Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics Edited by: Michelle Egan, American University USA, Neill Nugent, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK and William Paterson OBE, University of Aston, UK. Editorial Board: Christopher Hill, Cambridge, UK, Simon Hix, London School of Economics, UK, Mark Pollack, Temple University, USA, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, Oxford UK, Morten Egeberg, University of Oslo, Norway, Amy Verdun, University of Victoria, Canada, Claudio M. Radaelli, University of Exeter, UK, Frank Schimmelfennig, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Following on the sustained success of the acclaimed European Union Series, which essentially publishes research-based textbooks, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics publishes cutting-edge research-driven monographs. The remit of the series is broadly defined, both in terms of subject and academic discipline. All topics of significance concerning the nature and operation of the European Union potentially fall within the scope of the series. The series is multidisciplinary to reflect the growing importance of the EU as a political, economic and social phenomenon. Titles include: Ian Bache and Andrew Jordan (editors) THE EUROPEANIZATION OF BRITISH POLITICS Richard Balme and Brian Bridges (editors) EUROPE-ASIA RELATIONS Building Multilateralisms Thierry Balzacq (editor) THE EXTERNAL DIMENSION OF EU JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS Governance, Neighbours, Security Michael Baun and Dan Marek (editors) EU COHESION POLICY AFTER ENLARGEMENT Derek Beach and Colette Mazzucelli (editors) LEADERSHIP IN THE BIG BANGS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION Tanja A. Börzel (editor) COPING WITH ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION New Modes of Environmental Governance Milena Büchs NEW GOVERNANCE IN EUROPEAN SOCIAL POLICY The Open Method of Coordination Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent, William E. Paterson (editors) RESEARCH AGENDAS IN EU STUDIES Stalking the Elephant Kevin Featherstone and Dimitris Papadimitriou THE LIMITS OF EUROPEANIZATION Reform Capacity and Policy Conflict in Greece Stefan Gänzle and Allen G. Sens (editors) THE CHANGING POLITICS OF EUROPEAN SECURITY Europe Alone? Heather Grabbe THE EU’S TRANSFORMATIVE POWER Eva Gross THE EUROPEANIZATION OF NATIONAL FOREIGN POLICY Continuity and Change in European Crisis Management

Hussein Kassim and Handley Stevens AIR TRANSPORT AND THE EUROPEAN UNION Europeanization and its Limits Robert Kissack PURSUING EFFECTIVE MULTILATERALISM The European Union, International Organisations and the Politics of Decision Making Katie Verlin Laatikainen and Karen E. Smith (editors) THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED NATIONS Intersecting Multilateralisms Esra LaGro and Knud Erik Jørgensen (editors) TURKEY AND THE EUROPEAN UNION Prospects for a Difficult Encounter Ingo Linsenmann, Christoph O. Meyer and Wolfgang T. Wessels (editors) ECONOMIC GOVERNMENT OF THE EU A Balance Sheet of New Modes of Policy Coordination Hartmut Mayer and Henri Vogt (editors) A RESPONSIBLE EUROPE? Ethical Foundations of EU External Affairs Philomena Murray (editor) EUROPE AND ASIA Regions in Flux Costanza Musu EUROPEAN UNION POLICY TOWARDS THE ARAB-ISRAELI PEACE PROCESS The Quicksands of Politics Daniel Naurin and Helen Wallace (editors) UNVEILING THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Games Governments Play in Brussels David Phinnemore and Alex Warleigh-Lack REFLECTIONS ON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 50 Years of the Treaty of Rome Sebastiaan Princen AGENDA-SETTING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Asle Toje AFTER THE POST-COLD WAR The European Union as a Small Power Richard G. Whitman, Stefan Wolff (editors) THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE Context, Implementation and Impact

Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–9511–7 (hardback) and ISBN 978–1–4039–9512–4 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, UK, ENGLAND

Pursuing Effective Multilateralism The European Union, International Organisations and the Politics of Decision Making Robert Kissack Post Doctoral Research Fellow, Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals, Spain

© Robert Kissack 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-23886-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-31590-1 ISBN 978-0-230-28197-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230281974 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

To my parents

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Contents List of Tables

viii

Acknowledgements

ix

List of Abbreviations

x

1 The European Union, Multilateralism and the Heterogeneous Multilateral System

1

2 Majoritarianism in Multilateral Institutions

25

3 Consensus in Multilateral Institutions

58

4 Privilege in Multilateral Institutions

98

5 Negotiation, Rhetoric and Legitimacy in Multilateral Institutions

138

6 Conclusion

166

Notes

188

References

198

Index

209

vii

List of Tables 1.1 2.1

Four outcomes of EU and multilateral organisation interaction

4

UNGA 63rd Session Third Committee Resolutions adopted in Plenary

53

4.1

Possible EU positions in response to the tabling of UNSC resolutions

114

5.1

Four outcomes of EU and multilateral organisation interaction

141

6.1 Four outcomes of EU and multilateral organisation interaction

168

viii

Acknowledgements This book is the result of several research projects looking at the EU in three different international organisations, merging into a larger and more ambitious work exploring the EU in the multilateral system. Ideas and empirical results from various sections have been presented at BISA, ISA, EUSA, ECPR and GARNET in 2008 and 2009. A postdoctoral fellowship at the Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals (IBEI) from 2008–10 has helped me complete the manuscript far sooner than I would otherwise have been able to. I would like to thank my colleagues at IBEI for their support and advice, everyone who gave valuable suggestions and helped me clarify my ideas every time I have presented them, especially in Barcelona and in Århus University. This project would not have been possible without the help of the many diplomats working for EU and non-EU states, the European Commission, the Council Secretariat, the ILO and the FAO, in New York, Geneva, Rome, Brussels, London, Copenhagen and Athens, who were kind enough to allow me to interview them. A special mention should also be made of Knud Erik Jørgensen, Katie Verlin Laatikainen and Karen Smith, who commented on an early draft. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their love and support, and above all Katie, for being so understanding during the long hours spent researching, writing and editing this book.

ix

List of Abbreviations AI

Amnesty International

ASEAN

Association of South East Asian Nations

BWI

Bretton Woods Institutions

CAS

Committee on the Application of Standards

CFSP

Common Foreign and Security Policy

CoE

Council of Europe

CONUN

Coordination United Nations (EPC Working Group)

DDR

Doha Development Round

DSU

Dispute Settlement Understanding

EC

European Community

ECB

European Central Bank

ECHR

European Convention on Human Rights

ECJ

European Court of Justice

ECOSOC

Economic and Social Council

ED

Executive Director

EEA

European Economic Area

EEC

European Economic Community

EEG

Eastern Europe Group

EESC

European Economic and Social Committee

EFC

Economic and Finance Committee

EMU

European Monetary Union

EP

European Parliament

EPC

European Political Cooperation

ESDP

European Security and Defence Policy

ESS

European Security Strategy

EU

European Union

EURIMF

EU Coordination on IMF (Washington)

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization x

List of Abbreviations xi

G-11

Group of 11

G-7

Group of Seven

G-77

Group of 77

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GB

Governing Body

GRULAC

Group of Latin America and Caribbean Countries

HRC

Human Rights Council

HST

Hegemonic Stability Theory

IAEA

International Atomic Energy Agency

IBRD

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)

ICC

International Criminal Court (ICC)

ICCPR

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

IEE

Independent External Evaluation

ILC

International Labour Conference

ILO

International Labour Organization

IMEC

Industrialised Market Economy Countries

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IPA

Immediate Plan of Action

IR

International Relations

ISNT

Informal Single Negotiating Text

JHA

Justice and Home Affairs

LGBT

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender

MDG

Millennium Development Goals

MEP

Member of the European Parliament

MERCOSUR

Mercado del Sur

MLC

Maritime Labour Convention

MO

Multilateral organisation

NAM

Non-Aligned Movement

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NGO

Non-Governmental Organisation

NIEO

New International Economic Order

xii

List of Abbreviations

NSS

National Security Strategy

OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OIC

Organization of the Islamic Conference

OSH

Occupational Safety and Health

R2P

Responsibility to Protect

SCIMF

EFC Sub-committee on IMF (Brussels)

SDG

Social Dimension of Globalization

SEA

Single European Act

TEC

Treaty on the European Community

TEU

Treaty on European Union

UAE

United Arab Emirates

UDHR

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UK

United Kingdom

UN

United Nations

UNCHR

United Nations Commission on Human Rights

UNCLOS III

Third UN Conference on the Laws of the Sea

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNGA

United Nations General Assembly

UNO

United Nations Organization

UNSC

United Nations Security Council

US

United States

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

WEOG

Western Europe and Other Group

WP

Working Party

WTO

World Trade Organization

WWII

Second World War