PARADOXES OF AUTONOMY: ON THE DIALECTICS OF FREEDOM AND NORMATIVITY * Thomas Khurana (Goethe-‹˜‡”•‹–ƒDž –ǡ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹Ȍ This paper revisits the concept of autonomy and tries to elucidate the fundamental insight that freedom and law cannot be understood through their opposition, but rather have to be conceived of as conditions of one another. The paper investigates the paradigmatic Kantian formulation of this insight and discusses the diagnosis that the Kantian idea might give rise to a paradox in which autonomy reverts to arbitrariness or heteronomy. The paper argues that the fatal version of the paradox can be defused if we avoid the legalistic model of autonomy and rather turn to the model of participation in a practice. This leads to a dialectical understanding of the idea of autonomy that preserves the insight that freedom and law are mutually conditioning and simultaneously reveals that they remain in irresolvable tension with one another.

Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–…‘†‡•‡†‹–Š‡–‡”Dzƒ—–‘‘›dz‹•–™‘ˆ‘Žd: in com„‹‹‰Žƒ™ƒ†•‡Žˆǡnomos and autos, the term embodies two ideas at once—–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–ȋ‹Ȍ ‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”ƒŽƒ™–‘„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›„‹†‹‰‹–Šƒ•–‘ „‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›•‡Žˆ-‰‹˜‡Ǣƒ†ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”ƒ•—„Œ‡…––‘„‡ƒˆ”‡‡•‡Žˆǡ‹– Šƒ•–‘‡š’”‡••‹–•‡Žˆ‹‘”•ǤŠ‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡• –Š‡‹•‹‰Š––Šƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™…ƒ‘–„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†‹ˆ™‡•‹’Ž› ‘’’‘•‡ –Š‡ „› †‡ϐ‹‹‰ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ• ˆ”‡‡†‘ from constraints and Žƒ™ ƒ• –Šƒ– ™Š‹…Š ’Žƒ…‡• limits upon freedomǤ ‡ …ƒ ‘Ž› —†‡r•–ƒ† ™Šƒ– ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ† Žƒ™ –”—Ž› ƒ”‡ ‹ˆ ™‡ …‘…‡‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ• —–—ƒŽŽ›…‘†‹–‹‘‹‰ǤŽ›ƒŽƒ™–Šƒ–•’”‹‰•ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡†‘‹•ƒŽƒ™ in the true, normative senseǡƒ†‘Ž›ƒˆ”‡‡†‘–Šƒ–‡š’”‡••‡•‹–•‡Žˆ ‹–‡”•‘ˆŽƒ™•‹•ˆ”‡‡†‘in the true, actual sense.

* Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–ˆ‘”•–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†ˆ‘”–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™ƒ•ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡„›ƒ ‰‡‡”‘—• ‰”ƒ– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Ž‡šƒ†‡” ˜‘ —„‘Ž†– ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘” ‹• ‹†‡„–‡†–‘Š”‹•–‘’Š‡‡ǡ‘„‡”–‹’’‹ǡ‹”‡––‘ǡ ‘•‡ƴ Ǥ‘””ƒŽ„ƒǡƒ† –Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘…‹ƒŽŠ‘—‰Š–‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—ƒ––Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹…ƒ‰‘ˆ‘” ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡…‘‡–•ƒ†‘„Œ‡…–‹‘•–‘‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”†”ƒˆ–•Ǥ

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Paradoxes of Autonomy ͣ͟

 –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰  ™‹ŽŽ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‹• –™‘ˆ‘Ž† ‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ƒ†™‹ŽŽ–”›–‘•Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–‘•‘‡’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‹•‡‹‹–•ƒ”–‹…—Ža–‹‘Ǥ ȋ Ȍ  ™‹ŽŽ „‡‰‹ „› ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ –™‘ ’”‘„Ž‡• –Šƒ– †‹”‡…– —• –o™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›—ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹†‹g‡••‘ˆ–Š‡normative and –Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥȋ Ȍ In the second •‡…–‹‘  –—”–‘–Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹… ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹†‡ƒ ‹ ƒ–ǯ• …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ ȋ Ȍ  ƒ –Š‹”† •–‡’  …‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ …Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– ƒ–ǯ•…‘…‡’–‹‘ˆƒŽŽ•’”‡›–‘ƒDz’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›Ǥdz This para†‘š •‡‡• –‘ ‹’Ž› –Šƒ– –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‹ ™Š‹…Š ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ† Žƒ™ ƒ”‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ• …‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹• ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› •‡Žˆ-subverting. ȋ Ȍ ƒˆ‘—”–Š•–‡’ǡ ™ƒ––‘•Š‘™–Šƒ–‹ƒ–™‡ϐ‹†•›’–‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• •‘‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›–Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡Ž‡–ŠƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤȋȌ I ™‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡•‡‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘•ˆ—”–Š‡”‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ—†‡r•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›–Šƒ–‡’Ž‘›•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡Žˆ‘”ƒ—–‘‘›ǣ ‘– –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹•–‹… ‘†‡Ž ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ‹• ƒ—–Š‘” „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹‰–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†„‘—†„›ˆƒŽŽ‹‰—†‡”‹–ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• †‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ —†‡r•–ƒ†‹‰ ȋ Ȍ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‘– ‘Ž› …‘–ƒ‹• –Š‡ –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™ ƒ”‡‘–‘’’‘•‡†–‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ„—–•‹—Ž–a‡‘—•Ž› ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ”‡ƒ‹ ‹ ‹””‡•‘Ž˜ƒ„Ž‡ …‘ϐŽ‹…– ™‹–Š ‘‡ another.

I. Two Problems Š‡ƒ–‹ƒ‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘•‘Ž˜‡–™‘’”‘„Ž‡•„› –”‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǣ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ the binding …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ…‘…‡‹˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽǦ ‹–›‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†™Šƒ–†‡ƒ”…ƒ–‡•–Š‡‘”a–‹˜‡ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘–Š‹‘ˆ‹–ƒ•ƒDz”‡ƒŽ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘dz 1; and in order to —†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽǡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ –Š‹‘ˆŠ‘™ ™‡‹‰Š–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‹•”‡ƒŽƒ†„‡…‘‡‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰†‘‘ˆ‡†•Ǥ‘‡š‹•–—†‡”Žƒ™•‘ˆƒ•’‡…‹ϐ‹…‹†ƒ†–‘ „‡ ˆ”‡‡ ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ–ǡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› ‘‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –Š‹‰Ǥ †„›—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š–Š‹•‹•‹†‡‡†•‘ǡ™‡…‘‡–‘ ‘™ ™Šƒ– ‡š‹•–‡…‡ —†‡” ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ™• ƒ† ™Šƒ– „‡‹‰ ˆ”‡‡ ‘”–™‘†‹˜‡”‰‹‰ƒ……‘—–•‘ˆ–Š‡•’ƒ…‡‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘•‡‡ ‘„‡”–”ƒ†‘ǡDz ”‡‡†‘ƒ†‘•–”ƒ‹–„›‘”•ǡdz‹American Philosophical Quarterlyǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ͤ͟ǡ ‘Ǥ ͡ ȋͧͥͧ͟Ȍǡ ͦͥ͟–ͧͤǢ ƒ† ‡ƒ-—… ƒ…›ǡ L’expérience de la liberté ȋƒ”‹•ǣ ƒŽ‹Ž‡ƴ ‡ǡͧͦͦ͟Ȍǡͧ͢ǣDzŠ‡™‘”†ȏˆ”‡‡†‘Ȑ…ƒ””‹‡•ǤǤǤ–Š‡˜‡”›‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆlogosǤǤǤǣ–Š‡‘’‡‹‰‘ˆƒˆ”‡‡•’ƒ…‡‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥdz

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ͣ͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‡ǤŠ‹•‹•ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ–ϐ‹”•–ǡƒ•‘‡™Šƒ–•–—‹‰ƒ†…‘—–‡”‹–—‹–‹˜‡‹†‡ƒǡƒ•™‡–‡†–‘–Š‹‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ•ˆ”‡‡†‘ˆ”‘…‘nstraint and ‘ˆ Žƒ™ ƒ• –Šƒ– ™Š‹…Š ”‡•–”ƒ‹• ‘—” …Š‘‹…‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹†‡ƒǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…ƒ„‡ƒ†‡‘”‡ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡‹ˆ™‡”‡‹†‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ –™‘ ’”‘„Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡ —• –‘ –‹‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” –Š‡ …‘…‡’–• ‘ˆ Žƒ™ ƒ† ˆ”‡‡†‘ǣ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ȋ͟ȌŠ‡ϔ‹”•–’”‘„Ž‡ …‘…‡”•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™–‘—†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ •’‡…‹ϐ‹…‹–› ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ „‹†‹‰‡•• ȋVerbindlichkeitȌǤ – •‡‡• obvious that the way in which we are bound by norms has to be †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š™‡ƒ”‡„‘—†„›Žƒ™•‘ˆƒ–—”‡Ǥ To be guided in our actions by a norm is not the same thing as to be •—„Œ‡…––‘Žƒ™•‘ˆƒ–—”‡—•ƒ›ǡ–‘–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‹–›–Šƒ–‡‡’•—•‘ –Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ‡™ƒ›‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ what it is to be guided by a norm is to understand the norm as a Dz…‘ƒ†‘ˆƒ•—’‡”‹‘”ǡdzƒ•—ˆ‡†‘”ˆ’”‘’‘•‡•‹Š‹•On the Duty of Man 2ǣ‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡‰—‹†‡†„›ƒ‘”‹–‹•ƒ•‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ‘”†‡” ˆ”‘ ƒ •—’‡”‹‘”Ǥ  ϐ‹”•– ‹•’‡…–‹‘ǡ •—…Š ƒ ƒ……‘—– •‡‡• –‘ suc…‡‡† ‹ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘”…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ”—Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „”—–‡ ˆ‘”…‡‘ˆƒƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ™ǣƒ‘”‹••‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘–‘Ž›ˆƒŽŽ—†‡”ǡ„—– •‘‡–Š‹‰ —†‡” ™Š‹…Š  „”‹‰ ›•‡Žˆ ‹ ‘„‡›‹‰ ‹–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ• ‡‹„‹œ ƒ†‡ …Ž‡ƒ” ‹ Š‹• …”‹–‹“—‡ ‘ˆ —ˆ‡†‘”ˆǡ –Š‡ ƒ……‘—– ˆƒ…‡• ƒ •‡”‹‘—•’”‘„Ž‡‹ˆ™‡†‹”‡…–‘—”ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ ˆ ™‡ ‰”ƒ– —ˆ‡†‘”ˆǯ• †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”•ǡ ƒ †—–› ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ‘—–• –‘ ‘„‡†‹‡…‡ –‘ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ †‹”‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ Š‹• Š‘™‡˜‡” ‡ƒ•–Šƒ–™‡…ƒ‘–…‘…‡‹˜‡‘ˆƒƒ…–‘ˆ†—–›ƒ•spontaneousǡ‘– …ƒ—•‡† „› ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽǡ •—’‡”‹‘” ‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ „—– ’”‘†—…‡† „› –Š‡ ‘„Ži‰ƒ–‡†‹•–ƒ…‡‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‹•‹–—”‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡…‘ƒ† …ƒ‘–„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒƒ…–‘ˆ†—–›ǤŠ‡‡˜‡”–Š‡”‡‹•‘•—’erior—™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ……‹†‡–ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰h‡•–„‡‹‰ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•†‡ϐ‹‡†„›‘–Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ•—’‡”‹‘”—duty vanishes …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ǤŠ‹••‡‡•Dz’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹…ƒŽdz–‘‡‹„‹œ 3ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–•‡‡•–‘ ‹’Ž› –Šƒ– ™‡ …ƒ‘– •’‡ƒ ‹ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ –‡”• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– „‡‹‰ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–„‡‹‰‹•–Š‡˜‡”›•‘—”…‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‘”a–‹˜‡ …‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǣ –Š‹• —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ •‘—”…‡ ™‘—Ž† ƒ’’‡ƒ” ƒ• ‘‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǤŠƒ–‡˜‡”–Š‹•Š‹‰Š‡•–„‡‹‰†‘‡•ǡ‹–…ƒ‡˜‡”„‡•ƒ‹†–‘ „‡‡‹–Š‡”‹ƒ……‘”†‘”‹†‹•…‘”†™‹–Š†—–›ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–…‘…—”ǡƒ• Le‹„‹œ’‘‹–•‘—–ǡ™‹–Š‘—”‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘–‘’”ƒ‹•‡ ‘†ˆ‘”„‡‹‰Œ—•– ‡‡ƒ—‡Ž—ˆ‡†‘”ˆǡOn the Duty of Man and Citizen according to Natural Lawǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ—ŽŽ›ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͧ͟͟Ȍǡͥ͠–ͦ͠Ǥ 3 ǤǤ‡‹„‹œǡOpinion on the Principles of Pufendorf ȋͥͤ͟͞Ȍǡ‹Political Writingsǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌǤ‹Ž‡›ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͥ͟͠Ȍǡͥ͞Ǥ 2

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͣ͡

ȋ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–ƒ‹‰Š‹ˆ‘”ƒ‡”‡ˆƒ…–ǣ‡”‡Ž›”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Š‹ƒ•–Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ˆ‘”…‡ȌǤ ˆ ™‡ ’”ƒ‹•‡ ‘†ǡ ™‡ ƒŽŽ—†‡ –‘ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Œ—•–‹…‡ ‘– †‡’‡†‡–—’‘ƒ›†‡…”‡‡ˆ”‘ƒ•—’‡”‹‘”„‡‹‰ǡ„ut rather someŠ‘™‹–‡”ƒŽ–‘ ‘†ǯ•†‡‡†•Ǥ ‡‹„‹œ‰‘‡•‘–‘‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–—ˆ‡†‘”ˆ…ƒ‘–Š‡Ž’ „—– ƒ––‡•– –‘ –Š‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‘—”…‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–› ™Š‡ Š‡ †‡ϐ‹‡• ™Šƒ– …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡• ƒ ‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ• •—’‡”‹‘”Ǥ ‘‡‘‡ •—’‡”‹‘” DzŠƒ• ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š –‘ ‹ϐŽ‹…– •‘‡ ‹Œ—”› ‘ –Š‡ ”‡…ƒŽ…‹–”ƒ–ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ just cause to require us to curtail the liberty of our will at his discretion.” 4 ‘”†‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡•—’‡”‹‘”•‹–‹•–Š—•‡…‡••ƒ”›‘–‘Ž› –‘„‡…‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–Š•‘‡‘‡™Š‘’‘••‡••‡•–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡–‘exercise …‘‡”…‹‘ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–‘ˆƒ…‡•‘‡‘‡™Š‘…ƒ•Š‘™just cause –‘Œ—•–‹ˆ› Š‹• ‘” Š‡” ’‘™‡” ‘˜‡” › ’‡”•‘Ǥ Š‹• Œ—•– …ƒ—•‡ „‹†• ‡ ‹†e’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆŠ‹•‘”Š‡”„‡‹‰•—’‡”‹‘”–‘‡Ǥ –’”‡…‡†‡•Š‹•‘”Š‡” •—’‡”‹‘”‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹†‹‰ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ‘ˆ ‘”• –Š—• …ƒ‘– ”‡•‹†‡ ‹ „‡‹‰ …‘ˆ”‘–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ …‘ƒ† ‘ˆ •‘‡‘‡ •—’‡”‹‘”‹ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ ˆ‹–‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ…‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–•‘e–Š‹‰’”‡•‡–•‹–•‡Žˆ–‘‡ƒ•‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‹–Šƒ•–‘„‡ƒ…‘ƒ†„› someone whom I acknowledge as superior due to his or her just cause. Š‡…‘ƒ†–Š‡†‘‡•‘–„‹†—•„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒ…‘ƒ†ǡ but rather by being or giving a reason. It gives or is a reason not by …‘‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ•—’‡”‹‘”ǡ„—–„›ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰–‘‘—”‘™”‡ƒ•‘ǤŠ—•ǡ –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ …ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘ˆ Žƒ™ ˆ‘” ‡‹„‹œ ”‡•‹†‡• ‹ Dz’”‡…‡’–•‘ˆ”‹‰Š–”‡ƒ•‘Ǥdz5 ˆ …‘—”•‡ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ Š‘™ –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† Š‘™ ™‡ ƒ”‡ „‘—†„›”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ‹…‘–”ƒ†‹•–‹…–‹‘–‘Š‘™™‡ˆƒŽŽ—†‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ™•ǤŠ‡•—‰‰‡•–‹˜‡’‘‹–ƒ„‘—–—ˆ‡†‘”ˆǯ•†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘”ƒ• –Š‡…‘ƒ†‘ˆƒ•—’‡”‹‘”‹•–Šƒ–‹–ƒ‡•”‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– ™‡ ‹‰Š– ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ƒ……‘”† ™‹–Š ƒ ‘” ȋ™Š‡”‡„› ™‡ †‘ ‘– †‘ ‘–Š‹‰ „—– †‘ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ™”‘‰ȌǤ 6 ˆ ‘”• ƒ”‡ …‘ƒ†• ‹••—‡† „›ƒ•—’‡”‹‘”ǡ–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ˜‡‘’‡‘—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž›†‹•‘„‡›‘”–‘ˆƒŽŽ •Š‘”–‘ˆ™Šƒ––Š‡…‘ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡•‘ˆ—•Ǥ‘„‡„‘—†„›’”‡…‡’–• ‘ˆ”‹‰Š–”‡ƒ•‘—•–„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–”‘‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ˆ–ˆ‘”‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ƒ†˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡”‡“—‹”‡ƒ…‘…‡’–‹‘–Šƒ– ƒ˜‘‹†•–Š‡•Š‘”–…‘‹‰‘ˆ –Š‡‘„‡†‹‡…‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›™‹–h—ˆ‡†‘”ˆǡDuty of Manǡͦ͠Ǣ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†Ǥ Leibniz, Opinionǡͥ͞Ǥ 6 ˆǤ–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š—ˆ‡†‘”ˆ„‹†•‘—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ…––‘‘—” „‡‹‰ˆ”‡‡—i.e.ǡ ‘—” „‡‹‰ …ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’—”•—‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹‘ǣ Dz ‘” –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ expectation ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ƒ…–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ƒ‰‡–ǯ• ’‘™‡”• ƒ”‡ –‹‡† „› ƒ–—”‡ –‘ ƒ —‹ˆ‘”‘†‡‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǣƒ†‹–‹•’‘‹–Ž‡••–‘’”‡•…”‹„‡ƒ”—Ž‡–‘‘‡™Š‘…ƒ ‡‹–Š‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‘”…‘ˆ‘”–‘‹–Ǥdzȋ—ˆ‡†‘”ˆǡDuty of Man, ͦ͠Ȍ 4 5

ͣ͢ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

‘—– ‰‹˜‹‰ —’ ‹–• ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› …‘‡• ‹ǣ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ƒ‹• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š‡ •Š‘”–…‘‹‰•‘ˆ„‘–Š†‹˜‹‡…‘ƒ†–Š‡‘”›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ™„›—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘”•‘–ƒ•–Š‡…‘ƒ†•‘ˆƒ•—’‡”‹‘”„—– ƒ••‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡†…‘ƒ†• 7ǣƒ‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ•ƒŽƒ™ǡ‘ˆ™Š‹…Š …ƒ ”‡‰ƒ”†›•‡Žˆƒ•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ǡƒ†–Šƒ– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡‹–Š‡”„›‡”‡‡š–‡rƒŽ‘„‡†‹‡…‡ȋƒ•‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ…‘ƒ†‘ˆƒ•—’‡”‹‘”Ȍ‘”ƒ—–oƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ› ȋƒ•™‡†‘™Š‡™‡ƒ”‡Dz–‹‡†„›ƒ–—”‡–‘ƒ—‹ˆ‘”‘†‡ ‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”dzȌ 8ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”Dz•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥdz— ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›…ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ—†‡r•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡„‹†‹‰‡••Ǥ ȋ͠Ȍ Š‡ second problem Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹†‡ǡ –Š‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ • ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•†‹•–‹…–ˆ”‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ†‡–‡”iƒ–‹‘•ǡ •‘ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹• ‹ ‡‡† ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡”‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ …Š‘‹…‡ ‘” –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –‘ ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ˆ”‘ ƒ› †‡–‡”‹a–‹‘ǡ„‘–Š‘ˆ™Š‹…Šˆƒ‹Ž–‘‡š’Žƒ‹Š‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘‹‰Š–„‡ƒ…–—ƒŽƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‹–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆ„‡‹‰…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹‹‰‹–•‡ŽˆǤ ‘”†‡”–‘ —†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘…ƒ„‡ƒ…–—ƒŽǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™ ˆ”‡‡†‘‹‰Š–ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‹–•‡Žˆ‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹–•‘™Ǥ Š‡ ’—”‡Ž› ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –Šƒ– •‹’Ž› ”‡•‹†‡• ‹ › ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘– –‘ Ž‡– ›•‡Žˆ „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› ƒ› ‰‹˜‡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ “™Š‡–Š‡” ’”‡•‡– ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡‡†•ǡ desi”‡•ǡ ƒ† †”‹˜‡•ǡ ‘” ‰‹˜‡ ƒ† †‡–‡”‹‡† ‹ •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ™ƒ›dz 9 •‡‡• ‹•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡– ƒ† …ƒ‘– •–ƒ† ‘ ‹–• ‘™Ǥ Š‹• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ”‡e†‘–Šƒ–†‡”‹˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ–‘ƒ„•–”ƒ…–Dzˆ”‘‡˜‡”› †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹…Š  ϐ‹† ›•‡Žˆ ‘” ™Š‹…Š  Šƒ˜‡ ’‘•‹–ed in ›•‡Žˆǡ–Š‡ϐŽ‹‰Š–ˆ”‘‡˜‡”›…‘–‡–ƒ•ƒŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘dzȋ’ŠǡȚ ͣ Ȍ…ƒ ‘Ž›”‡•—Ž–‹›ƒ‹‰ ›•‡Žˆ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡Ǥ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‡–‡r‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡„›–Š‹•ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘…ƒ‘Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ•…‘n ‘” –Š‡ –Š‡•‹• –Šƒ– ƒ–ǯ• …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹• ‹ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ †‘—„Ž‡ ”‡Œ‡…–‹‘‘ˆDz„‘–Š–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ™’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡†‹˜‹‡…‘ƒ† –Š‡‘”›ǡdz •‡‡ ‘„‡”– –‡”ǡ Understanding Moral Obligation: Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ͟͟͠͞Ȍǡͥ͢Ǥ 8 Ibid. 9 ǤǤ Ǥ‡‰‡ŽǡWerke in zwanzig Bänden ȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ—Š”ƒ’ǡͧͤͧͧͥ͟͟͟Ȍǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ͥǡ Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechtsǡ Ț ͣǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ Ǥ ‹•„‡– ƒ• Elements of the Philosophy of Rightǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ Wood (Cambridge: Cambridge ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͧ͟͟ȌǡȚ ͣǤ ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡””‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡–‡š–ƒ• ’ŠǤ‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡–‘–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡•‡…–‹‘—„‡”•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—•‡†‹„‘–Š ‡†‹–‹‘•ǤDzdz‹†‹…ƒ–‡•ƒ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡DzAnmerkungdzȋ”‡ƒ”ȌǡDzdzƒ“—‘–a–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡DzZusatzdzȋƒ††‹–‹‘Ȍǡƒ† Dzdzƒ“—‘–ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡Dzhandschriftliche NotizendzȋŠƒ†™”‹––‡‘–‡•ȌǤ 7

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͣͣ

–‹‰‡– ƒ† …ƒ ƒ‰ƒ‹ „‡ †‹••‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ǤŠ‹•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ•‡‰‡Ž…ƒŽŽ• ‹–ǡ …ƒ –Š—•‘Ž› ’”‘˜‡ ‹–•‡š‹•–‡…‡ „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡•–”—…–‹‘‘” –Š‡ ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‰‹˜‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† …ƒ‘– ’”‘†—…‡ ƒ› †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘”‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ‹–•‘™–Šƒ–•—•–ƒ‹–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ – —†‡”‹‡• ‹–• ‘™ „ƒ•‹•ǡ —Ž‡ƒ•Š‡• ƒ Dzˆ—”› ‘ˆ †‡•–”—…–‹‘dz ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͣ Ȍǡƒ†’”‘†—…‡•‹—•ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ‡ƒ”Ž› Ž‡…–—”‡ ‘ ‘”ƒŽ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› „› ƒ– ȋˆ”‘ ͥͥ͟͡Ȁͥ͢ ‘” ͥͥ͟͢ȀͥͣȌǡ ˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†Dzƒ™‡Ǥdz 10 The othe”…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘–Šƒ–•—‰‰‡•–•‹–•‡Žˆ—a positive ˆ”‡‡†‘ –Šƒ– …‘•‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ …Š‘‘•‡ „‡–™‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘•‘”…‘—”•‡•‘ˆƒ…–‹‘—i.e.ǡƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ…Š‘‹…‡— †‘‡• ‘– ”‡•—Ž– ‹ †‡•–”—…–‹‘Ǣ ›‡– ‹– •‡‡• “—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ™Šƒ– eš–‡– ™‡ …ƒ ”‡‰ƒ”† ‹– ƒ• ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ realization ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ‡‰‡Ž Šƒ• ‰‹˜‡ƒ‹…‹•‹˜‡…”‹–‹…‹•‘ˆ–Š‹•…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ǤŠ‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ…Š‘‹…‡‹•–‘„‡•‡‡‹–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‹– ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡•–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘‹ƒŽ‹‹–‡†ˆƒ•Š‹‘ǡƒ˜‘‹†‹‰–Š‡ ˆ—”›‘ˆ†‡•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–”‡ƒ‹•†‡’‡d‡–‘ƒ…‘–‡–‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–‹•‰‹˜‡ǣ–Š‡‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘•‘”‘’–‹‘• —’‘ ™Š‹…Š  †‡…‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ …‘–‡– ‘ˆ ‘—” ˆ”‡‡ •‡Žˆ-determination in –Š‹• •‡•‡ Dz”‡ƒ‹• ’—”‡Ž› ƒ† •‹’Ž› ϐ‹‹–‡Ǥdz ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͟͢ Ȍ Š‡ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽŽ› ‹ϐ‹‹–‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ …‘ϐ‹‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ† ϐ‹‹–‡ …‘–‡–• ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š ‹– –Š‡ …Š‘‘•‡•ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– ˆ”‡‡†‘ Š‡”‡ †‡ƒŽ•™‹–Šƒ…‘–‡–‹™Š‹…Š‹–…ƒ‘–ϐ‹†‹–•‡ŽˆǤ”„‹–”ƒ”›ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ …Š‘‹…‡ ȋWillkürȌ –Š‡”‡„› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• ‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ „‡ •‡Žˆ-contradictory. ‡‰‡Žǯ• ‘™ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘—–Š‡ Dzˆ”‡‡ ™‹ŽŽ –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ• ‹–•‡Žˆdz ȋƒ ˆ”‡‡ ™‹ŽŽ –Šƒ– Šƒ• ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• ‹–• …‘–‡–Ȍ—‹• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘…‘—Ž†”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‹–•‡Žˆ‹•—…Š‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡ …‘–‡–•Ǥ‡‰‡Ž™”‹–‡•ǣDz‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•…‘–‡–ǡ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹•ǤǤǤ‘–ˆ”‡‡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹– Šƒ• ‹ ‹–•‡Žˆ –Š‡ ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ‹ϐ‹‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ •‡•‡Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ …‘–‡–• ‹• ‹ ‡‡’‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹–ǡ ƒ† ‹– †‘‡• ‘– –”—Ž› Šƒ˜‡ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡Ǥdz ȋ’Šǡ Ț ͟͢ Ȍ Š‡ ‘Ž› ™ƒ› ‹ ™Š‹…Š ˆ”‡‡†‘‹‰Š–„‡…‘‡”‡ƒŽ‘–Š‹•ƒ……‘—–‹•‡‹–Š‡”„›ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ› †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘” „› …Š‘‘•‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ‰‹˜‡ †‡–‡r‡‡ ƒ—‡Žƒ–ǡVorlesung zur Moralphilosophieǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ–ƒ”ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ†‡

”—›–‡”ǡ͢͠͞͞ȌǣDz‡…‡ǡˆ”‡‡†‘‹••‘‡–Š‹‰–‡””‹„Ž‡ȏwas schrecklichesȐǡƒ•–Š‡ ƒ…–‹‘•ȏƒ•’—”‡Ž›ˆ”‡‡ƒ…–‹‘•Ȑƒ”‡‘–†‡–‡”‹‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽǤdzȋ͟͡Ǣ›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘Ȍ Dz ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹• ‘– ”‡•–”ƒ‹‡† „› ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ”—Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•–™‹Ž† †‹•‘”†‡” ™‹ŽŽ ”‡•—Ž–ǡˆ‘”‹–‹•—…‡”–ƒ‹™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ™‹ŽŽ‘–—•‡Š‹•’‘™‡”•–‘†‡•–”‘›Š‹•‡Žˆǡ ‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ†–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ–—”‡Ǥ …ƒƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‡‡†‘™‹–Š…‘’Ž‡–‡—”—Ži‡••‹ˆ‹–‹•‘–‡…‡••‹–ƒ–‡†‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡•‡‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›‡…‡••‹–ƒ–‹‰‰”‘—†• –Šƒ–”‡•–”ƒ‹ˆ”‡‡†‘Šƒ˜‡–‘Ž‹‡‹–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǤdzȋIbidǤǡͥͥ͟Ǣ›–”ƒ•Ža–‹‘Ȍ

10

ͣͤ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ „—– „› ’”‘†—…‹‰ ƒ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ‹– …ƒ ϐ‹† ‹–•‡Žˆǣ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰‹–•‡Žˆ‹ƒ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ‹ˆ‡•–•–Š‹•ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ†‹–•‹‡”‹ϐ‹‹–›Ǥ ‘–Šƒ„•–”ƒ…–‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ…Š‘‹…‡–Š—•ˆƒ‹Ž–‘ ƒ‡—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Š‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘‹‰Š–„‡…‘‡”‡ƒŽǤŠ‹Ž‡Ž‹‹tŽ‡••‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ”‡‡†‘•‡‡•‹…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Šƒ›‘”†‡”™Šƒ–•oev‡”ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡••ȋWillkürȌ•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ”‡†—…‡†ˆ‘” ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘–Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–‰‡–„‡›‘†–Š‡…‘–‹‰‡–…Š‘‹…‡•ƒ–Šƒ† ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž• –‘ ‡†‘™ –Š‡ ˜‡”› …‘–‡–• ‘ˆ–Š‡ …Š‘‹…‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ˆ ™‡ …ƒ‘– ‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‹• †‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–›ǡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ •–—… ‹ ƒ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ Ž‹‹–Ž‡•• ˆ”‡‡†‘ –Šƒ– ‡†ƒ‰‡”• ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ ”‡•–”‹…–‡† ˆ”‡‡†‘ –Šƒ– ”‡†—…‡• ˆ”‡e†‘–‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡••ƒ†ƒ‹ˆ‡•–•‹–•‡Žˆ‹–Š‡‡”‡…‘–‹‰‡…›‘ˆ ‘—”•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ǡ‹•Š‘™–‘”‡†‡”‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡ƒ –›’‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘–Šƒ––”ƒ•…‡†•–Š‡Ž‹‹–Ž‡••ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘ ™‹–Š‘—–”‡†—…‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘‹–•”‡•–”ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›…Š‘‹…‡Ǥ  –Š‡ ͦ͟th …‡–—”›ǡ ™‡ ϐ‹† –Š‡ ‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—…Š ƒ ˆ‘” ‹ ‘—s•‡ƒ—ǯ• …‘…‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹„‡”–› ƒ• •‡Žˆ-”—Ž‡ǣ Dz‘„‡†‹‡…‡ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‘‡ Šƒ• ’”‡•…”‹„‡† –‘ ‘‡•‡ŽˆǤdz 11 In the Social Contract, ‘—••‡ƒ— †e•…”‹„‡•Š‘™ƒǡ„›Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ–—”‡ƒ†‡–‡”‹‰–Š‡…‹˜‹Ž •–ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ„ƒ†‘• Š‹• ƒ–—”ƒŽ Ž‹„‡”–›—ƒ —Ž‹‹–‡† ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‡˜‡”ything—ǡ „—– –Š‡”‡„› ‰ƒ‹• ƒ ‡™ǡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ǣ…‹˜‹Ž ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ Ž‹„‡”–›ǡ„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ™Š‹…ŠŠ‡„‡…‘‡•ƒ•–‡”‘ˆŠ‹•‡Žˆǡƒƒ—–‘n‘‘—•„‡‹‰ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–Š‹•…‹˜‹Žƒ†‘”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”•Š‹• —Ž‹‹–‡†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘–‘Ž›‹–‘ƒ”‡•–”‹…–‡†Ž‹„‡”–›–‘’‘••ess or to …Š‘‘•‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹–‘a liberty of self-determination. The entry into a …‹˜‹Ž ƒ† ‘”ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” ‘—••‡ƒ— †‘‡• ‘– †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡ ƒ ‡”‡ ”e•–”‹…–‹‘‘ˆƒ’”‡-‡š‹•–‹‰—Ž‹‹–‡†ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ„—–ƒ‹•ƒ–†‡•…”‹„‹‰ ƒ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ”‡‹˜‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ enabling obedienceǣƒƒ…–‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‹• ‘– •—„Œ‡…–‡† –‘ ƒ •‘˜‡”‡‹‰ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ Š‡”ǡ „—– •—„Œ‡…–• Š‡”•‡Žˆ–‘•‘‡–Š‹‰•Š‡Š‡”•‡Žˆǡ‹’ƒ”–ǡƒ—–Š‘”•Ǥ12 ‘—••‡ƒ—ǯ•…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘’‘‹–•–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‹– ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹†‹‰ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ –Š‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ „‹†‹‰‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”e ‡ƒ- ƒ…“—‡• ‘—••‡ƒ—ǡ The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writingsǡ (ed.ǡ–”ǤȌǤ ‘—”‡˜‹–…Šȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͧͥ͟Ȍǡͣ͢Ǥ 12 Dzƒ…Š ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǡ „› …‘–”ƒ…–‹‰ǡ •‘ –‘ •’‡ƒǡ ™‹–Š Š‹•‡Žˆǡ ϐ‹†• Š‹•‡Žˆ engaged in a two-ˆ‘Ž† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǣ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ ƒ• ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡‹‰ –‘™ƒ”† ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ƒ• ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡‹‰Ǥdz ȋ‘—••‡ƒ—ǡThe Social Contractǡͣ͟Ȍ 11

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͣͥ

“—‹”‡•ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†•‡Žˆ-†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ–‹–•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘ „‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘„‘–Š–Š‡„‹†‹‰‡••‘ˆƒ…‘ƒ†„ƒ…‡† „›ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†‡…‡••ƒ”›ƒ–—”ƒŽŽƒ™•ǡ–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘•‡‡• –‘”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ–™‡†‡–‡”‹‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-prescribed Žƒ™•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ•‹’Ž›ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‰ˆ”‘‘”…Š‘‘•‹‰ƒ‘‰‰‹˜‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘both †‹”‡…–—•–‘–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-determination.

II. Autonomy: The Very Idea ϐŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ Žƒ™•‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘’”‘‹‡–‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘˜‹˜‹†‹‘—••‡ƒ—ǯ•™”‹–‹‰•ǡ ƒ– ’—–• ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹… ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡™ …‘†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‹•Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, ƒ– …Žƒ‹• ™‹–Š ‰”‡ƒ– ƒ’Ž‘„ǣ Dz ˆ ™‡ Ž‘‘ „ƒ…—’‘ƒŽŽ’”‡˜‹‘—•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”„‡‡ƒ†‡–‘†‹•…‘˜‡” –Š‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–›ȏPrinzip der SittlichkeitȐǡ™‡‡‡†‘–™‘n†‡”™Š›ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ†–‘ˆƒ‹ŽǤdz 13 Š‡›Šƒ†–‘ˆƒ‹Ž„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡y did ‘– –‹‡ †—–› ƒ† ˆ”‡‡†‘ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ƒ– ‰‘‡• ‘ –‘ ’”‘’‘•‡Ǥ –Š‡•‡’”‡˜‹‘—•ƒ––‡’–•ǡ‹–™ƒ••‡‡ǡƒ•ƒ–…‘–‹—‡•ǡ Dz–Šƒ– –Š‡ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰ ‹• „‘—† –‘ Žƒ™• „› Š‹• †—–›ǡ „—– ‹– ‡˜‡” occurred to ȏ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ––‡’–•Ȑ that h‡‹••—„Œ‡…–only to laws given by himself but still universal ȏnur seiner eigenen und dennoch allgemeinen Gesetzgebung unterworfen seiȐ and that he is bound ‘Ž› –‘ ƒ…– ‹ …‘ˆ‘”‹–› ™‹–Š Š‹• ‘™ ™‹ŽŽǡ ™Š‹…Šǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ ƒc…‘”†ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š ƒ–—”‡ǯ• ‡† ‹• ƒ ™‹ŽŽ ‰‹˜‹‰ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ Žƒ™Ǥdz ȋ ǡ ͢ǣ͢͡͠Ȍ ‡ …ƒ •‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ‹–› (Prinzip der SittlichkeitȌ ‹ˆ ™‡ –ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ‹• ‘Ž›„‘—†„›Žƒ™••Š‡Šƒ•‰‹˜‡–‘Š‡”•‡Žˆǡ‹Žƒ™•–Šƒ–•’”‹‰ˆ”‘ her autonomy. Šƒ– •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‹• › †—–› †‘‡• ‘– •–‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ‹– …‘ˆ‘”•–‘–Š‡ …‘ƒ† ‘ˆ ƒ •—’‡”‹‘”Ǥ – •’”‹‰• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‹–…‘ˆ‘”•–‘ƒŽƒ™–Šƒ–‹•‹ƒ……‘”†™‹–Š›˜‡”›‘™ ”‡ƒ•‘ –‘ •—…Š ƒ †‡‰”‡‡ –Šƒ– ‘– ‘Ž› †‘  ƒ‰”‡‡ –‘ –Š‹• Žƒ™ǡ „—–ǡ mo”‡‘˜‡”ǡ …ƒ”‡‰ƒ”†›•‡Žˆƒ•‹–•ƒ—–Š‘”Ǥƒ–™”‹–‡•ǡDz‡…‡–Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‹• ‘– ‡”‡Ž› •—„Œ‡…– –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™ but subject to it in such a way 13 ƒ—‡Ž ƒ–ǡ Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sittenǡ ‹ Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ ‘Dž ‹‰Ž‹…Š ”‡—é‹•…Š‡ ƒ†‡‹‡ †‡” ‹••‡•…Šƒˆ–‡ ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ ‡‹‡”Ȁ†‡ ”—›–‡”ǡ ͧ͟͞͞-Ȍǡ ͢ǣ͢͡͠ǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ ”‡‰‘” ƒ• Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Moralsǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ ”‡‰‘”ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ ͧͧͥ͟Ȍǡ ͢ǣ͢͡͠Ǥ ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ƒ• Ǥ ƒ‰‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –‘˜‘Ž—‡ ƒ†’ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Akademieausgabeǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‰‹˜‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‰‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š‡†‹–‹‘ȋ˜‘Ž—‡ǣ’ƒ‰‡ȌǤ

ͣͦ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

that it must be viewed as also giving the law to itself and just because ‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ•ϔ‹”•–•—„Œ‡…––‘–Š‡Žƒ™ ȋ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ‹– …ƒ ”‡‰ƒ”† ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”ȌǤdz ȋ ǡ ͢ǣ͢͟͡Ȍ Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‹• ‘Ž› •—„Œ‡…– –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹•‘ˆƒ” ‹– …ƒ„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•‰‹˜‹‰–Š‹•Žƒ™–‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠƒ–‹•–‘•ƒ›ǡ‘Ž›–Š‡Žƒ™• that—in some sense—•’”‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹–•‡Žˆ…ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ• ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›„‹†‹‰ȋƒ†‘–‡”‡Ž›‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡•–”‹…–‹‰ȌǤŠ‹•‹•ǡ ƒ•‘‡—•–ƒ†‹–ǡƒ‡™™ƒ›‘ˆ†‡ƒ”…ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘rƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‡ϐ‹‹‰™Šƒ–…‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒ‘”ƒ•„‹†‹‰Ǥƒ–†‘‡• ‘– •–‘’ ƒ– ”—Ž‹‰ ‘—– –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –Šƒ– ƒ ‘” „‡…‘‡• „‹†‹‰ ‘Ž› becaus‡ƒ•—’‡”‹‘”…‘ƒ†•‹–‘”„‡…ƒ—•‡™‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹Ž›…Š‘•‡‹–Ǥ14 ‡ƒŽ•‘‘„Œ‡…–•–‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–ƒ‘”‹•…‘•–‹–—–‡†ƒ•„‹†‹‰„› „‡‹‰‹•‘‡•‡•‡‹ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǯ•ƒ–—”‡ǡ„‡‹–Š‡” •‡•‹„Ž‡ or her rational nature. ƒ– ‹• ˜‡”› ‡š’Ž‹…‹– about this reƒ”ƒ„Ž‡’‘‹––Šƒ–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡•Š‹ˆ”‘–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•––”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ ˆ™‡ƒ”‡‘˜‡†–‘ƒ…–„›ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹‘„Œ‡…––Šƒ–‹–‡”‡•–•—•†—‡–‘‘—” •‡•‹„Ž‡ ‘” ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡ Žƒ™ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ „› ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† thus does not bind us in a normative wayǡ ‹– „‹†• —• ‘Ž›—as Kant puts it—‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›‘”Š‡–‡”‘‘‘—•Ž›ǣ ‘”ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡‹’—Ž•‡–Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘„Œ‡…–ǤǤǤ‹• –‘‡š‡”–‘–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–ŠŠ‹•ƒ–—”ƒŽ …‘•–‹–—–‹‘„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…t—whether to his •‡•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤǤǤ‘”–‘Š‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†”‡ƒ•‘ǤǤǤ—‹–™‘—Ž†•–”‹…tŽ›•’‡ƒ‹‰„‡–Š‡ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡•–Š‡Žƒ™Ǣƒ†–Š‹•ǡƒ•ƒŽƒ™‘ˆ ƒ–—”‡ǤǤǤ‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘Ž›Š‡–‡”‘‘›‘ˆ–Š‡™‹ŽŽǢ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ™‘—Ž†‘– ‰‹˜‡‹–•‡Žˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ „—–ƒˆ‘”‡‹‰‹’—Ž•‡ ™‘—Ž†‰‹˜‡–Š‡Žƒ™–‘‹– „›‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǯ•ƒ–—”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ––—‡†–‘„‡”‡…‡’–‹˜‡ –‘‹–Ǥȋ ǡ͢ǣ͢͢͢Ȍ

‘ƒ–‹•˜‡”›…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–ˆ‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘„‡‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›„‹†‹‰‹ –Š‡–”—‡•–•‡•‡ǡ‹–…ƒ‘–‘–‹˜ƒ–‡‡–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•…‘ˆ‘”‹–›–‘› given ƒ–—”‡ǡ„—–‘Ž›„›–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‹–…‘””‡•’‘†•–‘ƒŽƒ™–Šƒ––Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ• ‰‹˜‡ –‘ ‹–•‡Žˆǡ —‹ϐŽ—‡…‡† „› ƒ› ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‹…‡–‹˜‡• ‘” ‘„•–ƒ…Ž‡•Ǥ Šƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ™‹ŽŽ …ƒ ƒ—–‘‘‘—•Ž› †‡…”‡‡ ‹• ‡‰a–‹˜‡Ž› †‡ϐ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽǯ• ‘– „‡‹‰ †‡–‡”‹‡† ‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ – ‹• ‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›…Š‘‹…‡ƒ–™”‹–‡•ǡDzHeteronomy ‘ˆ…Š‘‹…‡ǤǤǤ‘–‘Ž› †‘‡•‘–‰”‘—†ƒ›‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒŽŽ„—–‹•‹•–‡ƒ†‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz ( ƒ—‡Ž ƒ–ǡ Kritik der praktischen Vernunftǡ ‹ Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡ ͣǣ͡͡ǡ–”Ǥ„›Ǥ ”‡‰‘”ƒ•Critique of Practical Reasonǡȏed.Ȑ Ǥ Gregor ȏƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͧͧͥ͟Ȑǡ ͣǣ͡͡. ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ƒ• ’. ƒ‰‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†’ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Akademieausgabeǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‰‹•‘ˆ –Š‡‰Ž‹•Š‡†‹–‹‘ȏ˜‘Ž—‡ǣ’ƒ‰‡Ȑ.Ȍ

14

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͣͧ

’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž› †‡ϐ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹–•‡Žˆǣ –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ …ƒ ƒ—–‘‘‘—•Ž›†‡…”‡‡ƒ›–Š‹‰‹–…ƒ™‹ŽŽƒ•ƒ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽƒ™Ǥ˜‡”y–Š‹‰–Šƒ–…ƒ†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹ƒ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›„‹†‹‰™ƒ›Šƒ•–‘ –ƒ‡‘ǡ‘”„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†‹–‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•—…ŠƒŽƒ™Ǥ ‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡—•”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›—–‘„‡…‘‡ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹…‡–‹˜‡ȋTriebfedderȌ —it has to b‡ƒ†‘’–‡†‹–‘ƒƒš‹ǡ‘”ǡƒ•–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ the Religionsschrift Šƒ• ‹–ǡ –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ Dz…ƒ‘– „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† –‘ ƒ…–‹‘ through any incentive except so far as the human being has incorporated it into his maxim ȋŠƒ•ƒ†‡‹–‹–‘ƒ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ”—Ž‡ˆ‘” Š‹•‡Žˆǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘™Š‹…ŠŠ‡™‹ŽŽ•–‘…‘†—…–Š‹•‡ŽˆȌǤdz 15 Š—•ǡ ƒ– ’—–• ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ ‡™ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ „‹†‹‰‡•• –Šƒ– ˆ‘—†• –Š‡ „‹†‹‰‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‘ ‘—” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‡Žˆ-†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǣ‘—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Še ˆ‘”‘ˆƒŽƒ™ƒ†‰‹˜‡ƒŽƒ™–‘‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǤŠ‹•…‘…‡’–‹‘•‹—Ž–ƒe‘—•Ž›…‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‡™‹†‡ƒ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ”‡‡†‘‹•‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡‡”‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ƒ‡ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• ‹†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ† –‘ ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ‰‹˜‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•ȋƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‹• ‡Ž‡‡– ‹• ‹†‡‡† …ontained in ƒ–ǯ• ˜‹‡™Ȍ 16ǡ ‘” ‹• ‹– Œ—•– –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ …Š‘‘•‡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒŽ–‡”a–‹˜‡•Ǥ ”‡‡†‘…ƒ‘Ž›„‡…‘‡”‡ƒŽƒ†ƒ…–—ƒŽ„›‡š’”‡••‹‰‹–•‡Žˆ ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽƒ™•ȋ‘ˆƒ•’‡…‹ϐ‹…‹†ȌǤŠ‹•‡™…‘…‡’–‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ Šƒ•ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡š’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ–ǣ‹‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–‡”•ǡ ˆ”‡‡†‘…ƒ„‡†‡ϐ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š‡…ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‹˜‹‰„‡‹‰™Š‡”‡„›‹–…ƒ„‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Dz‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆ ƒŽ‹‡ …ƒ—•‡• †‡–‡”‹‹‰ ‹–Ǥdz ȋ ǡ ͢ǣͤ͢͢Ȍ ”‡‡†‘ ‹ –Š‹• •‡•‡ 15 ƒ—‡Ž ƒ–ǡ Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunftǡ ‹ Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡ ͤǣ͢͠ǡ–”Ǥ„›G. di Giovanni as Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reasonǡ ‹ ƒ–ǡ Religion and Rational Theologyǡ ȋ‡†Ǥǡ –”ǤȌ Ǥ ‘‘† ƒ† G. †‹ ‹‘˜ƒ‹ ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͧͧͤ͟Ȍǡ ͤǣ͢͠Ǥ ‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ƒ• . ƒ‰‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†’ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Akademieausgabeǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‰‹•‘ˆ –Š‡‰Ž‹•Š‡†‹–‹‘ȋ˜‘Ž—‡ǣ’ƒ‰‡ȌǤ 16 –‹•ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆƒ–ǯ•‹†‡ƒ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘–Šƒ–‹–ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ‰‹˜‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‹…‡–‹˜‡•Ǥ ‡‡ǡ e.g.ǣ Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ Š›’‘–Š‡–‹…ƒŽ ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ says “I ought to do something because I will something elseǡdz “–Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹…ƒŽ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ›•ǣ ‘—‰Š––‘ƒ…–‹•—…Š‘”•—…Šƒ™ƒ›‡˜‡‹ˆ †‹†‘–™ƒ–ƒ›–Š‹‰‡Ž•‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”•ƒ›•ǣ ‘—‰Š–‘––‘Ž‹‡‹ˆ  ™‹ŽŽ–‘‡‡’›”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǣ„—––Š‡Žƒ––‡”•ƒ›•ǣ ‘—‰Š–‘––‘Ž‹‡‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹– ™‘—Ž†‘–„”‹‰‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–†‹•…”‡†‹–. The latter must therefore abstract from all objects to this extent: that they have no ‹ϔŽ—‡…‡at all on the will, so that practical reason ȋ–Š‡™‹ŽŽȌƒ›‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒ†‹‹•–‡”ƒ‹–‡”‡•–‘–„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘‹–„—– may simply show its own commanding authority as supreme lawgiving.dz ȋ ǡ ͢ǣ͢͢͟Ǣ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‘†‹ϐ‹‡†Ǣ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ƒ††‡†Ȍ Šƒ– ‹• –‘ •ƒ›ǣ –Š‡ …‘†‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‘—”„‡‹‰ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡–‡”‹‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‹•‘—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ„•–”ƒ…–ˆ”‘ƒ›’”‡…‡ding determinations.

ͤ͞ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

•–ƒ”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ„•–”ƒ…–ˆ”‘‰‹˜‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–‘ ‹–‡””—’– ‘—” „‡‹‰ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡•‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ …ƒ—•‡•Ǥ ƒ– ƒd‹–• –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘ ‹• •‡‡‹‰Ž› —ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž ƒ† ‹†e–‡”‹ƒ–‡ǡ „—– Š‡ …Žƒ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• ˆ”‘ ‹–ǣ Dz ”‡‡†‘ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹•‘–ƒ’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Š ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ™•ǡ ‹• ‘– ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ•‘ Žƒ™Ž‡•• „—– —•– ‹•–‡ƒ† „‡ ƒ …ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–›‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Š‹—–ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ™•„—–‘ˆƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹†Ǥdz ȋ ǡ͢ǣͤ͢͢ȌŠ‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‹•–Š—•‰‹ven preciseŽ›„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆŽƒ™—‘––Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆŽƒ™simpliciter, –‘„‡•—”‡ǡ„—––Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆƒŽƒ™‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ǣƒŽƒ™–Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–•ƒ„‡‹‰–‘–Š‡˜‡”›‡š–‡––Šƒ––Š‹•„‡‹‰…ƒ•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› „‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ ”‡‡†‘‹•‘–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”–Šƒ Dz–Š‡ ™‹ŽŽǯ• ’”‘’‡”–› ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ƒ Žƒ™ —–‘ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤdz ȋ ǡ ͢ǣͥ͢͢Ȍ ‘ ™Š‡”‡ƒ•Dz‹†‡’‡†‡…‡dzˆ”‘‡š–‡”ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹•ˆ”‡‡†‘‹ –Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•‡•‡ǡDzŽƒ™‰‹˜‹‰‘ˆ‹–•‘™dz ȋ’ǡͣǣ͡͡Ȍis ˆ”‡‡†‘‹ the positive sense. ‘ǡ –‘ …—– ƒ ˜‡”› Ž‘‰ •–‘”› •Š‘”–ǡ ƒ– †‡ϐ‹‡• –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ™ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‘—” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-determination and †‡ϐ‹‡• ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› •‡ŽˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡†Žƒ™•ȋ‘”ǡ–‘’—–‹–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ȍ— ‹‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡŽƒ™„›‡ƒ•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ǡƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ Žƒ™ǤŠ‡‘”ƒŽŽƒ™Dz‡š’”‡••‡•‘–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”–ŠƒǤǤǤƒ—–‘‘›ǤǤǤǡ–Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ˆ”‡‡†‘dzǢ ƒ† ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‹• –Š‡ •‘Ž‡ …‘†‹–‹‘ under which maxims “can accord with the su’”‡‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ Žƒ™Ǥdz ȋ’ǡͣǣ͡͡Ȍƒ–•—•–Š‹•—’„›•ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ–ǡDzƒˆ”‡‡™‹ŽŽƒ†ƒ™‹ŽŽ —†‡”‘”ƒŽŽƒ™•ƒ”‡one and the sameǤdzȋ ǡ͢ǣͥ͢͢ȌŠ‹•ǡ‹ˆƒ…–ǡ‹• –Š‡˜‡”›‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǡ–Šƒ–ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™…ƒ‘Ž›„‡‡š’Ži…ƒ–‡†ƒ•–™‘•‹†‡•‘ˆ‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡…‘…‡’–‹‘ǣ–Šƒ–‘ˆ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‡Žˆ-determination.

III. The Paradox of Autonomy ˜‡‹ˆ™‡‹‰Š–ƒ‰”‡‡–Šƒ––Š‹•‹•‹†‡‡†ƒ‡™ƒ†˜‡”›ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡ ‹†‡ƒǡˆ”‡‡‹‰—•ˆ”‘ƒ‘„‡†‹‡…‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›ƒ†ƒ‡”eŽ›‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ–Š‹••–‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ˜‡•—•™‹–Š–Š‡“—‡s–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™™‡…ƒ‹ˆƒ…–ƒ‡•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒ‰Ž‡‡–‘ˆˆ”‡e†‘ƒ†Žƒ™Ǥˆ…‘—”•‡ǡƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹••—‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”ƒ‹•‡† ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ƒ–ǯ• •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹†‡ƒ †‡•‡”˜‡ ‘—” ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ 17 I ‘ƒ‡„—–ƒˆ‡™ǣ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹•‘ˆŠ‹•‘”ƒŽ’”‹…‹’Ž‡Ǣ–Š‡ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘ˆ”‘ Š—ƒƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆƒ’—”‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‡‹‰Ǣ–Š‡”‹‰‘”‹•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǣ–Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹‹• ‘ˆ

17

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͤ͟

™ƒ––‘…‘ϐ‹‡›•‡ŽˆŠ‡”‡–‘Œ—•–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–„ƒ•‹…‘„Œ‡…–‹‘• –Šƒ–…‘…‡”•–Š‡˜‡”›•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǤŠ‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Šƒ– ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‹‰Š–‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǣƒ—–‘n‘› —†‡”•–‘‘† ‹ ƒ–‹ƒ –‡”• •‡‡• ‹ ‹‹‡– †ƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ reverti‰‹–‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡••‘”ˆ‘”…‡ǡ‹–‘ƒˆ”‡‡†‘™‹–Š‘—–Žƒ™‘”ƒ Žƒ™™‹–Š‘—–ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ 18 ‘”†‡”–‘•’‡ƒ‘ˆƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‹–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ•‡•‡ǡ‹–‹• ‘–‡‘—‰Š•‹’Ž›–‘’‘‹–‘—––Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Šƒ–ǯ•…‘…‡’–‹‘‹• ‘—–‘ˆ–—‡™‹–Š–Š‡ doxa ‘ˆŠ‹• contemporaries and might have an ƒ‹”‘ˆƒ„•—”†‹–›Ǣ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹•—ˆϐ‹…‹‡–•‹’Ž›–‘ƒŽŽ—†‡–‘ƒ ˜ƒ‰—‡•‡•‡‘ˆ–‡•‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ ‘”†‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡”‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”† ™‡ ‡‡† –‘ •‡‡ how the condi–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ—–‘‘›•‡‡•–‘”‡“—‹”‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ „‡ …‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› –Š‡ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ– ‹••—‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ †‹ƒ‰‘•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”‡Ǣ –Š‡ ‡‹‰ƒ–‹… —‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡•‹„Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡ •—„Œ‡…–Ǥ 18 The way in which the Kantian picture can give rise to such a paradox and the ™ƒ› ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‹• ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‹ˆ‘”• ’‘•–-ƒ–‹ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› Šƒ˜‡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› „‡‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ ™‘”• „› ‘„‡”– ‹’’‹ ƒ† ‡””› ‹ƒ”†Ǥ ‡‡ ‘„‡”– ‹’’‹ǡ Dz‡‰‡Žǯ• ”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ǣ Š‡ …–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡‡†‘ǡdz ‹ Cambridge Companion to German Idealismǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ ‡”‹• ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͠͞͞͞Ȍǡ ͧ͟͠Ǣ ‡””› ‹ƒ”†ǡ ‡”ƒŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ͣͩͨ͢–ͣͪͨ͢ǣŠ‡ Legacy of Idealism ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͠͞͞͠Ȍǡ ͣͧ ˆǤǡ ͦ͟͞ǡ ͥ͟͠ǡͤ͠͠ˆǤǡ͠͡͡ǡͥ͢͠ǡͤ͠͡ǡͥͥ͠ǡ͡͞͠ǡ͢͡͠ǡ͢͡͠ǡͣ͡͞ǡͣ͡͡ǡͤ͟͡Ǣ‘„‡”–‹’’‹ǡHegel’s Practical Philosophy: Rational Agency as Ethical Life (Cambridge: Cambridge ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͦ͠͞͞Ȍǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›…ŠǤ͡Ǥ ‘”ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•–Šƒ– one might understand post-ƒ–‹ƒ †‡ƒŽ‹•ƒ•ƒƒ––‡’––‘—ˆ‘Ž†or avoid a ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› •‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–‡” ‡”‹…Šǡ Dzƒ• ”‘„Ž‡ †‡” ”—†Ž‡‰—‰ †‡”–Š‹„‡‹ƒ–—†‹•’‡—Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‡ƒŽ‹•—•ǡdz‹Sein und Ethosǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ Ǥ ‰‡ŽŠƒ”†–ȋƒ‹œǣƒ––Š‹ƒ•- ”—Dž ‡™ƒŽ†-‡”Žƒ‰ǡͧͤ͟͡Ȍǡͦ͡͠ȋ‘–Š‡Dz’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹…ƒŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒdz ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›Ȍ ƒ† ‹‡–‡” ‡”‹…Šǡ Dz‡” ‡‰”‹ˆˆ †‡” •‹––Ž‹…Š‡ ‹•‹…Š– —†ƒ–•‡Š”‡˜‘ ƒ–—†‡”‡”—ˆ–ǡdz‹Kant. Zur Deutung seiner Theorie von Erkennen und Handelnǡȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ”ƒ—••ȋ‘Dž Žǣ‹‡’‡Š‡—‡”Ƭ‹–•…Šǡͧͥ͟͡Ȍǡ ͧ͢͠ȋ‘–Š‡‹Š‡”‡–Dz…‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‘dz‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ȌǤ ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› •‡‡ –Š‡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‹ Ǥ Š—”ƒƒ ƒ† Ǥ ‡‡ (eds.Ȍ Paradoxien der Autonomie ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ —‰—•– ‡”Žƒ‰ǡ ͟͟͠͞ȌǢ ‘Š …‘™‡ŽŽǡ Dz‡Žˆ-‡–‡”‹‹‰ —„Œ‡…–‹˜‹–› ƒ† š–‡”ƒŽ ‘•–”ƒ‹–ǡdz in Internationales Jahrbuch des Deutschen Idealismusǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ͡ǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ ‡”‹• ƒ† Ǥ –‘Žœ‡„‡”‰ ȋ‡”Ž‹Ǣ‡™‘”ǣƒŽ–‡”†‡ ”—›–‡”ǡͣ͠͞͞Ȍǡ͟͠–ͥ͡Ǣ—•ƒ‡Ž†Š‡ŽŽǡKant and the Limits of Autonomy ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡǣƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧ͠͞͞Ȍǡ͡ǡ͟͠͠– ͣͧǡ ͦ͡͡ ˆˆǤǢ ‘„‡”– ”ƒ†‘ǡ Dz—–‘‘›ǡ ‘—‹–›ǡ ”‡‡†‘ǡdz ‹ Reason in Philosophy: Animating Ideas ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ ǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͧ͠͞͞Ȍǡ ͣ͠–ͥͥǤ

ͤ͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‡‡”‰‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ legislative understanding ‘ˆ ƒu–‘‘›Ǥ—–‘‘›‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡“—‹”‡•–Šƒ–™‡„‡„‘—†‘Ž›„›Žƒ™• ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ™‡ …ƒ ”‡‰ƒ”† ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•Ǥ ˆ ™‡ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‹•ƒ—–Š‘”•Š‹’‹–‡”•‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-legislationǡ–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡ •—„Œ‡…–‘Ž›–‘Žƒ™•–Šƒ–™‡Šƒ˜‡ǡ‹•‘‡•‡•‡ǡposited or legislatedǤ •‘ˆƒ”ƒ•’‘•‹–‹‰‘”Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‰‹ƒƒ—–‘‘‘—•™ƒ›”‡“—‹”‡• –Šƒ–™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘‡š…Ž—†‡ƒ›‹ϐŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ„‘–Š‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›…‘ƒ†‡† †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‹•–‹ŽŽ‡† ‹ —• „› ƒ–—”‡ǡ autonomy thus seems to rest on an act that is unbound and unconstrained by any prior determinationǤŠ—•ǡ‹–•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ…‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡„‡ƒ—„‘—†•—„Œ‡…––Šƒ–‰‹˜‡•Š‡”•‡Žˆ–Š‡ Žƒ™‹ƒ‘”‹‰‹ƒ”›ƒ…–ǡ‘–†‡–‡”‹‡†„›ƒ’”‡-‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ™ǤŠ‡ƒ…– „›™Š‹…Š–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ϐ‹”•–‰‹˜‡•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽƒ™™‘—Ž†–Š—•Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ Žƒ™Ž‡••Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ Žƒ™Ž‡••’‘•‹–‹‰„›–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǡ‹–‹•—…Ž‡ƒ”™Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†’”‡˜‡––Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ˆ”‘ †‹••‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹ ƒ •‡…‘† ƒ…– ƒ† –Š‡ ‹••—‹‰ ƒ‘–Š‡”‘‡ȋƒ†•‘‘ȌǤŠ‡…‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›— ƒ —„‘—† ƒ—–Š‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡Žƒ™—seems to r‡˜‡ƒŽ ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• –Š‡ …‘†i–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǣ‹–‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ”„‹–”ƒr‹‡•• ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹• ‘– „‹†‹‰ as such but only due to the arbitrary positing of a subject. 19 Š‹•‘—–…‘‡‘ˆ…‘—”•‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–™‡•Š‘—Ž†ƒ•™Š‡–Š‡”™e …ƒ–Š‹‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…–‘ˆDzƒ—–Š‘”‹‰dz‘”DzŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‰dz–Š‡Žƒ™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›Ǥ Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‘–‘Ž›•‡‡•–‘”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡„‡ƒ •—„Œ‡…– ‘– ‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ› †‡–‡”‹‡† ‹ ‰‹˜‹‰ Š‡”•‡Žˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ •‡‡•–‘”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ––Š‹••—„Œ‡…–‘–ƒ…–ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹Ž›Ǥ –•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ …‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆƒŽƒ™‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›–Šƒ––Š‡•—„Œ‡…–—•–Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒ•‘•–‘ ‹••—‡–Š‹•Žƒ™Ǥ—–‹ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‹•‘˜‡†„›”‡ƒ•‘•–‘’‘•‹––Š‡Žƒ™ǡ ‹– •‡‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ —•– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡ ƒ Žƒ™ ‹ ’Žƒ…‡ –Šƒ– ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ –‘ ‹••—‡ –Š‡ Žƒ™Ǥ Š‡ …‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ autonomy—a reasoned and non-ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› ’‘•‹–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™— •‡‡•–‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹–•‡Žˆƒ•–Š‡…‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ—–‘n‘›ǣ‹–‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ‘”†‡”‘ˆŠ‡–‡”‘‘›‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡•‡Žˆ-prescribed Žƒ™ ‹• ‘– „‹ding as such but only due to a former law that was not self-prescribed. Š‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ•‡‡•–‘”‡˜‡”––‘–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–ƒ‘”‹• –Š‡…‘ƒ†‘ˆƒ•—’‡”‹‘”Ǥ ‘”ƒ…”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ…‡”–ƒ‹—†‡r•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-consciousness turns out to be Dz–Š‡ •‡”˜‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ•–‡” ™Š‘•‡ …‘ƒ†• ™‡”‡ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›ǡ ƒ† ‹ ™Š‹…Š ‹– ™‘—Ž†‘–”‡…‘‰‹œ‡‹–•‡Žˆǡdz•‡‡ ǤǤ Ǥ‡‰‡ŽǡWerkeǡ˜‘ŽǤ͡ǡPhänomenologie des Geistesǡ͟͡͠ǡ–”Ǥ„›Ǥ Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡”ƒ•The Phenomenology of Spirit ȋšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ”‡†‘ ”‡••ǡͧͥͥ͟Ȍǡͤ͟͠Ǥ

19

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͤ͡

Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ”ƒ‹•‡• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”‹–‹˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡•–Š‡˜‡”›‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ–›‹‰–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹†‹‰‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ –o‰‡–Š‡” „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ …‘…‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‡Žˆ-determination. ‘‡–ƒ–‘”• †‹ˆˆ‡” …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž› ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‘™ ˆƒ” ƒ–ǯ• …‘…‡’–‹‘ ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› ˆƒŽŽ• ’”‡› –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ ƒu–‘‘›Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”ƒ”‡Ž› ‹• ‹– –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‹• –ƒ‡ –‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Šƒ––Š‡˜‡”›‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ••—…Š‹•†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†‘” •Š‘™–‘„‡—ŽŽƒ†˜‘‹†ǤŠ‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‹•”ƒ–Š‡”–ƒ‡ ƒ•ƒ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡…‘…‡’–‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‹•—…Šƒ way as to show either that th‡”‡‹•‘’ƒ”ƒ†‘šƒ–ƒŽŽ 20ǡ‘”–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡™ƒ›•‘ˆƒ‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘šDz…‘…‡‹˜ƒ„Ž‡dzƒ†DzŽ‹˜‡ƒ„Ž‡.” 21 –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‡…–‹‘ ™ƒ––‘•Š‘™–Šƒ–™‡ϐ‹†•›’–‘•‹ ƒ–ǯ• –‡š– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰ –Šƒ– Š‡ ‹• ƒ™ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– Š‹• …‘…‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‹ ˆƒ…– ‹ †ƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ ‰‹˜‹‰ ™ƒ› –‘ ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤ Šƒ– ‹• ‘”‡ǡ ™‡ ϐ‹† ”‡•‘—”…‡• ‹ ƒ– –Šƒ– Š‡Ž’ —• ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ˆƒ–ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-determination. Š‡•‡”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡‡†–‘„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‰‘‡• beyond Kƒ–Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡•‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡• †‘ ‘– †‹••‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹–‘ƒ‡”‡–ƒ—–‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žˆ„‡‹‰–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ™ „‡‹‰ ‘‡•‡ŽˆǢ –Š‡› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ –Šƒ– ™‡Šƒ˜‡ –‘—ˆ‘Ž† –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ…‘ϐŽ‹…–—ƒŽ†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…Ǥ

ˆǤ ‡„ƒ•–‹ƒ ‘Dž †Žǡ Dz‡Ž„•–‰‡•‡–œ‰‡„—‰ǡdz ‹ Paradoxien der Autonomieǡ ͧ͟– ͟͟͟Ǣ Š”‹•–‹‡ ‘”•‰ƒƒ”†ǡ The Sources of Normativity (Cambridge: Cambridge ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͧͧͤ͟ȌǢ Š”‹•–‹‡ ‘”•‰ƒƒ”†ǡ Self-Constitution ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧ͠͞͞Ȍǡ͢͟ˆˆǤ‘Dž †Ž’‘‹–•‘—––Šƒ–ƒŽƒ™‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‹•‘–ƒŽƒ™ we give –‘‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•„—–ƒŽƒ™™‡are unto ours‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†–”‹‡•–‘•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ˆ‘”—Žƒ †‘‡• ‘– …‘–ƒ‹ ƒ› ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤ Š”‹•–‹‡ ‘”•‰ƒƒ”† †‡•…”‹„‡• ƒ–ǯ• ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹ The Sources of Normativity ‘– ƒ• ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ƒ ’ƒ”a†‘šǡ„—–‹•–‡ƒ†ƒ•–Š‡˜‡”›ƒ•™‡”–‘ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šȋƒ••‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡”‡‰”‡••’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆŒ—•–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ȏibid.ǡͧͦȐȌǤ Š‡””‡…‡–„‘‘Self-Constitution, she concedes that –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› •‡‡• –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǢ ‹– ‹• Š‘™‡˜‡” ‘– –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ „—– –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-…‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š •Š‡ consider• –‘ „‡ ‘Ž› ƒ •‡‡‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š—ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š –Šƒ– …ƒ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› „‡ •‘Ž˜‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ”‹•–‘–‡Ž‹ƒ‹•‹‰Š–•Ǥ 21 Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ƒ”†ǯ• ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ǣ DzŠ‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ Šƒ† –‘ „‡ –‘ ˆƒ…‡ —’ –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šƒ†–‘•‡‡Š‘™™‡‹‰Š–ƒ‡‹–Ž‡••Ž‡–ŠƒŽ–‘‘—”…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡…› ™Š‹Ž‡•–‹ŽŽŠ‘Ž†‹‰‘–‘‹–ǡƒŽŽ‹–‡”•‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰‹–‹–‘•‘‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ…‘…‡p–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡…›–Šƒ–•Š‘™‡†Š‘™–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š™ƒ•‹ˆƒ…–Ž‹˜eƒ„Ž‡ƒ†…‘…‡‹˜a„Ž‡Ǥdzȋ‹ƒ”†ǡGerman Philosophy, ͥ͠͠Ȍ 20

ͤ͢ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

IV. Symptoms and Solutions ƒ–ǯ•–‡š–”‡˜‡ƒŽ•…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘–‘„‡ •Š‹‡Ž†‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•– „‡‹‰ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ‹’Ž›‹‰ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡•• ‘” Š‡–‡”‘‘›Ǥ ˆ ‘‡ ƒ……‡–—ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– –Š‡Žƒ™„‹†•–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‘Ž›–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ––Š‡•—„Œ‡…–Š‡”•‡Žˆ …ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•‹–•ƒ—–Š‘”ǡ‹–†‘‡•‘–•‡‡ˆƒ”-ˆ‡–…Š‡†–‘ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ–ƒŽƒ™…ƒ˜‡”›‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ž‘•‡‹–•„‹†‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›™Š‡–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ •—„Œ‡…–†‡‹‡•‘”™‹–Š†”ƒ™•Š‡”ƒ—–Š‘”•Š‹’ǤŠ‹•…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›–Š”‡ƒ–‡•–‘ undermine the binding …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥƒ–•‡‡•–‘„‡‘˜‡† by this threat to a call to order: “We stand under a discipline ‘ˆ”‡a•‘ǡƒ†‹ƒŽŽ‘—”ƒš‹•—•–‘–ˆ‘”‰‡–‘—”•—„Œ‡…–‹‘–‘‹–Ǥdzȋ’ǡ ͣǣͦ͠ȌŠ‹•…ƒŽŽ•‡‡•–‘‹’Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡Ž‡‡–‹ƒ—–onomy –Šƒ–‹‰Š–ƒ‡—•ˆ‘”‰‡–‘—”•—„Œ‡…–‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ™™‡ƒ”‡ƒ—–Š‘r‹‰Ǥ ƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒŽ• –‘ ‘—” Š—‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ƒ•• —• –‘ ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ–ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠDz™‡ƒ”‡Žƒ™‰‹˜‹‰‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ‹‰†‘‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ•ǤǤǤ™‡ƒ”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ •—„Œ‡…–• ‹ ‹–ǡ ‘– ‹–• •‘˜‡”‡‹‰Ǥdz ȋ’ǡ ͣǣͦ͠Ȍ ƒ– –Š—• “—ƒŽ‹ϐ‹‡• ‘—” ƒ—–Š‘”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹ •—…Š ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‘Ž›members ‘ˆƒŽƒ™‰‹˜‹‰„‘†›–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡•‘–Š‡”‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ”‡ ‡˜‡” ‹ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ •‘˜‡”‡‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ‹‰†‘—so never in a posit‹‘–‘ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›’‘•‹–ƒŽƒ™™‹–h‘—– „‡‹‰ „‘—† „› ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‘” ƒ›‘‡ ‡Ž•‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹… ‘” †‡ˆ‡•‹˜‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‘ˆ–Š‹•”‡ƒ””‡•‹†‡•‹–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–ƒ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰ ‹•‹–”‘†—…‡†Š‡”‡ƒ–ƒŽŽǢ‹–•Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‹•‰”ƒ–‡†Š‡”‡ǡƒ†‹–‹• ‘Ž›†‡‹‡†–Šƒ–ƒϐ‹‹–‡‘”ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–…‘—Ž†‡˜‡”„‡‹•—…Šƒ’‘•i–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ•‡† ‘– –‘ …‘…‡‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• •—’”‡‡ ƒ† —„‘—† Žƒ™‰‹˜‡”•ǡ ›‡– ƒ–ǯ• ’‹…–—”‡ seems to evoke the possibility of such a position. Š‡ †ƒ‰‡” …‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› –‘ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡•• is that the ‘”ƒŽŽƒ™‹ˆƒ…–„‹†•—•‹ƒŠ‡–‡”‘‘‘—•ˆƒ•Š‹‘Ǥ ˆ—in order to ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ •‡Žˆ-—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ •—„Œ‡…–• ƒ• ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› •‘˜‡reigns— ƒ– ”‡‹†• —• –Šƒ– ™‡ ƒ”‡ ϐ‹”•– ƒ† ˆ‘”‡‘•– •—„Œ‡…–• to –Š‡ Žƒ™ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Dz†‡–‡”‹‹‰ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‘—” ™‹ŽŽdz ‹• ‘™Š‡”‡ ‡Ž•‡–ŠƒDz‹–Š‡Žƒ™‹–•‡Žˆdzȋ’ǡͥ͞Ȍ—•‘ǡnot in us as independent of the law—ǡ™‡‹‰Š–•—•’‡…––Šƒ–™‡‹ˆƒ…–Š‡–‡”‘‘‘—•Ž›†‡’‡† —’‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ƒ† …‘‡ –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ –ƒŽ ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‹•Œ—•–ƒƒ––‡’––‘’‡”•—ƒ†‡—•–‘ƒ‰”‡‡–‘–Š‹• ”—Ž‡‘ˆ ˆ‘”…‡Ǥ 22 ‡…ƒ•‡‡–Šƒ–ƒ–‹•ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›†ƒ‰‡” ‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡•—•’‹…‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ—–‘‘›‹‰Š–„‡ƒ‡…Šƒ‹•‘ˆ†‹•…‹’Žiƒ”›’‘™‡”•‡‡‹…Š‡Ž ‘—…ƒ—Ž–ǡDiscipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prisonǡȋ–”ǤȌ ŽƒŠ‡”‹†ƒ ȋ‡™‘”ǣƒ†‘‘—•‡ǡͧͥͣ͟ȌǤ ‘”–Š‡’”‡…ƒ”‹‘—•†‹•–‹…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-”—Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ ‡”‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ƒ† ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ

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Paradoxes of Autonomy ͤͣ

™Š‡™‡Ž‘‘ƒ–Š‘™Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡•–‘…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ™ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ –‘ —•Ǥ – ‹• Š‡”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ– ‡˜‘‡• –Š‡ ™‡ŽŽ‘™ Dzˆƒ…– ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘dz (Faktum der VernunftȌǤ • –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ™ ‹•ǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ–ǡ‘–•‘—…Š–Š‡†‡–‡”‹‡†‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘—”™‹ŽŽƒ•‹– ‹• –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹‹‰ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‘—” ™‹ŽŽǡ ™‡ …ƒ‘– –Š‹ ‘ˆ ‹– ƒ• ƒ arbitrary or contingent constructionǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ‹– ƒŽ•‘ •‡‡• ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹… –‘ –”‡ƒ– –Š‹• Žƒ™ ƒ• ƒ given. 23 ˆ ‹– ™‡”‡ –‘ ’”‡•‡– ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ …‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒ–—”‡—e.g.ǡ ƒ• ƒ ‹„‘” idea—ǡ ™‡ ™‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ •—„Œ‡…– –‘ –Š‹• Žƒ™ ‘Ž› ‹•‘ˆƒ” ƒ• ™‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆ‹–ǤŠƒ–‹•™Š›ƒ–‹˜‡–•ƒ‘†‡‘ˆ givenness –Šƒ–Ž‹‡••‘‡™Š‡”‡‹„‡–™‡‡„‡‹‰ƒ‡”‡given ȋƒ†ƒ–—Ȍƒ†ƒ mere invention ȋƒ…‘•–”—…–Ȍǣ‹–‹•‘†ƒ–—ƒ†‘…‘•–”—…–ǡ„—–ƒ factum ‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘ǤŠƒ–‹•–‘•ƒ›ǡ‹–’”‡•‡–•‹–•‡Žˆ–‘—•ƒ•ƒ‹†—„i–ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ…–ǡ„—–‘–„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–ƒƒŽ›–‹…ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ˆ”‘ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹‰‹˜‡ …‘…‡’– ‘” •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ „—– „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– •’”‹‰• ˆ”‘ ‘—” ‘™ reason and is co-‡š–‡•‹˜‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘—””‡ƒ•‘Ǥ••‘‘ ƒ•™‡ƒ”‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ…–‘”•ƒ–ƒŽŽǡ–Š‹•ˆact is inevitably present ˆ‘” —•Ǥ ‡…‡ǡ …‘•…‹‘—•‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ™ ‹• ’”‘†—…‡† „› ‘—” ’—”‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ ‘– ƒ• ƒ …‘–‹‰‡– ’”‘†—…–ǡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ‘—”’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ„—–ƒ•–Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘ǯ• operations. Kant writes Con•…‹‘—•‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ Žƒ™ ȏi.e., –Š‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹…ƒŽ ‹m’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ȑƒ›„‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒˆƒ…–‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘„‡…ƒ—•‡‘‡…ƒ‘–”‡a•‘‹–‘—–ˆ”‘ƒ–‡…‡†‡–†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘ǤǤǤƒ†„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•–‡ƒ† ˆ‘”…‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ —’‘ —• ‘ˆ ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• ƒ •›–Š‡–‹… ƒ ’”‹‘”‹ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘n –Šƒ– ‹• ‘– „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ› ‹–—‹–‹‘ǡ ‡‹–Š‡” ’—”‡ ‘” ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽǤǤǤǤ  ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‹”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‹•Žƒ™ƒ•‰‹˜‡ǡ‹– —•–„‡‘–‡†…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘–ƒ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽˆƒ…–„—––Š‡•‘Ž‡ ˆƒ…– ‘ˆ ’—”‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ ™Š‹…Šǡ „› ‹–ǡ ƒ‘—…‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› Žƒ™‰‹˜‹‰Ǥȋ’ǡͣǣ͟͡Ȍ ƒ—–‘‘›–Šƒ–ƒ‘—–•–‘ƒ’”ƒ…–‹…‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ•‡‡ ‘—…ƒ—Ž–ǡDzŠƒ–‹•Ž‹‰Štenment?” in The Foucault Readerǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤƒ„‹‘™ȋ‡™‘”ǣƒ–Š‡‘‘‘•ǡ ͧͦ͟͢Ȍǡ͡͠–ͣ͞Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘ —†‹–Š—–Ž‡”ǡDzŠƒ–‹•”‹–‹“—‡ǫdz‹The Political: Readings in Continental Philosophyǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ ‰”ƒȋ‘†‘ǣƒ•‹ŽŽƒ…™‡ŽŽǡ͠͞͞͠Ȍǡ͟͠͠– ͤ͠Ǥ 23 –Š‹•˜‡‹ǡDzfactumdz…ƒ‘–Œ—•–‡ƒDzˆƒ…–dzȋTatsacheȌǤ –‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–ƒ– ‹•–‡ƒ† ƒŽŽ—†‡• –‘ –Š‡ Œ—”‹†‹…ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Dzfactum” as an act (Tat or TatbestandȌǣ Dzfactumdz ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ…– –Šƒ– Šƒ• –‘ „‡ •–ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ•…”‹„‡†ǡ ƒ† Œ—†‰‡† ‹ ƒ Œ—”‹†‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡†—”‡Ǥ ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ —†‡rstanding “factumdz ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‹–‹˜‡ Dzˆƒ…– ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘dz •‡‡ ‹…Šƒ‡Ž ‘Žˆˆǡ Dzƒ”— †ƒ• ƒ–— †‡” ‡”—ˆ– ‡‹ ƒ–— ‹•–Ǥ —ϐŽ‘Dž •—‰ ‡‹‹‰‡” ‡”•–ƒDž †‹••…Š™‹‡”‹‰‡‹–‡ ‹ ƒ–• ”—†Ž‡‰—‰ †‡” ‘”ƒŽǡdz ‹ Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophieǡ˜‘ŽǤͣͥǡ‘Ǥ͢ȋͧ͠͞͞Ȍǡͣ͟͟–ͧ͢Ǥ

ͤͤ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

Š‡‘”ƒŽŽƒ™Dz’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒˆƒ…–ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›‹‡š’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘ƒ›†ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‹„Ž‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†ˆ”‘–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡…‘’ƒ••‘ˆ‘—”–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ —•‡‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘Ǥdzȋ’ǡͣǣ͢͡ȌDzˆƒ…–—dz‹ƒ–ǯ•–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ—•‡‹•–Š—• not give ƒ• ƒ †ƒ–—ǡ „—– ƒ• a given of the will itself ȋ’ǡ ͣǣͣͣȌ—a ‰‹˜‡„”‘—‰Š–ˆ‘”–Š„›ǡƒ†…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆǡ–Š‡™‹ŽŽ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ  –Š‹ ™‡ …ƒ ”‡‰ƒ”† ƒ–ǯ• ”‡‹†‡” ‘ˆ ƒ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘ ƒ† ƒ–ǯ• ƒ––‡’– –‘ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-givenness distinct ˆ”‘–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒƒ•–™‘…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‘˜‡•–Šƒ––”›–‘ ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡–Šƒ–ƒ—–‘‘›–—”•‹–‘‡‹–Š‡”ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹‡•• or heteronomy. 24 It seems to me however that these are symptoms ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ǥ  Š‹• …‘‡–• ‘ –Š‡ †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ  ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ †‹•…—••‹‘ –Šƒ– •Š‘™• ƒ–ǯ• ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ƒ†Š‹•ƒ––‡’––‘ƒ˜‘‹†‹–‹•–‘„‡ˆ‘—†‹Š‹•†‹•…—••‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Metaphysics of Moralsǡ ™Š‡”‡ Š‡ …‘…‡†‡• ƒ ’—–ƒ–‹˜‡ …‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‘‹•‡Žˆ-‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Š‡–Š‡‰‘‡•‘–‘†‹••‘Ž˜‡„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ”‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”ƒ†–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‰ƒ†–Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†‹•–ƒ…‡ǣDz ˆ–Š‡ that imposes obligation ‹•–ƒ‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡•‡•‡ƒ• the I that is put under obligationǡƒ†—–›–‘‘‡•‡Žˆ‹•ƒ•‡Žˆ-contradictory concept. ‘” –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ †—–› …‘–ƒ‹• –Š‡ …‘…‡’– ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ ’ƒ••‹˜‡Ž› …‘•–”ƒ‹‡†ǥǤ —–‹ˆ–Š‡†—–›‹•ƒ†—–›–‘›•‡Žˆǡ –Š‹‘ˆ›•‡Žˆƒ•binding ƒ†•‘ƒ•ƒ…–‹˜‡Ž› …‘•–”ƒ‹‹‰ǥǤ ȏŠ‹•Ȑ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǥ™‘—Ž† ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ „‡‹‰ „‘—† –‘ „‹† y•‡Žˆǥƒ†Š‡…‡ƒ…‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‘Ǥ— ‡…ƒƒŽ•‘„”‹‰–Š‹•…‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‘–‘Ž‹‰Š– „› ’‘‹–‹‰ ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘‡ ‹’‘•‹‰ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ȋauctor obligationisȌ …‘—Ž† ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‘‡ ’—– —†‡” ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ȋsubjectum obligationisȌ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ȋterminus obligationisȌǡ•‘–Šƒ–ȋ‹ˆ„‘–Šƒ”‡‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡•—„Œ‡…–Ȍ Š‡™‘—Ž†‘–„‡„‘—†ƒ–ƒŽŽ–‘ƒ†—–›Š‡Žƒ›•—’‘Š‹•‡ŽˆǤdz ȋ ƒ—‡Žƒ–ǡ Metaphysik der Sittenǡ ‹ Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡ ͤǣͥ͢͟ǡ –”Ǥ „› Ǥ ”‡‰‘” as Metaphysics of Moralsǡȏ‡†ǤȐǤ ”‡‰‘”ȏƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ ͧͧͤ͟Ȑǡͤǣͥ͢͟ȌŠ‹•’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ƒ‘—–•–‘–Š‡…Ž‡ƒ”‡•–‡š’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹ ƒ–ǯ•‘™™”‹–‹‰ǤŠ‡†‹••‘Ž—–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ–•—‰‰‡•–•—that by considering the †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ „‡–™een homo phaenomenon and homo noumenon I can see that the ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡† ‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ ˆƒ…– ‘– ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽ— ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡•• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ”ƒ‹•‡• ‡™ “—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ˆ ™‡ Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ƒ•‹†‡ –Š‡ †‡’‡†‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‹••‘Ž—–‹‘‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–”ƒ•…‡†‡–ƒŽ‹†‡ƒŽ‹•ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ƒ……‘—– ‘ˆ Š‘™ –‘ …‘…‡‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ unity ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†•—„Œ‡…–‹ˆ™‡†‘‘–™ƒ––‘Ž‘•‡‰”‹’‘–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Šƒ—–‘‘› ‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹…‘‹…‹†‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥo emphasize that “ƒ›‘‡ ™Š‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• ‹ ƒ–‹ƒ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹• …‘‹––‡† –‘ –Š‡ view –Šƒ––Š‡„‹†‹‰•‡Žˆƒ†–Š‡„‘—†ƒ”‡‹•‘‡•‡•‡†‹•–‹…–dzƒ• ‡•‹‡rƒ †‘‡• ȋ ‡• ‹‡”ƒǡ Dzƒ–‹ƒ —–‹‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‡Žˆǡ š’Žƒ‹‡† ƒ† ‡ˆ‡†‡†ǡdz ‹ Philosophyǡ ˜‘ŽǤ ͦ͟ǡ ‘Ǥ ͥ͟͡ ȏͤ͠͞͞Ȑǡ ͣͣ͞–͡͞ǡ Š‡”‡ ͣͥ͟Ȍǡ †‘‡• ‘– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ‘—––‘ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡””‡ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡•ƒ…‡”–ƒ‹’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆƒ–ǯ• …‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǣ‹ˆƒ–‹ƒƒ—–‘‘›•‡‡•–‘”‡“—‹”‡–Šƒ– †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š „‡–™‡‡ „‹†‹‰ ƒ† „‘—† •‡Ž˜‡•ǡ Š‘™ …ƒ  –Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ •‡Ž˜‡• ‹ •—…Š ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ƒ—–‘‘› ‹• †‹•–‹…– ˆ”‘ ‡”‡ •‡Žˆ-•—„Œ—‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Š‡–‡”‘‘›ǫ 24

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͤͥ

ƒ–•‡‡•–‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘—•ǡ–‘™ƒ”—•ǡ–‘”‡‹†—•‘ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰— –Š—•ϐ‹‰Š–‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹•‹ˆƒ…–’”‘†—…‡†„›Š‹•‘™†‡•…”‹p–‹‘‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‹Š‹•‡š’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆƒ…–‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ– ƒ†‹–• –Šƒ– ™Šƒ– Š‡ ˆ‘”• Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •‹‰—Žƒ” …‘…‡’–‹‘ǡ ‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž› †‡•‹‰‡† ƒ• ƒ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ …‘•–”—…–‹‘ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹• ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ›‡–‰‹˜‡„›‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•ǣDzŠ‡–Š‹‰‹••–”ƒ‰‡‡‘—‰Šǡdzƒ• ƒ– •ƒ›•ǡ Dzƒ† Šƒ• ‘–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ ‹– ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ ‘—” ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ …‘‰‹–‹‘Ǥdzȋ’ǡͣǣ͟͡Ȍ ‘– ‘Ž› †‘ ƒ–ǯ• ™‘”• …‘–ƒ‹ †‡ˆ‡•‹˜‡ ‘˜‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ –™‘ –Š”‡ƒ–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š—arbitrariness and heteronomy—and –Š‡”‡„› ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡ †ƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǢ –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ …‘–ƒ‹ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› –Šƒ– †‡˜‹ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘‹– –‘ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ —ˆ‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š –Šƒ– ƒ˜‘‹† ‹˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›Ǥ The paradox is brought to –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ „› …‘…‡‹˜‹‰ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡”‡„›‹’Ž›‹‰ƒϐ‹”•–‹•–‹–—–‹‰ƒ…––Šƒ–•‡‡•–‘„‡‡‹–Š‡”ƒrbi–”ƒ”›ƒ†Š‡…‡‘’‡–‘ƒ‹ϐ‹‹–‡•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘” ‡Ž•‡ †‡’‡†‡– —’‘ ’”‡-existing reasons that open up a regress „‡›‘†–Š‡’—–ƒ–‹˜‡ϐ‹”•–‹•–‹–—–‹‰ƒ…–ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡‹•™Š‡–h‡” ™‡ …ƒ ƒ‡ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‘—” „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ without ‹˜‘‹‰–Š‡•…‡‡‘ˆ•—…Šƒϔ‹”•–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ–‡’Ž‘›•–™‘ˆ—”–Š‡” ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ •’‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– •‡‡ –‘ ƒ‹ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ…–Ž› –Šƒ–ǣ Š‡ •ƒ›• –Šƒ– ‹ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• Žƒ™• ™‡ ƒ”‡ •—„Œ‡…– –‘ ‘—” own Žƒ™• ƒ† Š‡ •’‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡™‹ŽŽbeing ƒŽƒ™—–‘‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–™‘ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ– ƒ–‘„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ™–Šƒ–„‹†•‡—–™‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–†‘‘–‹˜‘‡–Š‡•…‡‡‘ˆ ƒ ϐ‹”•– ’‘•‹–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ Žƒ™ –Šƒ– ‹• ‹’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ™‡ must have “given –Š‡Žƒ™–‘‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥdz ‘”†‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡Žƒ™•of my own or to be ƒŽƒ™unto myselfǡ‹–‹•‘–†‹”‡…–Ž›”‡“—‹”‡†–Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ in an act—bound or unbound—‰‹˜‡ƒŽƒ™–‘›•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Ža–‹‘‘ˆmy own law •ƒ›•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ™• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ”‡…‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‡ǡ ‡š’”‡•• ™Šƒ–  ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‹• •‡•‡ › ˜‡”› ‘™ ȋ‘– ‹’‘•‡†‘‡ˆ”‘•‘‡‘‡‡Ž•‡‘”„›ƒ…‘–‹‰‡–ˆƒ…–‘ˆƒ–—”‡ǡ „—–ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡Dz›•‡Žˆǡdz–Š‡„‡‹‰–Šƒ– ƒȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ‘ˆbeing a law unto oneself ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–™Šƒ– ƒƒ‘—–•–‘Šƒ˜ing the charƒ…–‡”‘ˆ ƒ Žƒ™ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š–†‹”‡…– ›†‡‡†•ǣ †‘‘–…‘ˆ”‘– ›•‡Žˆ •‹’Ž›ƒ•ƒˆƒ…–ǡƒ•ƒ•‡–‘ˆŽ‹‹–‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡…Š‘‹…‡•ǡ‘” ƒ•ƒŠ‹•–‘”›Ǣ ƒ‘ˆ•—…Š ƒˆ‘”–Šƒ– ƒa law unto myself. Š‡ƒ–’‘‹–•‘—––Šƒ–•‘Ž‘‰ƒ•™‡ ƒ”‡Žƒ™‰‹˜‹‰™‡ƒ”‡ƒŽǦ •‘•—„Œ‡…––‘–Š‡Žƒ™ǡŠ‡–”‹‡•–‘’‘‹––‘ƒ…‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹…Š™‡ †‘ ‘– ‰‹˜‡ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ Žƒ™ ƒ• ƒ —„‘—† •—„Œ‡…– –Šƒ– Š‡…‡ˆ‘”–Š „‹†• ‹–•‡Žˆǡ „—– ‹ ™Š‹…Š ™‡ •‹’Ž› are ƒ Žƒ™ —–‘ ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•—a …‘…‡’–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ—–Š‘” ƒ†

ͤͦ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

‘„Œ‡…– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ …ƒ‘– „‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†Ǥ 25 ‘‡–Š‹‰ ‹• ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‘–„›ˆ”‡‡Ž›•—„Œ‡…–‹‰‹–•‡Žˆǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”‘Ž›‹ˆ‹–‹•„‘—†„›•‘e–Š‹‰ ‹ ™Š‹…Š ‹– ‡š’”‡••‡• ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ Š‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ™ †‘‡• ‘– reside in its origin—‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–Šƒ•‰‹˜‡ ‹– –‘ Š‡r•‡Žˆ—ǡ „—– ‹ –Š‡ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •—„Œ‡…– ƒ† Žƒ™ǣ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹•„‘—†„›–Š‡Žƒ™–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ–•Š‡…ƒ”‡‰ƒ”†–Š‡Žƒ™ ƒ•Š‡”˜‡”›‘™ǡƒ•‡š’”‡••‹‰‘–Š‹‰‘–Š‡”–ŠƒŠ‡”•‡Žˆ. In using th‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰‘‡ǯ•‘™Žƒ™ƒ†‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒŽƒ™ —–‘ ‘‡•‡Žˆ ƒ–ǯ• –‡š– ‘’‡• —’ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ’—”•—‹‰ ƒ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ȋƒ Žƒ™ •—„Œ‡…–• –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ –‘ –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ˜‡”› ™‹ŽŽȌ ƒ† ‹ t‡”•‘ˆ‘™-‡••ȋ„‡‹‰„‘—†„›ƒŽƒ™–‘–Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–Šƒ–‹–‹•› ‘™ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ– Š‹•‡Žˆ †‘‡• ‘– ‰‘ ˜‡”› ˆƒ” ‹ ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ›†‡–ƒ‹ŽǣŠ‡†‘‡•‘–˜‡–—”‡–‘‡š’Žƒ‹Š‘™–Š‹• ˆ”‡‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡•—„Œ‡…–ƒ†Žƒ™…‘‡•ƒ„‘—–ǡŠ‘w we manage –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ† •—•–ƒ‹ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ†Žƒ™ƒ†‘ˆ‘™-‡••„‡–™‡‡Žƒ™ƒ†•—„Œ‡…–ǤŠ‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ– ƒ–—•‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘ϐŽ‡•Š‘—–Š‹•’‹…–—”‡”‡ƒ‹•‘•–Ž›Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹•–‹… ƒ†–Š—•‹•Šƒ—–‡†„›–Š‡•…‡‡•‘ˆƒϐ‹”•–’‘•‹–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†‹–• ƒ––‡†ƒ–’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤ –‘•…‹ŽŽƒ–‡•„‡–™‡‡†‡’‹…–‹‰–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ•ƒ’”‘d—…–‘ˆ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰’‘•‹–‹‰ƒ††‡’‹…–‹‰‹–ƒ•ƒ†‡”‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡”‡Ž› ‰‹˜‡ ˆƒ…– ‘ˆ ‘—” ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– path that is ind‹…ƒ–‡†‹ƒ–ǯ•–‡š–™‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ˜‡–‘‰‘„‡›‘† Kant.

V. From Positing a Law to Appropriating a Practice Ž–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹••—„Œ‡…––‘†‹•’—–‡™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹†‡‡†ˆƒŽŽ•’”‡›–‘ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š –Šƒ– ˆ‘”…‡• —• –‘ ‘†‹ˆ› Š‹• ’‹…–—”‡ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ‘” ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›”‡•‘—”…‡•–‘†‹••‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǡ‘ –Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡‡•–‘„‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡…‘•‡–ƒ‘‰•–…‘‡nˆǤ –‡’Š‡ ‰•–”‘ǡ The Form of Practical Knowledge: A Study of the Categorical Imperative ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ ǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͧ͠͞͞ȌǤ ‰•–”‘ ”‡…‘•–”—…–• –Š‡ ƒ–‹ƒ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—„Œ‡…–ƒ†Žƒ™Ǥƒ™•‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ƒ”‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ––Š‡•—„Œ‡…– ƒ†–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™…‘‹…‹†‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ’’‡•‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡‡ˆϐ‹…ƒ…›‘ˆ –Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆŽƒ™—–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‹–„‹†•‹–•‘„Œ‡…–•—‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ– –Š‹•‘„Œ‡…–•‘™•–Š‹•Žƒ™ǤDz ‘”ƒŽƒ™™Š‘•‡‡ˆϐ‹…ƒ…›ǡƒ†•‘™Š‘•‡˜‡”›„‡‹‰ ƒ• ƒ Žƒ™ǡ †‡’‡†• ‘ ‹–• „‡‹‰ ‘™ „› –Š‡ „‡‹‰• ™Š‘•‡ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ‹– can †‡–‡”‹‡ ‹• ’”‡…‹•‡Ž› ƒ •‡Žˆ-Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡† Žƒ™Ǥ —•– ƒ• ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹• •‡Žˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ •‘ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘—–Š‡ Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ Žƒ™—‹• •‡ŽˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ǤdzȋIbidǤǡͤ͟͡Ȍ 25

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͤͧ

tators that it is the legalistic conception of autonomy that has to be ƒ˜‘‹†‡†Ǥ‘‹‘”†‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™‘”•†‡’‡†‘–Š‡ˆ”‡e†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ –Š‡› „‹† ƒ† Š‘™ ˆ”‡‡†‘ †‡’‡†• ‘ ‘”• ‹ ™Š‹…Š‹–…ƒ‡š’”‡••‹–•‡Žˆƒ†„‡…‘‡ƒ…–—ƒŽǡ‹–•‡‡•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘ Ž‡ƒ˜‡ƒ•‹†‡–Š‡‘†‡Ž‘ˆŽƒ™‰‹˜‹‰ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹•–‹…‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ—–‘‘› Šƒ•–™‘…‡–”ƒŽ‹’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǣȋ͟Ȍ †‡’‹…–‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ unbound positing ‘ˆ ƒ Žƒ™Ǣ ƒ† ȋ͠Ȍ …‘…‡‹˜‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘„Ž‹‰a–‹‘ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ „‡‹‰ „‘—† „›ǡ ‘” ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ —†‡”ǡ ƒ lawǤ •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ•institution ™‡‹‰Š–—†‡”•–ƒ†ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ acquisition or appropriation; an† ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ϐ‹‰—”‹‰ ƒ „‹†‹‰‘”‹–‡”•‘ˆƒˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†ƒ„•–”ƒ…–law ™‡ˆƒŽŽ—†‡”ǡ™‡ ‹‰Š––Š‹‘ˆ‹–ƒ•ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒpractice or a form of life in which ™‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡Ǥ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘‹–‘ǡƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ǡƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•…ƒ„‡…‘‡ƒ…‘’‡–‹‰‘†‡Ž‹‘”†‡”–‘–Š‹‘ˆ•‡Žˆ ƒ†‘”ǡˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™ǡƒ•…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ ‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž ‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ‡ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–‘—•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‹ ™Š‹…Šƒ•—„Œ‡…–‹‰Š–„‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹‰–Š‡‘”•–Šƒ–„‹†‹–Ǣƒ†‹–‹s •—’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ‡—••‡‡Š‘™‘”•…ƒ„‹†ƒ•—„Œ‡…–‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ› –Šƒ––Š‡›–Š‡”‡„›…‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǯ•ˆ”‡‡†‘ǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž’”‘m‹•‡• –Š‡•‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–• „› ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ƒ †‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ ƒ……‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ† Žƒ™ǣ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ „‹†‹‰ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ƒ† Žƒ™ –‘‰‡–Š‡”‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ††‡…‘m’‘•‡ ‹–‘ ƒ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ™‹–Š‘—– Žƒ™ ƒ† ƒ Žƒ™ ™‹–Š‘—– ˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ ‹– ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘•‡‡Š‘™ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™‹‰Š–„‡inseparable in their very tension. ȋ͟Ȍ ˆ ™‡ †‘ ‘– –Š‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• Žƒ™ ƒ• ƒ Žƒ™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–Šƒ•Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‡†ǡ’‘•‹–‡†ǡ‘”‰‹˜‡–‘Š‡”•‡Žˆǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ•ƒŽƒ™ –Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǯ•‘™ǡ–Š‡‹–‹•…Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–™‡‡‡†ƒ†‡‡’‡”—n†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›‹™Š‹…Š‹–‹•Š‡”Dz‘™dzȋƒ•–Š‹•…ƒ‘–‘…‡ again mean tŠƒ––Š‡•—„Œ‡…–Šƒ•’‘•‹–‡†‹–ȌǤ‡™ƒ›‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒd‹‰ –Š‹• ˆ‘”—Žƒ •—‰‰‡•–• ‹–•‡Žˆ ”‹‰Š– ƒ™ƒ›ǣ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹• –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–ǯ• ‘™‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ–‹–„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǯ•nature. This answer ‹• ‘– ‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‹…‘””‡…–ǡ „—– ‹–—”‰‡–Ž› ”‡“—‹”‡•“—ƒŽ‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‹ˆ Žƒ™• ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ƒ”‡ ‘—” ‘™ Žƒ™• ‹ –Š‡ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ™• Dz†‡”‹˜‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‘—” ‘™ ƒ–—”‡ǡdz –Š‹• …ƒ‘– ‡ƒǣ Žƒ™• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–—”‡ given to us. 26 –—•–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡Žƒ™•‘ˆ–Šƒ–ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–™‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡• 26 ‡‹‰Š–”‡‡„‡”–Šƒ–„›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ƒ– wanted to ”—Ž‡ ‘—– ‘– ‘Ž› ‘—” „‡‹‰ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› ‡š–‡”ƒŽ …ƒ—•‡•ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‘—” „‡‹‰ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› ‘„Œ‡…–• –Šƒ– ƒ––”ƒ…– —• †—‡ –‘ ‘—” ‰‹˜‡ ȋ•‡•‹„Ž‡ ‘” ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȌ ƒ–—”‡Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡ˆ—Ž‹–Š‹•…‘–‡š––‘”‡‹†‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•‘ˆƒ–ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘‘ the o”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘—”–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘—the categories. In the Critique of Pure Reasonǡƒ–•’‡ƒ•‘ˆƒDz‡’‹‰‡‡•‹•‘ˆ’—”‡”‡ƒ•‘ǡdz‹‘”†‡”

ͥ͞ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

„”‹‰ˆ‘”–Šƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ǡŽƒ™•‘ˆ‘—”Dzepigenetic nature”—–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‘ˆƒ ƒ–—”‡–Šƒ–™‡…‘•–‹–—–‡‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘„‡ƒƒ—–‘o‘—• Žƒ™ ‹– ‹• ‘– •—ˆϐ‹…‹‡– –Šƒ– ‹– „‡ ƒ Žƒ™ –Šƒ– •’”‹‰• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‡–‹–›ǡ ’‡”–ƒ‹• –‘ ‹– •’‡…‹ϐ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ† ‹• ‹ –Š‹• •‡•‡ –Š‡ ‡–‹–›ǯ• Dz‘™ Žƒ™Ǥdz ‘” •‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘ „‡ ƒ ƒ—–‘o‘—•Žƒ™‹–Šƒ•–‘„‡–Š‡‡–‹–›ǯ•‘™Žƒ™‹ƒ†‡‡’‡”•‡•‡ǣ‹–‹•ƒ Žƒ™ ‘ˆ •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ’”‘†—…‡• ‘” …‘•–‹–—–‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ† ‹• –Š‡”‡„› ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‹„”‹‰‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‹–•‘™Žƒ™•Ǥ –‹•–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆƒƒ–—”‡ that …‘•–‹–—–‡›•‡Žˆǡ‘”–Šƒ– —–‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–ƒ–—•‡•‹ ‘”†‡”–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ‘—”‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”—acquire. 27 ‘™ǡ ‘‡ …‘—Ž† ‘„Œ‡…– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š›ƒ—–‘‘‘—•Žƒ™”‡•‹†‡•—•–„‡ƒself-constituted nature •‡‡• –‘ „”‹‰ —• „ƒ… –‘ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ •‡Žˆ-’‘•‹–‹‰ ‘” ƒ •‡ŽˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-…‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘„‡ –ƒ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǣ‹–†‘‡•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ›ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-’‘•‹–‹‰‘”•‡ŽˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹…ŠƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†›…‘•–‹–—–‡†ƒ—–Š‘”†‡…”‡‡•ƒŽƒ™ƒ† „”‹‰•Š‡”•‡Žˆ—†‡”‹–Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ‹–‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ’”‘…‡••–Šƒ–‹•ƒ†—„”ƒt‡†‹ƒ–ǯ•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•‡Žˆ-‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†—‹–‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ–i…ƒŽŽ› Ž‹˜‹‰ „‡‹‰•Ǥ 28 Š‡•‡ „‡‹‰• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •‡Žˆ-organizing character –‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ƒ”‡ •‡Žˆ-thought a priori (“•‡Ž„•–‰‡†ƒ…Š–dzȌǤ ‡‡ ƒ—‡Žƒ–ǡKritik der reinen Vernunftǡ‹Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡ˜‘ŽǤ͡ǡ ͤͥ͟ǡ–”Ǥ„›Ǥ —›‡”ƒ†Ǥ‘‘†ƒ• Critique of Pure Reason (Cambridge: Cam„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ ͧͧͦ͟Ȍǡ ͤͥ͟Ǥ Šƒ– Š‡ ™ƒ–• –‘ ‡š…Ž—†‡ „› •ƒ›‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ƒ”‡ •‡Žˆ-constituted „› ”‡ƒ•‘ ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‹‰Š– „‡ †‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘‡š’‡”‹‡…‡„—–ƒŽ•‘that they were implanted in us by our Creator. 27 DzŠ‡Š—ƒ„‡‹‰™Š‘‹•…‘•…‹‘—•‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹Š‹•™ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰ †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ‹– „› ƒ–—”‡Ǣ Š‡—•– ƒŽ™ƒ›• Šƒ˜‡ acquired ‹–Ǥdz ȋ ƒ—‡Ž ƒ–ǡ Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht, in Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡ ͥǣͧ͢͠ǡ tr. by Ǥ Ǥ ‘—†‡ ƒ• Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of Viewǡ ȏ‡†ǤȐ Ǥ Ǥ ‘—†‡ǡ ȏ‹–”‘ǤȐ Ǥ —‡Š ȏƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͤ͠͞͞Ȑǡ ͥǣͧ͢͠Ȍ‡‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡Religionsschrift: “Š‡Š—ƒ„‡‹‰—•–ƒ‡‘”Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡ himself into ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” Š‡ ‹• ‘” •Š‘—Ž† „‡…‘‡ ‹ ƒ ‘”ƒŽ •‡•‡ǡ ‰‘‘† ‘” ‡˜‹ŽǤ Š‡•‡ –™‘ ȏ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•Ȑ —•– „‡ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ Š‹• ˆ”‡‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ …Š‘‹…‡ ȏseiner freien WillkürȐǡˆ‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡–Š‡›…‘—Ž†‘–„‡‹’—–‡†–‘Š‹ƒ†ǡ…‘•‡“—‡tŽ›ǡ Š‡ …‘—Ž† „‡ ‡‹–Š‡” morally ‰‘‘† ‘” ‡˜‹ŽǤ ˆ ‹– ‹• •ƒ‹†ǡ Š‡ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰ ‹• …”‡ƒ–‡†‰‘‘†ǡ–Š‹•…ƒ‘Ž›‡ƒ‘–Š‹‰‘”‡–Šƒǣ‡Šƒ•„‡‡…”‡ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ good ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ predisposition in him is good; the human being is not –Š‡”‡„›‰‘‘†ƒ••—…Šǡ„—–Š‡„”‹‰•‹–ƒ„‘—––Šƒ–Š‡„‡…‘‡•‡‹–Š‡”‰‘‘†‘”‡˜‹Žǡ according as he either incorporates or does not incorporate into his maxims the incentives contained in that predisposit‹‘ȋƒ†–Š‹•—•–„‡Ž‡ˆ–‡–‹”‡Ž›–‘Š‹• ˆ”‡‡…Š‘‹…‡ȌǤdzȋǡ͢͢Ȍ 28 ‘”–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽƒƒŽ‘‰›„‡–™‡‡Ž‹˜‹‰•‡Žˆ-‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ•‡Žˆ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ–ƒ†‡‰‡Žǡ•‡‡Š‘ƒ•Š—”ƒƒǡDz‹ˆ‡ƒ†—–‘‘›ǡdz‹ The Freedom of Life: Hegelian Perspectives, ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ Š—”ƒƒ ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ —‰—•– ‡”Žƒ‰ǡ͟͠͞͡Ȍ.

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͥ͟

’”‡…‹•‡Ž›‘–‹ –Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†›…‘•–‹–—–‡†ƒ—–Š‘” ™Š‘ Šƒ• ƒ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‹ ‹† ƒ† ’”‘†—…‡• –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ „‡‹‰ ƒ……‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ Š‡› ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ ‘” …‘•–‹–—–‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ the sense that –Š‡’ƒ”–•ƒ”‡Dz…‘„‹‡†‹–‘ƒ™Š‘Ž‡„›„‡‹‰”‡…‹procaŽŽ›–Š‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‘”Ǥdz 29 That is to say that there ‡š‹•–• ‘ ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡‹‰Ǣ –Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ ‹•”ƒ–Š‡” ’”‡•‡–‘Ž› ‹ƒ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•’ƒ”–•Ǥ‡Žˆ-…‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‹‰‹ϐ‹‡•‘–ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ •‡Žˆ-’‘•‹–‹‰ǡ„—–”ƒ–Š‡”ǡƒ’”‘…‡••‹™Š‹…Šƒ™Š‘Ž‡…‘•–‹–—–‡•‹–•‡Žˆ –Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡…‹’”‘…ƒŽ†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•’ƒ”–•Ǥ 30 ˆƒƒ—–‘‘‘—• Žƒ™‹•ƒ…‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡‘”ƒ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽƒ™‘ˆƒ•‡Žˆ-…‘•–‹–—–‹‰‡–‹–›ǡ –Š‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–ƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†›…‘•–‹–—–‡†•—„Œ‡…–‹••—‡•‹–s own Žƒ™Ǣ ‹– ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‹• –Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• •‡Žˆ-constituting ’”‘…‡••Ǥ ƒ™• ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› ƒ”‡ ‘– ’‘•‹–‡† „› ‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ  —•– •—•–ƒ‹–Š‡Žƒ™•‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›‘”„”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”–Š‹–Š‡™ƒ› …‘•–i–—–‡›•‡ŽˆǤ •‘…‘•–‹–—–‹‰›•‡Žˆ  make tŠ‡Žƒ™›‘™Ǥ‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ •‡Žˆ-†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ –Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ •‡Žˆ…‘•–‹–—–‹‘‹•–‘„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…i’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ Šƒ’’‡‹‰ ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ –Š‡ …‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ ˆ‘rƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆƒ…“—‹•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’’”o’”‹ƒ–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‘” –Š‹• …ƒ‘– „‡ ‡šŠƒ—•–‡† ‹ ƒ ’—”‡Ž› ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ ”‡…‡’–‹‘ ȋƒ †”‹ŽŽ ‘” †‹•…‹’Ž‹‡ „› ™Š‹…Š  ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ› –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†Ȍǡ ‘” …ƒ ‹– „‡ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘” ‹• ’”‡•‡– ƒ† active without my having to pa”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ‹–Ǥ Š‡ ‘” —•–„‡…‘‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹‡‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ– …ƒ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡”–‘ ‹–‹–Š‡ϐ‹”•–’‡”•‘ǣ–Šƒ– ›•‡Žˆ„‡…‘‡ƒDzŽƒ™—–‘›•‡ŽˆǤdz ȋ͠Ȍ –…‘””‡•’‘†•–‘–Š‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǯ•ƒuthorship—authori‰–Š‡Žƒ™„›ƒ‹‰‹–›‘™‘”„›…‘•–‹–—–‹‰ ›•‡Žˆ ‹ •—…Š ƒ ™ƒ› ƒ• –‘ „”‹‰ –Š‹• Žƒ™ ˆ‘”–Š—that we have to —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘” ‹ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ‡”Ǥ  ƒ–ǯ• …‘…‡’–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ Žƒ™ ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘› –Šƒ– †‡ϐ‹‡† –Š‡ ƒ—–‘o‘—•™‹ŽŽwas the mere form of the law as such: –Š‡Žƒ™–Šƒ–™ƒ•–Š‡ ™‹ŽŽǯ•˜‡”›‘™™ƒ•–‘…Š‘‘•‡‘Ž›–Šƒ–ƒš‹–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡™‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ•ƒ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ Žƒ™Ǥ Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–ǯ• ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ™ƒ• –Š‡”‡„› –‘ ƒ„•–”ƒ…– ˆ”‘ ƒ› ‰‹˜‡ …‘–‡– ™Šƒ–•‘‡˜‡” ƒ† •‹’Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Š‡ ˜‡ry ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ ƒš‹ǡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹– …‘—Ž† „‡ ™‹ŽŽ‡† ƒ• ƒ —i˜‡”•ƒŽŽƒ™™‹–Š‘—–•—„˜‡”–‹‰‘”…‘–”ƒ†‹…–‹‰‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‹•…‘…‡’–‹‘ 29 ƒ—‡Ž ƒ–ǡ Kritik der Urteilskraft, in Kant’s Gesammelte Schriftenǡ ͣǣͥ͡͡ǡ tr. by Ǥ —›‡”ƒ†Ǥ‘‘† as Critique of the Power of Judgmentǡȋ‡†ǤȌǤ —›‡” ƒ†Ǥ‘‘†ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ͠͞͞͞Ȍǡͣǣͥ͡͡Ǥ 30 ƒ– ‡š’Ž‹…‹–Ž› ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž• –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹ƒ‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽϐ‹‡Ž†—•‡‡ƒ–ǡKritik der Urteilskraft, ͣǣͥͣ͡Ǥ

ͥ͠ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

Šƒ• „‡‡ …”‹–‹…‹œ‡† ˆ‘” ‹–• ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ‹•‘ˆƒ” ƒ• ‹– •‡‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒb•–”ƒ…–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‡•– ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ‡• ‹– ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡•– –‘ ‹••—‡ƒ›•—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•—Ž–•ǣ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ǡ‘”‘–Š‹‰ǡ•‡‡•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ‡…ƒ‘Ž›Œ—†‰‡‹ˆ•‘‡–Š‹‰‹•ƒ’––‘„‡ƒ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽƒ™ ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†‘ˆƒ™‘”Ž†—ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘–‹ƒ„•–”ƒ…–‹‘ ˆ”‘ƒ›…‘–‡–•Ǥ 31 The nor•–Šƒ–‘„Ž‹‰‡—•†‘‘–‡‡”‰‡ˆ”‘ƒ ˆ‘”ƒŽ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‡•–ǡ„—–ˆ”‘‘—”’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘‹…‘…”‡–‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡•–Šƒ–™‡…ƒƒ‡‘—”‘™Ǥ ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‰‘”•‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ…–ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ™•ǡ’—–•—•‹ ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡•‡‘”•ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽƒ†ƒ…–—ƒŽǤ††i–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‹• ˜‹‡™ ƒ‡• ‘”‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ •‡•‡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡•‡Žƒ™•…ƒ„‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–ǯ•‘™–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‘”Ž‡••‡”†‡‰”‡‡ƒ† ƒ”‡–Š—••—„Œ‡…––‘ƒ’”‘…‡••‘ˆ™‘”ƒ†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ‹•–‘ ”‡ƒ…ŠƒŠ‹‰Š‡”†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›™‹–Š‹ƒ’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ ˆ™‡…‘•‹†‡” ‘”• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ˆ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ™•ǡ ™‡ …ƒ ‘”‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž›—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™•—„Œ‡…–‹‰‘‡•‡Žˆ–‘–Š‡…‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆ a practice ‹•‘–•‘—…Šƒ”‡•–”‹…–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ȋ‹–Š‡•‡•‡‘ˆƒ ‘’‡•’ƒ…‡‘ˆ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ȍƒ•‹–‹•ƒ’”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘—ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ …‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ …‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ „”‘—‰Š– ‹–‘ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ „› –Š‡ …‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡ ”—Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹ce and –Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‘”›”‘Ž‡•‹–†‡ϐ‹‡•Ǥ‡…ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‘”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›–Š‡ sense in which it is true that obedience to these norms can be ena„Ž‹‰Ǥ 32  –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡• ‹– ˆ—”–Š‡”‘”‡ …‘‡• –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ—–‘‘›…ƒ‘–„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡†„›”‡Žƒ–‹‰‘‡•—„Œ‡…––‘ƒŽƒ™ǡ „—–‘Ž›„›ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•—„Œ‡…–•‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ 33 Šƒ–‹•–‘•ƒ›ǡ‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”ƒ’”ƒ…–‹…‡–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‹– ƒ† ƒ‡ ‹– ‹‡ǡ ‹– Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡† ‹ –‡”•‘ˆƒ…‡”–ƒ‹•‘…‹ƒŽ•–”—…–—”‡Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹ˆ ™‡ ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡ ƒ—–‘‘› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ •—„Œ‡…– ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ ƒ…“—‹”‹‰ ‹– ƒ† –”›‹‰ –‘ ƒ‡ ‹– ‹–• ‘™ –‘ •—…Š ƒ †‡‰”‡‡–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘–‘Ž›•—„Œ‡…–to „—––Š‡•—„Œ‡…– of a practice (i.e.ǡ •—„Œ‡…–‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ–‹–…ƒ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡ȏ…‘-Ȑƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ…”‹–‹…‹••‡‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›’ŠǡȚ ͣ͟͡ Ǥ ‡‡ ‡””› ‹ƒ”†ǡ Dz—‰‡†ǡ ‘”ƒŽ —† ‹––Ž‹…Š‡‹–ǣ ‘ ƒš‹‡ œ— ”ƒ–‹‡ǡdz‹Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophieǡ˜‘ŽǤͧ͢ǡ‘Ǥ͟ȋ͟͠͞͞Ȍǡͤͣ–ͦͥǤ 33 ‘•ƒ›–Š‹•‹•‘––‘†‡›–Šƒ–ƒ–†‘‡•–”›–‘ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹‡n•‹‘‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆ™‡…‘•‹†‡”–Š‡Doctrine of Right in the Metaphysics of MoralsǤ ‘” ƒ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –Šƒ– •–”‡••‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‹ ™Š‹…Š ƒ– ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡• –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‹ ‹–• •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‘ •‡‡ ‘„‡”– ‹’’‹ǡ Dz‹‡ ƒ† Š‹‡ǣ Š‡ ƒ–‹ƒ –ƒ–‡ǡdz ‹ The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophyǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌ Ǥ —›‡” ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͤ͠͞͞Ȍǡͤ͢͟–ͤ͢ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ͥ͢͡ˆˆǤ 31 32

Paradoxes of Autonomy ͥ͡

’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ȍǡ–Š‹•‘’‡•—’„‘–Šƒ”‹…Š‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ™Šƒ–ƒ—–‘n‘›ƒ‘—–•–‘ƒ†‡™Ž‹‡•‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘‹‰™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘„‘–Š–Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ …‘’Ž‡š ‹‡” •–”—…–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– 34 ƒ† –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ autonomy. 35 Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›–Š—•†‘‡•‘– ‡…‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Ž‡ƒ†—•‹–‘ƒŽ‡–ŠƒŽ•‡Žˆ-•—„˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆƒ—–‘n‘›Ǣ ‹– •‡‡• ”ƒ–Š‡” –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ autos and nomosǡ •‡Žˆ ƒ† Žƒ™ǡ –Šƒ– ’”‘†—…‡• ‡™ ‹•‹‰Š–• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ way ‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ

VI. The Dialectics of Freedom and Normativity ‘™ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ǣ†‘‡•–Š‹•”‡-†‡•…”‹’–‹‘†‹••‘Ž˜‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘›ǫ …‡”–ƒ‹Ž›–Š‹‹–ƒŽŽ‘™•—•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡ˆƒ–ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹–†‘‡•‘––”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹–‘ƒ‡”‡ –ƒ—–‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ•‡Žˆƒ†Žƒ™ǡˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹˜‹–›Ǥˆ”‡‡™‹ŽŽƒ†ƒ ™‹ŽŽ—†‡”–Š‡‘”ƒŽŽƒ™ƒ”‡not ’”‡…‹•‡Ž›‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡–Š‹‰— ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” two moments of the same constellation.  –Š‹• •Šƒ”‡† …‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‡‡†‘ …ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ™ …ƒ ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘Ž› –‘ –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ”‡ƒ‹ †‹•–‹…– ƒ† ‹ –‡•‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ  ‘”†‡” ˆ‘” ƒ ˆ”‡‡ •‡Žˆ –‘ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡ ƒ ‘” ƒ• Š‡” ‘™ ƒ† ˆ‘” ƒ ‘” –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ƒ† ex’”‡••‹–•‡Žˆ‹ƒˆ”‡‡•‡Žˆ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡•‡Žˆƒ† ‘”Ǥ –‹•–Š‡…‘‘™‘”ǡ‘””ƒ–Š‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡ǡ‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™ –‘ ‘˜‡”…‘‡ –Š‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ •‡Žˆ ƒ† ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ Ž‡– them co-determine one another without thereby a‹Š‹Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡‹” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡Ǥ ‘” •‘‡‘‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ ˆ”‡‡ •‡Žˆ ‹– †‘‡• ‘– •—ˆϐ‹…‡ –‘ …‘nˆ‘” –‘ ‘‡ǯ• ‘™ ”—Ž‡•—–Š‡ •‡Žˆ —•– ”ƒ–Š‡” …‘•–ƒ–Ž› Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ ‹–•‡Žˆˆ”‘™Šƒ–‹–Š‡Žƒ™‹•‘–‹–•‘™ƒ†–”›–‘ˆ—Žϐ‹Ž‘”‡š’”‡•• –Š‡Žƒ™ǣ–‘“’Žƒ…‡” 36 ‹–•‡Žˆwith‹–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ†ˆ‘”•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘„‡ƒ Žƒ™ˆ—Ž ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ ‹– —•– „‡ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒŽ Žƒ™• –Šƒ– …ƒ Œ—•– „‡ ƒ••—‡† –‘ ƒ’’Ž› –‘ ‘” –‘ „‡ ‹•–ƒ–‹ƒ–‡† „› ‹–• •—„Œ‡…–•Ǣ ‹– must rather be something that transforms ‹–••—„Œ‡…–•ǡ–Šƒ–‡ˆ‘”…‡• ƒ† ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Šƒ– ™Š‹…Š ‹ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…– ‹• ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‘” ”‡•‹•–ƒ––‘–Š‡Žƒ™ǤŠ—•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Žƒ™–”‹‡•–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡•—b‡‡ǡ e.g.ǡ —†‹–Š —–Ž‡”ǡ The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection ȋ–ƒnˆ‘”†ǡǣ–ƒˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͧͧͥ͟Ȍƒ†Ž‡ƒ—’ƒ…‹…ǡDzŠ‡—„Œ‡…–‘ˆ ”‡‡†‘ǡdz‹Ethics of the Real ȋ‘†‘ǣ‡”•‘ǡ͠͞͞͞Ȍǡ͟͠–͢͟Ǥ 35 ‡‡ ”‡†‡”‹… ‡—Š‘—•‡”ǡ The Foundations of Hegel's Social Theory: Actualizing Freedom ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ ǣ ƒ”˜ƒ”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͠͞͞͞ȌǢ š‡Ž ‘‡–Šǡ Das Recht der Freiheit: Grundriß einer demokratischen Sittlichkeit ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ —Š”ƒ’ǡ͟͟͠͞ȌǢ‹’’‹ǡHegel’s Practical Philosophyǡƒ”– Ǥ 36 ‡‰‡Ž—•‡•ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ in ’ŠǡȚ͢͢Ǥ 34

ͥ͢ Symposium, ˜‘ŽǤͣͩ‘Ǥͣȋ’”‹‰Ȁ”‹–‡’•ͤͣͥ͢Ȍ

Œ‡…–‹–‘ƒ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ǡ•—„Œ‡…–•—•–ƒŽ•‘–”›–‘Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š‹‘”‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™Ǥ –‹•‘Ž›–Š‡‹”‹””‡•‘Ž˜a„Ž‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡–Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–•ǯ„‡…‘‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”•‘ˆƒ’”ƒc–‹…‡–Šƒ–…ƒ‰‡–„‡›‘†–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ϐ‹‹–‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡƒ† –Šƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ’”ƒ…–‹…‡–Šƒ–‹•‘”‡–Šƒƒ†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ—„Œ‡…–•…ƒ „‡…‘‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‘Ž› –‘ –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ that they are thrown into the …‘•–‹–—–‹˜‡ ”—Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǡ ˆ”‘ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡› —•– ‹ –—” Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹ †‡‰”‡‡Ǥ ”‡‡†‘ –Š—• ‡š…‡‡†• –Š‡ ϐ‹‹–‡”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ™ƒ†”‡ƒ‹•›‡––‘„‡ƒ––ƒ‹‡†™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ Žƒ™”‡ƒ‹•‹–‡–‘•—•–ƒ‹‹‰‹–•‡Žˆƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Šƒ–‹– ‹–•‡Žˆ‡˜‘‡•Ǥ ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™…ƒ–Š—•„‡…‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘‡ƒ†–Š‡ •ƒ‡ …‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ƒ† …‘†‹–‹‘ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘Ž› ‹ˆ –Š‡› …‘–‹—‡ –‘‡–‡”–ƒ‹ƒ†‹ƒŽ‡…–‹…ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”ǡ–‘’—–‹–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡›‡nter ‹–‘ƒŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ ˆ–Š‹•‹•–”—‡ǡ–Š‡™‡Šƒ˜‡—„›—ˆ‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘š ‘ˆƒ—–‘‘›—‘–”‡ƒ…Š‡†ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ…‘’Žƒ…‡…›ƒ†”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹ ™Š‹…Šˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†Žƒ™Šƒ˜‡ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›„‡…‘‡‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡‹” …‘ϐŽ‹…–’—––‘”‡•–Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡”‡-opened tŠ‡‹”‡ƒ„Ž‹‰…‘ϐŽ‹…–ǡ ™Š‹…Šƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡•‹–•‡Žˆ‹–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ‘—”Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ††‡–‡”inations. [email protected]