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Parkinson s disease: (differential) diagnosis
5-10-2014 Parkinson’s disease: (differential) diagnosis Professor Bastiaan R. Bloem Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Radboud University Medical Cent...
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William Walsh
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5-10-2014
Parkinson’s disease: (differential) diagnosis Professor Bastiaan R. Bloem Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Radboud University Medical Center
@BasBloem
My fascination
The patient as the teacher
Snijders et al., Neurologist 2012;18:404‐405
1
5-10-2014
And now look at this!
Take home message
Take home message
Parkinson’s disease cannot be managed by neurologists alone
2
5-10-2014
What beast are we fighting?
It seemed clear initially
3
5-10-2014
A recognizable (motor) syndrome
But what about this?
Cerebral MRI
4
5-10-2014
Take home message
“Parkinson” is not a disease, it is a syndrome
Complex manifestations
Motor symptoms & signs
Non‐motor manifestations
The explanation
Braak et al., Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:197‐211
5
5-10-2014
Even in early disease stages
• 159 newly diagnosed Parkinson patients • Median disease duration 4.4 months • 12% still untreated
Even in early disease stages
Take home message
Parkinson syndrome includes both motor and non‐motor manifestations
6
5-10-2014
At the other end of the spectrum
Weerkamp et al., JAGS 2012;60:2277‐2282 Weerkamp et al., JAGS (2013) in press
Example of wonderful results
Other concurrent diseases
7
5-10-2014
Importance of compensation
Compensation Disease signs
Primary disease process
Compensatory strategies
Medical management
Allied health care
8
5-10-2014
Take home message
Medical management and allied health interventions are complementary approaches
How do I recognize Parkinson SYNDROME?
ESSENTIAL: bradykinesia
STN stimulators ON
STN stimulators OFF
9
5-10-2014
ESSENTIAL: bradykinesia
STN stimulators ON
STN stimulators OFF
Symptoms ≠ par cipa on
Take home message
Diagnosing Parkinson syndrome is a multidisciplinary enterprise!
10
5-10-2014
Look alikes
TRAP #1: is this bradykinesia?
Courtesy of Niall Quinn
TRAP #2: behind the mask …
Courtesy of Louise van der Valk (Papaver)
11
5-10-2014
TRAP #3: thumb extension tremor
Courtesy of Niall Quinn
TRAP #4: reduced arm swing
What do you see here?
12
5-10-2014
SWEDD’s
How can I suspect it might be Parkinson DISEASE?
What is this?
13
5-10-2014
But what about this?
Or this?
This is how it works
Parkinson “disease”
Symptoms that SHOULD be present
Symptoms that should NOT be present
14
5-10-2014
An important difference Parkinson’s disease
Atypical parkinsonism
Atypical parkinsonism is not a diagnosis
Marked overlap (particularly in early stages)
Parkinson
Atypical parkinsonism
Early disease stages
15
5-10-2014
Marked overlap (particularly in early stages)
Parkinson
Atypical parkinsonism
With disease progression
Marked overlap (particularly in early stages)
Parkinson
Atypical parkinsonism
Post‐mortem examination
Why the difference is so important
16
5-10-2014
So when is it TRULY Parkinson DISEASE?
This is definitive Parkinson’s disease Healthy
Parkinson
The only exception during life
17
5-10-2014
What goes wrong in the brain?
Where in the brain? Dopaminergic system Striatum
Frontal lobe
Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmental area
Where in the brain? Dopaminergic system
‐
Frontal lobe
Striatum Substantia nigra
‐ Ventral tegmental area
+
18
5-10-2014
Much like a garden hose
The problem in atypical parkinsonism …
BUT: Parkinson’s also causes diffuse lesions!
Braak et al., Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:197‐211
19
5-10-2014
A brain on fire …
When can I expect it to be Parkinson DISEASE?
20
5-10-2014
A common, well‐known disease
Influence of age Incidence
= Parkinson = parkinsonism
55‐65
65‐75
75‐85
85+
Age
21
5-10-2014
Influence of gender Incidence
= women = men
55‐65
65‐75
75‐85
85+
Age
A progressive disease
1994
1998
2001
22
5-10-2014
Highly variable rates of progression Severity of symptoms
Patient C
Important: patients tend to follow their OWN course Patient B
Patient A
Time
Supportive features Asymmetry
Slow progression
Good response to levodopa
Take home message
Bloem’s “quick and dirty’ diagnosis: Parkinson’s disease is:
3.
1. Asymmetrical 2. Slowly progressive Responds well to medication
23
5-10-2014
Could this be Parkinson’s disease?
What do you see here?
24
5-10-2014
Red flags
Red flags, part 1 Abnormal posture
Recent summary
25
5-10-2014
Pisa syndrome
What do you see here?
Red flags, part 2 Gait and balance disability
26
5-10-2014
Gait & balance disorders – please see my other lecture
Red flags, part 3 Autonomic dysfunction
The “ cold hands” sign
27
5-10-2014
Extra diagnostic weapons
The weapon MEDICATION
Medication in atypical parkinsonism Severity of symptoms
Spontaneous course Parkinson
Treatment effect
Time
28
5-10-2014
Medication in atypical parkinsonism Severity of symptoms
Spontaneous course parkinsonism
X
Cease treatment
X Treatment effect Spontaneous course Parkinson
Treatment effect
Time
Thank you!
29
Suggest Documents
& Q A. Parkinson s Disease. Parkinson s Disease Foundation
Read more
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