
for
skill-building, Problems
resembles, Because
or
transfor-
transformation--it
is
the
move from
and,
problem-solving.
research
may begin
stance
action
social
its
research.
research
understand for
which
funneling
action
able
gathering,
fairly
for
of
research (2)
to
research
being
of
its
potential
its
research
by non-experts,
some instances,
rubric
that
concept
a transformational
in
have
action
muscles
opportunity
safe
the
of
communication
participatory
To say
mation
(3) to
research
techniques
long-unused
research
a participatory
merits
on consensus--building
researching
larity,
does
expansion
activities
stretch
and
its
empirical in
The particular
(1)
include
traditional
effectively
so too
points.
include:
seen
and
effort,
strong
to
be seen
problem-solving. Just
to
can
on the of
sometimes
this called
arise
surface, surface upon
simito
do
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 44
what
only
participatory
praxis. does
When it
is
in
succeed
in
doing
not
I would action
place
Brown's
research
for
effort
what
based
research,
on the
identified consciousness process, of
in
the
the
to
is
generally of
the
the
to
create
problem
while
societal of (4)
the
towards
oppression, a dialectical
sues
(5)
(3)
of
a belief
process
useful
develop-
hand,
redress
of
is
level
of
through
political this
structure
by:
(1)
community solution
class
in,
a strong solving
identi(2)
a practical fundamental
level
inequality
problem
the
group,
more
equity, and
re-
to
a societal
dominance,
an
community-
Participatory
broader,
if
empathetic
the
an immediate
(economic
on
and
is
by oppressed
group;
by the
transformation,
a focus
raise
characterized
moving
that
political-economic
problem
problem
to
to
be transformed.
fication hope
is
oppressed
fundamental
society
search
and
category:
politically
purpose
problems
that
other
pursued
with
Its
studies,
organizational
research.
it
case
impression
was good
effort
professionals.
course,
in
the
effort
collaboration
generate
of
clearly
was--an
educational-political
do:
From our
on action
Participatory
in
so.
under
it
can
position,
effort
Brown's
recognized
groups
this
laboring
participatory.
ment
research
analysis
struggle), and focus (the
on, develop-
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 45
ment
of
which, the
critical in
the
of
research
critical
and
is
also
liberating),
all
involved
in
relies
on the
co-investigation
its
driving
materialist
participatory
to
research
perspective
of
is
co-incidental
and
(6)
Partici-
dialogue,
of
the
by all
involved,
on the
historical-
history
human
to of
the
fundamental
that
the
generation can
change.
way of
of
only
be born
Embedded
concept
of
action-
and
Additionally,
change
social
and
liberating
human-made
re-making.
social
process
reflection
uniquely
based
stresses
instrumental
actual
is
that
susceptible
knowledge
use
knowledge
process.
reality
research
assumption
therefore
in the
of
the
of
force.
Participatory
and
skills,
generating,
militancy
partory
as
analytical
as
knowing
in
this
praxis-
the and
uniquely changing
human the
world. Participatory ing
political-economic
changed. science ects
It
the
the
tivist asserts
rejects
currently
that
there
unjust of
social
science),
and
of
is
on the
social is
that
historical
political
problem.
Critiquing
thing
be
therefore social
no such
exist-
a value-free
a value-free
science,
the
and must
possibility
identified
instrumental
is
assumes
the
possibility focus
also
order
(including
The problem of
research
also scientist.
participatory as
an "objective
economy posiresearch
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 46
reality"
or
an
be discovered
"objective or
interests
and
and human
interest
directly
to
attributes
pursued
with
in
the
parallel
and
naming
human historical
context,
to
action,
in
the
The preconditions research fully ers
framed with
otherwise)
the
problem
climate
(4)
the
the
militancy
process.
(2)
research-
solution
a political
to
larger
and
of
participatory
access
its
researching
(3) of
(4)
of,
taken
spiritually,
pursuit
in
and
be meaning-
and
basis,
and
are
context,
problem
by the
on its
context,
the
encountering
social
problem
can
(materially,
on a covert frame
that
struggle
human
participatory
identification
a class
situation" trust,
gain
leads
research of
human
human value
reflecting
use
societal
in
the
etc.,
a problem
the
in
problem,
the
can
uniquely
the
accommodates
help
context,
love,
in
even
can
to
the
participatory
a larger
from
which
research,
"limit
in
something
or
that
(1)
of
recognizing
for
include:
of
problem,
the
which
research
reflection
the
renaming
be fundamental
The primacy
primacy
language
one
grounding
participatory
process:
taking
i.e.,
a basic
human values.
of
change
truth",
resources
historical
recognizing group,
and,
in
of
commitment
all
of,
a
(5) the
researchers. Participatory could
be dangerous
research's to
pursue
problems participatory
seem
apparent. research
It in
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 47
many political of Marxism
and
emotional
climates.
It
Communism,
automatically
alarms
people
who can
and of
course
resisting.
in be of
to
action
on their
that
developed
industrial
countries--of
massified
conditions
as
limited and in
at
first.
skill
to
these
of
and beliefs
a particular research and
dialogue
It
may require
many
in
the
participants, may be
seeing
to themselves
particular
in
perceiving
their
oppressive
and mutable,
and
action
may seem very
a great
pursue
deal
participatory
is
believes
in It
it
of
time
research
of
once to
to
to
view
is
a commitment break
struggle
in to
through
if
adopted, accommodate
participatory of
humanity,
achieving
a just
engage the
it
a moral,
A commitment
joint
to
and,
a certain
much as
fact,
abandoned
to
and
it
in view
be correctly
and methods.
practices
reflect,
be easily
a commitment
cannot
techniques
and
point
cannot
It
of
does
political
a corrunitment
liberation,
research
a cluster
situation.
human world. of
as
a religion.
these
for
participatory
one
ethical
off
circumstances.
perceived
were
of
both
brush
researchers
or--in
being
successfully
Finally,
Rather,
the
the
own history,
potential
setting
to
own behalf,
of
the
the
may be so unaccustomed
as agents
that
with
participants, use
groups
people
their
painted
potential
potential
the
Also,
taking
the
is
in
limits
the of
praxis
and
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 48
oppression--including unequal
privilege, I see
and
The possible giving
worthy
of
through
paper.
for
the
and
perspective
of
their
excursion,
for,
in
I will
from
the
end,
close
uprisings
of to
quote:
to
case
Horton's,
in
say,
a case
which
a subject
at
this
point,
process
people
cultural world
study-
is
a self-sustaining
their
paper
the that
break
and
as
well
real
at
on thin
is
the
air.
bureaucratic as
their
firmly
and
struggling
end
of
in to
one
the
this only
a saying
the
"Be realistic.
saying
that Demand
the
practical-between
from
say
and
no difference
1960's--a
on
participatory
I can
reaches,
ontological
there
my feet of
of
now,
research the
with
footsteps lives
by recalling the
our
Comstock/Fox's.
praxis
economic,
the
I am walking
same motion,
in
through
this
may seem
participatory
us with
world.
through It
of
transform
ground--following
people.
also
Gaventa's,
Suffice
of
started
researchers
in
accomplishment-
action
barriers
I have
its
evidence and
in many of
illustrating
another
domination,
likes
of
may benefit
power.
praxis
and
of
reflection
that
this
that
report,
evidence
of
and
Jackson's, ways
I look
the
of
In Kanhare's
Barndt's
that
wealth
evidence
studies.
of
oppression
French
Marcuse the
them.
also
impossible!"
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 49
Reference 1.
Comstock,
Donald
Research
as
E.,
Session at
1:
the
City, requests
for
be sent
to
Sociology,
99164
The Evergreen 98505 2.
author
U.S.A.,
State
Billy
Research: Paper
Mexico
of the
this
and paper
or
the
should
Department
University,
College,
On the
of
Pullman,
second
Olympia,
Potential
An Evaluation
presented the
D.
Study
at
of
the
annual
Social
author
at
Washington
August
21-24,
reached
at
Highlander
Center,
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the
U.S.A.
1981.
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suggestions,
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of
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in
and
Comments,
additional the
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Change
Congress
1982.
Participatory
The North
Processes of
World
August
Russel.
presented
Innovative "Actors
10th
Fox,
Theory: Paper
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Committee
and
Critical
USA Experience.
Notes
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Partic Experiment. of
the
Toronto, Horton
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can
be
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Research:
Review
and
Reflection
50 3.
Santos
Rivera,
Iris.
Little
Children.
a liberatory for as
reading
Amherst, is
not
This
approach
Chicano
Spring
Liberating
students for
of
1984
"Alternatives",
to in
at
the
may be from
dealing
with
describing education
was distributed
course
University
for
formal
San Diego,
The original but
article
elementary
a Sociology
01003. known,
2~ page
Education
(Soc.
704)
in
the
of Massachusetts, source
of
the
article
a newsletter Puerto
Rican
issues.
Participatory
Research:
Review
and
Reflection 51
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Deborah.
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L. P.
Dave.
Participative
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and John
J.
Laborers
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in
in
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Migrant
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(Editor),
Case in
a Factory.
Human Inquiry.
Sons,
Re
Research
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(Eds.),
and
Working
Chile.
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Wiley
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Research
s of
Education. Studiecentrurn
NCVO,
1980. Freire,
Paulo.
Pedagogy
Continuum Gaventa, AC T. the
Publishing
John.
Land
zens'
Research
Erasrnie,
and
People--Research
Sweden:
Linkoping
J.
of
the
Oppressed.
Corporation, Ownership Project. deVries by the University,
in
New York:
1982. Appalachia, In
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(Eds.), People. 1980.
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and
Reflection 52
Jackson,
Ted.
from
Sanitation
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paper
and
Development, Jackson, Lake,
G. Conchelos,
for
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Division
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for
In H. Callaway in Research:
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ICAE,
Lessons
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R. Kidd.
Participatory
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Technology:
Research.
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in Adult
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