EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

ISRAEL/PALESTINE

and military control, comprising more than 60 per cent of the West Bank).

Palestinian schools and universities were targeted with airstrikes, attacked by Israeli settlers and in some cases used by Israeli armed forces as interrogation centres or surveillance posts. Israeli schools were hit by indiscriminate rocket fire.

913

violence include the expansion of Israeli settlements that dot Area C, restrictions on Palestinian construction and movement imposed by the Israeli military, violence and intimidation by the Israeli military and the violence perpetrated by Israeli 915

In particular, education is adversely affected by restrictions on movement, curfews, denial of

Hundreds of incidents of attacks on education – including killing and injury of students and teachers, and damage to schools during fighting – were documented in Israel/Palestine in 2009-2012 by the UN. The great majority of incidents occurred in connection with the Israeli military operations ‘Cast Lead’ (27 December 2008 to 18 January 2009) and ‘Pillar of Defence’ (14 November 2012 to 21 2012)

in

Gaza,

and

with

Israeli

administrative and military arrangements in Area C of the West Bank. Palestine

Sources of tension and

settlers and Palestinian militants and protesters.

CONTEXT

November

914

is

comprised

building permits and the issuing of demolition orders against schools, settler attacks on schools and universities, and actions of Israeli military forces.

916

In Gaza and southern Israel, education suffers primarily from active armed conflict between Israel and the Hamas government, which violently ousted the PNA from Gaza in 2007, and other Palestinian factions.

917

An ongoing back-and-forth pattern of

Palestinian rocket launches and Israeli artillery fire and airstrikes has damaged schools primarily in Gaza but also in Israel.

of

the

West

Bank

(including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip, with Israel located between the two. Control of the land and education systems is divided between different authorities. The Israeli Ministry of Education is responsible for education in Israel, and the Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education, the Hamas-run education ministry in the Gaza Strip, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and private providers run schools

UNOCHA reported in July 2013 that 13 schools located within the Access Restricted Areas in Gaza, established in 2000, had been damaged or had classes disrupted by the enforcement of restrictions on access in the area extending up to 1.5 kilometres from the border with Israel. According to UNESCO, schools in the restricted area have also been damaged by the activity of Palestinian armed groups, some of whose rockets have fallen short and hit schools in Gaza during the reporting period.

918

in the West Bank and Gaza. Israel’s closures of border crossings, limits on sea Attacks on education in the West Bank are largely linked to territorial, administrative and security arrangements.

Following

the

Israeli-Palestinian

Interim Agreement (commonly known as the Oslo Accords), it was divided into Areas A (Palestinian National Authority (PNA) military and civil control), B (PNA civil/Israeli military control) and C (Israeli civil

access, and restrictions on access to land areas limited the entrance of building materials and prevented travel of Gazan students and education staff.

919

Moreover, Egyptian authorities imposed

tight restrictions on Palestinian students and education staff crossing the border at Rafah, in

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

southern Gaza. Gazan authorities also limited students’ travel outside the area.

920

perpetrated attacks on schools and other education facilities.

Conflict has also caused physical harm and

During Operation Cast Lead in 2008-2009, at least

psychosocial distress to students and education

280 out of 641 schools in Gaza were reportedly

staff. In Gaza, during Operation Cast Lead, 265

damaged and another 18 destroyed.

928

It is not

921

specified how many were damaged in targeted

during Operation Pillar of Defence, 21 students and

attacks; many were damaged during firing at

school staff and teachers were killed and 343

Palestinian military positions and training sites.

injured. In both cases, it is not known how many

Incidents during the reporting period included the

students and teachers were killed and 875 injured;

casualties resulted from targeted attacks.

922

In

total destruction by aerial bombardment on 3

southern Israel, students and staff face the constant

January 2009 of the American School in Beit Lahia, in

fear of intermittent attacks on civilian areas by

the north of the Gaza Strip, which Israel claimed

unguided

by

Palestinian armed groups were using as a firing

Palestinians from Gaza, which have hit schools and

position (this was disputed by local residents and the

school transport, killing one student and injuring

school’s director);

another, and injuring a bus driver, during 2009-

Elementary School, an UNRWA school, as a result of

2012.

rockets

and

mortars

launched

923

929

and damage to the Beit Lahia

Israeli forces’ shelling with white phosphorous, killing two boys and injuring 13 others who were

The first Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations in

using the school as an emergency shelter.

three years restarted on 29 July 2013.

impact

of

the

destruction

of

930

schools

The was

subsequently compounded by an ongoing blockade Net primary school enrolment in Israel was 97 per

imposed by Israel

cent and net secondary school enrolment was 98 per

materials and other education supplies required to

cent (2010), while in Palestine, these figures were 87

repair the damage, resulting in substandard school

per cent and 81 per cent (2011) respectively.

924

At

tertiary level, gross enrolment was 62 per cent

931

that restricted access to building

facilities, overcrowded classrooms and the underresourcing of educational activities.

932

(2009) in Israel and 51 per cent (2011) in Palestine.

925

In 2009 and 2010, the UN reported instances of Israeli forces being in schools following raids, forced

In both the West Bank and Gaza, educational

entry, and search and arrest operations. In some

achievement has dropped in recent years, with

cases, tear gas was used on students. The incidents

examinations showing a decline in overall results.

926

In Israel, rocket attacks have caused thousands of students to miss out on learning periodically.

927

resulted in damage to schools, interruption of education and placed students’ safety at risk. A number of incidents involving the vandalizing of school buildings in the West Bank by Israeli settlers

ATTACKS ON SCHOOLS

were documented in UN and media reports. On 21 October 2010, for example, vandals alleged to be

Both Israeli armed forces and settlers in the West

settlers set fire to a storage room in a West Bank

Bank and Israeli armed forces and Palestinian armed

Palestinian girls’ school and left graffiti on its

groups in Gaza and southern Israel allegedly

walls.

933

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

An Islamist Palestinian armed group claimed

specific instance, an anti-tank missile from Gaza hit a

responsibility for setting fire to an UNRWA summer

school bus and killed a 16-year-old Israeli boy. It is

school for Palestinian children in Beit Lahia in May

not possible to ascertain if any of these attacks was

2010; and an unidentified group of 25 armed

targeted.

945

militants set fire to a similar summer school in Central Gaza in June 2010.

934

One Palestinian rocket

landed near an Israeli kindergarten in 2010.

935

In November 2012, the Israeli military operation Pillar of Defence, in which Israeli forces targeted military installations and training sites, resulted in

In 2011, according to the UN, there were 46 incidents of violence related to education.

936

In six

the damage of more than 290 school buildings in Gaza,

946

including 60 UNRWA school buildings.

947

instances, settler violence targeted schools in the

Rockets launched by Palestinian armed groups

West Bank; these cases involved settlers throwing

during the hostilities damaged six school buildings in

objects such as rocks and bottles at schools,

seven incidents in southern Israel.

physically assaulting children and teachers inside

Gaza and southern Israel within a 40-kilometre

schools, and vandalizing schools with graffiti and

radius of the border with Gaza were closed as

arson.

937

prayer

In one case, Israeli settlers set fire to a room

governorate.

at

a

school

in

the

fighting intensified.

948

Schools in both

949

Nablus

938

The UN documented 27 additional incidents of violence related to education in the West Bank in 950

In 11 incidents during 2011, Israel Defence Forces

2012.

(IDF) fire in Gaza, targeting military installations or

entering Palestinian

training sites, damaged schools.

939

There were 21 instances of IDF personnel schools.

951

Israeli military

Among these was

personnel conducting security sweeps ahead of

an UNRWA school, reportedly damaged by Israeli

Israeli settlers’ night-time religious events entered

airstrikes in December 2011.

940

Two schools were

damaged in 2011 by Palestinian rockets aimed at Israel, but which landed in Gaza.

941

In one instance,

unknown masked and armed men attacked and vandalized an UNRWA summer games facility.

942

the Haj Ma’zoz Al Masri Secondary School for Girls in Nablus on six separate occasions.

952

Eleven other

times, Israeli forces tried, sometimes successfully, to enter

school

operations,

premises,

disrupting

often

classes

during and

search

sometimes

damaging schools. Israeli forces fired tear gas or live In 2011, there were 11 instances of IDF personnel

ammunition at schools in another four instances in

entering schools in the West Bank – with no reasons

2012.

given or known. In some of these instances, schools

police allegedly fired tear gas inside Aba Secondary

were affected as a result of clashes occurring close

Mixed School, causing 29 students to seek medical

to them and tear gas canisters landing inside school

attention, after violence erupted when interior

grounds.

943

According to a UN respondent, in some

instances the IDF entered schools to ‘intimidate’ staff and pupils against stone throwing.

953

For instance, on 13 November 2012, Israeli

ministry officials attempted to post demolition orders for illegal building work.

954

944

In 2012, Israeli settlers from the Yitzhar settlement Also in 2011, there were four instances of

threw stones at the Palestinian school in Urif (near

indiscriminate rockets launched from Gaza resulting

Nablus) on four separate occasions. One incident, on

in damage to schools in southern Israel. In one

23

April

2012,

triggered

clashes

between

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

Palestinians and Israeli forces and settlers during

military forces. Out of 101 communities surveyed by

which teargas was fired, injuring eight Palestinian

the Education Cluster and the Child Protection

children.

955

Working Group in 2011, 28 experienced settler violence against students and teachers and 26 experienced threats against them.

Demolition and stop-work orders

965

In one case, at

Qartaba School in Hebron, there were reports of In 2011 alone, Israeli authorities issued nine schools

pupils and staff being harassed or threatened. In

in Area C of the West Bank with demolition or stop-

October 2011, a guard at the school was allegedly

work orders,

956

bringing the total number of such

assaulted by a group of settlers after he tried to stop

schools to 38, including several considered at

them from throwing glass and empty bottles at the

imminent risk, and affecting 4,300 children.

957

Under

building.

966

In December 2011, according to Ma’an

these orders, schools cannot be rehabilitated to

News Agency, settlers allegedly tried to stab a sixth-

meet minimum humanitarian standards or can be

grade pupil at the school and hit another who tried

demolished at any time.

958

Such orders can

to defend him, while Israeli soldiers allegedly looked 967

represent a denial of access to education or a threat

on without intervening.

to deny access. A school in Khirbet Tana, near

Palestinian school in Urif in April 2012 (mentioned

Nablus, was demolished in 2010 for the sixth time by

earlier in the Attacks on schools section), in addition

Israeli forces. In Dkaika village, South Hebron,

to throwing objects at schools, Israeli settlers

another was partially demolished in 2011.

959

In 2012,

Israeli authorities issued demolition orders against

During the incident at a

physically assaulted children inside schools and on their way to and from school.

968

three Palestinian schools in Area C and East 960

On 14

One-quarter of Palestinian communities questioned

May 2012, Haaretz reported that a Palestinian

in the 2011 Education Cluster and Child Protection

elementary school was shut down after Israel’s Civil

Working

Administration confiscated the vehicle used to

schoolchildren, youth and teachers experienced

transport teachers to it. The school also had a

Israeli military harassment or violence while en route

demolition order against it, although the nearest

to and from school, and 31 per cent indicated that

Jerusalem for being built without a permit.

alternative school was 20 kilometres away.

961

Group

survey

also

reported

that

students and teachers had to cross at least one military checkpoint to reach their schools, which 969

ATTACKS ON SCHOOL STUDENTS, TEACHERS

affected more than 2,500 children each day.

AND OTHER EDUCATION PERSONNEL

Sixteen per cent of children in the communities

In southern Israel, in April 2011, an anti-tank missile

harassment by military and security personnel while

fired from the Gaza Strip struck a school bus, killing a

crossing these checkpoints or the separation

16-year-old boy and injuring the driver. possible

to

ascertain

if

it

was

962

surveyed claimed to have experienced delays and

It was not

targeted.

970

963

Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the AlQassam Brigades, an armed wing of Hamas.

barrier.

MILITARY USE OF SCHOOLS

964

The UN found evidence of the military use of schools In the West Bank, schoolchildren, teachers and other

in the West Bank in 2011 and 2012. For example, in

personnel faced intimidation by Israeli settlers and

March 2011, the Israeli military used a school in the

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

981

village of Awarta as a detention and interrogation

were reportedly detained

centre for two weeks after five members of an Israeli

Authority – including eight from An-Najah University

971

accused of being affiliated with Hamas and

In April 2011, Israeli forces broke into a Nablus

attempting to start a new university in the West

school and went on the roof to provide security to a

Bank.

family were killed, allegedly by Palestinian youths.

nearby area that settlers were visiting at night.

972

982

In

2012, there were two incidents of schools being 973

by the Palestinian

Palestinian students and professors experienced

In one of the incidents,

restrictions on movement that negatively impacted

according to the International Middle East Media

their educational activities, including a blanket Israeli

Centre, Israeli soldiers used a school east of Jenin

ban on travel for Gazan students and professors to

city as a military post and monitoring tower in

study or lecture at Palestinian universities in the

occupied by the IDF.

November 2012.

974

West Bank. In October 2009, the Palestinian interior ministry and an NGO campaigning for freedom of movement reported that 838 Gazan students who

ATTACKS ON HIGHER EDUCATION

were formally offered places and/or enrolled at Higher education was affected by similar violence. In

foreign universities were unable to leave Gaza

Gaza, during Operation Cast Lead, 14 of the 15

because of travel restrictions and bureaucracy.

higher education institutions were damaged, with six

Hamas also barred seven students from travelling to

directly targeted, according to the Al Mezan Centre

the United States for a year of study under a US

for Human Rights in Gaza. Three colleges and six

programme, citing worries over their supervision.

983

984

university buildings were fully destroyed. The total damage was estimated at USD 21.1 million.

975

Seven

ATTACKS ON EDUCATION IN 2013

universities in Gaza were also damaged during Israeli airstrikes in November 2012.

976

A wide range of types of attack on education continued to be reported in 2013. These included

University students and faculty were injured or

demolition orders against primary and secondary

arrested by Palestinian and Israeli forces. In one

schools in East Jerusalem and the West Bank,

incident, Gazan police entered the campus of Al-

settlers stoning schools and students

Azhar University in Gaza and attacked protesting

buses carrying students,

987

986

985

and school

acts of intimidation by

977

settlers, the use of tear gas in and near Palestinian

According to media and human rights reports, Israeli

schools by Israeli police, and shootings of students

security forces arrested 20 university students from

by Israeli soldiers.

students, allegedly beating them with clubs.

2009 to 2012.

978

For example, Israeli forces

988

Police found military weapons

and explosives stashed in two schools in Israel.

989

reportedly detained a 20-year-old university student

There were also reports that the Ministry of

from Tulkarem city because of his graduate research

Education in Gaza was organizing military-style

project on the construction of a pilotless plane,

training for school children aged 15-17, with training

which they said posed a threat to Israel’s national

provided by the Hamas National Guard and militants

security.

979

One academic who called for a one-state

with Hamas’s armed wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades,

solution was detained without charge by the Israeli

and that the Prime Minister was planning to extend

authorities in 2011 and was still being held two years

it to 12-year-olds.

later.

980

At least nine academics and university staff

990

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

ENDNOTES ISRAEL/PALESTINE

struggle to cope with life under fire,” Reuters, 18 November 2012; Aron Heller, “Anti-rocket school protects kids near Gaza,” AP, 27

913

This profile covers attacks on education in 2009-2012, with an

August 2012; “Hamas rockets hit 2 Israeli schools,” CBS News

additional section on attacks on education in 2013.

report, 19 November 2012; Isabel Kershner, “Missile from Gaza

914

hits school bus,” New York Times, 7 April 2011; “Hamas rockets

For map and explanation regarding area divisions under the

Oslo Interim Agreement, see United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Occupied Palestinian Territory (OCHAOPT), Humanitarian Factsheet on Area C of the West Bank (East Jerusalem: OCHAOPT, July 2011). 915

hit 2 Israeli schools,” CBS News report, 19 November 2012; Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013; and UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the SecretaryGeneral, A/65/820-S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para 120. 924

Ibid.; and HRW, World Report 2013: Israel/Palestine (New York:

HRW, 2013).

The World Bank, “School Enrollment – Primary,” The World

Bank Data (2010, 2011; The World Bank, “School Enrollment Secondary,” The World Bank Data (2010, 2011).

916

UNOCHA, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Consolidated Appeal 925

2013 (New York: UNOCHA, 2013), 27, 64-5; Interviews with teachers at Qurdoba school, Hebron, by Brendan O’Malley in May

The World Bank, “School enrollment – tertiary (% gross),” The

World Bank Data (2009, 2011).

2012.

926

917

Palestinian Territory, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon: An assessment

“Gaza Strip Profile,” BBC News, last updated 6 January 2009;

and “Gaza crisis: maps and timeline,” BBC News, 6 January 2009.

UNICEF, The situation of Palestinian children in The Occupied

based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 16; UNICEF, UNICEF Occupied Palestinian Territory - Education in Emergencies

918

UNOCHA, “Access restricted areas (ARA) in the Gaza Strip,” July

2013; Save the Children, “Fact Sheet: Children’s Right to Education in Armed Conflict, ”October 2011, 3-4; UNESCO, “Safe Schools: Protecting Education from Attack, Twelve Schools in the Gaza ‘Buffer Zone’,” 2010; and interviews with members of the Working Group on Grave Violations against Children in Gaza, by

and Post-Crisis Transition 2010 Report (New York: UNICEF, March 2011), 4, 6, 9; Kathleen Kostelny and Michael Wessells, Psychosocial

Assessment

of

Education

in

Gaza

and

Recommendations for Response (UNESCO, September 2010), 2132; and Save the Children, “Children Traumatised One Year after Gaza Offensive,” 22 December 2009.

Brendan O’Malley, May 2012. 927 919

UNOCHA, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Consolidated Appeal

2013 (New York: UNOCHA, 2013), 1, 64-5; and HRW, World Report 2013: Israel/Palestine (New York: HRW, 2013). 920

921

UNICEF, “UNICEF concerned over the impact of violence on

children in Gaza and Southern Israel,” 12 March 2012; “Hamas rockets hit 2 Israeli schools,” CBS News report, 19 November 2012.

Information provided by Human Rights Watch, October 2013.

928

Association of International Development Agencies, The Gaza

September 2009; and “OPT: Gaza Schoolchildren Struggling to

“OPT: Gaza Schoolchildren Lack Basic Equipment,” IRIN, 9

Blockade: Children and education fact sheet, 2009.

Learn,” IRIN, 5 February 2010.

922

929

UN-OCHA, Humanitarian Monitor – Monthly Report, March

2013, 10. 923

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 96; UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 112; UNICEF, “UNICEF

Al Mezan Center For Human Rights, “Israeli Forces Bomb

Schools and Mosque,” 3 January 2009; Amira Hass, “Was the Gaza School Bombed by IAF a ‘Legitimate Target’?” Haaretz, 26 April 2009; and Peter Kenyon, “Despite Bombing, Gaza School Endures,” National Public Radio (NPR), 2 August 2009. 930

HRW, Rain of Fire: Israel’s Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus

concerned over the impact of violence on children in Gaza and

in Gaza (New York: HRW, March 2009), 45-8; US Department of

Southern Israel,” 12 March 2012; “Gaza rocket hits Israeli school,”

State, 2009 Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Israel

Israel Today, 24 June 2012; Elior Levy, “Gaza rocket hits near

and the Occupied Territories (Bureau of Democracy, Human

Ashkelon school,” YNetNews, 29 November 2012; “Gaza children

Rights, and Labor, 11 March 2010).

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

931

The blockade by land, sea and air, established by Israel and

941

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

Egypt after Hamas gained control of Gaza in 2007, was eased for

General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 95; and

the UN and NGOs to bring in building materials in mid-2009; in

information provided by a UN respondent 19 July 2013.

2010, it was eased for consumer materials but not construction

942

Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

943

Ibid.

944

Ibid.

945

Ibid.

946

Education Cluster Damaged School Database, August 2013.

Schoolchildren Struggling to Learn,” IRIN, 5 February 2010.

947

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

933

General, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 119.

materials, which were allowed in from the end of 2012. However, exports to Israel and the West Bank remained banned: see “Israel, Egypt, Ease Gaza Blockades,” Wall Street Journal, 30 December 2012. 932

School Safety Partners, “UN: Thousands of Children without

School in Israeli-Blockaded Gaza,” 22 April 2010; and “OPT: Gaza

Tovah Lazaroff, Yaakov Lappin and Yaakov Katzt, “Palestinians

Blame ‘Hilltop Youth’ for School Arson,” The Jerusalem Post, 21

948

October 2010; and Nasouh Nazzal, “Colonists Attack School, Write

General, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 120; and

Racist Slogans,” The Jerusalem Post, 21 October 2010; UNSC,

information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,

949

A/65/820-S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para 126. 934

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General

for Children and Armed Conflict, “Children are suffering from

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

escalation of conflict in Gaza and southern Israel,” 16 November

General, A/65/820-S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para 117; Nidal Al-

2012; and “Israel Airstrike Hits Al Aqsa, Hamas TV Station, in High-

Mughrabi, “Militants attack UN Gaza summer camp,” Reuters, 23

Rise in Downtown Gaza City,” Huffington Post, 19 November

May 2010; and “Gaza gunmen ‘set fire to UN summer camp for

2012.

children’,” BBC News, 28 June 2010.

950

935

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 118; and

General, A/65/820-S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para 127.

updated figure provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

936

951

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/67/845/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 117. 937

Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013;

and information provided by a UN respondent on 19 July 2013. 938

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 94; and “Settler Gang Burns West Bank Secondary School Prayer Room,” Middle East Monitor, 5 May 2011. 939

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 95; updated by information from a UN respondent 12 December 2013.

952 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the SecretaryGeneral, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 118. 953

US Department of State, 2011 Country Report on Human

Rights Practices - Israel and the Occupied Territories (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 24 May 2012).

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 118. 954

Yanir Yagna, “Clashes erupt in Bedouin village as Israel’s

Interior Ministry distributes demolition orders,” Haaretz, 13 November 2012. 955

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/67/845–S/2013/245, 15 May 2013, para 118. 956

940

Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 94. 957

OPT Education Cluster, Education Cluster Database: Vulnerable

School Matrix (VSM), August 2013; figures reduced by one after being updated by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

958

Information supplied by a UN respondent, October 2013.

959

UN OCHA, Humanitarian Monitor - July 2011.

960

Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

961

Akiva Eldar, “Israeli Military Demolishes Palestinian School to

Make Way for Military Base,” Live Leak, 14 May 2012.

Information also provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013. 973

Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

974

Saed Bannoura, “Army occupies school in Jenin,” IMEMC and

other agencies, 13 November 2012. 975

962

Updated information provided by a UN respondent, 12

December 2013; HRW, “Israel/Gaza: Protect Civilians From Attack - Hamas Targets School Bus, Israeli Attacks Kill Civilians, Injure Medics,” 12 April 2011; “Israeli school bus hit by Gaza missile,” The Guardian, 7 April 2011; and “Gaza-Israel Violence Rages, Five Militants Killed,” Thomson Reuters, 9 April 2011. 963

Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

2009. At least two of them were hit on 28 December 2008, before the study’s reporting period. This included The Islamic University, which the Israeli military said was being used by Hamas to develop and store weapons. 976

HRW, “Israel/Gaza: Protect Civilians from Attack - Hamas

Targets School Bus, Israeli Attacks Kill Civilians, Injure Medics,” 12 April 2011. 965

Save the Children, “Fact Sheet: Children’s Right to Education in

Armed Conflict,” October 2011; and interviews by Brendan O’Malley, Qartaba primary school, Hebron, May 2012.

Information provided by a UN respondent, citing Education

Cluster database on 19 July 2013. 977

964

“Tough Times for University Students in Gaza,” IRIN, 26 March

“Hamas Police Raid Gaza Campus,” University World News,

Issue No: 163, 20 March 2011. 978

US Department of State, 2009 Country Reports on Human

Rights Practices - Israel and the Occupied Territories (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 11 March 2010); “12 antiwar demonstrators arrested,” Ynet, 6 January 2009; Ben Lynfield, “Student expelled to Gaza Strip by force,” The Independent, 30

966

Majd Qumsieh, “Settlers attack Qurtuba School students

October 2009; “Israel Detained Student because of His Graduate

studying by roadblock,” IMEMC, 13 October 2011; “Settlers Attack

Project,” The Palestinian Information Centre, 30 January 2012;

a Palestinian School in Hebron,” Palestinian News Agency, 13

Associated Press, “Pro-Hamas students holed up on West Bank

October 2011.

campus,” The Guardian, 23 May 2012;Saed Bannoura, “Soldiers

MNA, “Settlers Attack School Children in Hebron,” Occupied

Kidnap Several Palestinians In The West Bank,” International

Palestine, 29 December 2011. The first boy was interviewed at the

Middle East Media Center; Mya Guarnieri, “Israel suppresses Gaza

school by Brendan O’Malley, May 2012. He alleged that a soldier

protests in West Bank,” +972 Mag, 18 November 2012.

967

held his hands behind his back and urged the settler to hit him.

979

968

Information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013.

Palestinian Information Centre, 30 January 2012.

969

Save the Children, “Fact Sheet: Children’s Right to Education in

980

Armed Conflict,” October 2011. 970

“Israel Detained Student because of His Graduate Project,” The

PEN International, “Writer and Academic Detained Without

Charge,” 25 May2011; and Amnesty International, “Palestinian academic given detention extension must be released,” 25 April

Ibid.; and “On the Wrong Side of The Wall,” IRIN News, 20 April

2012.

2011. 981 971

UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-

General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 94; information provided by a UN respondent, 12 December 2013;

“Authority Orders Release of Academics,” University World

News, Issue No: 135, 15 August 2010; Khaled Abu Toameh, “PA arrests professor who criticized Nablus University,” Jerusalem Post, 26 August 2011.

and Anshel Pfeffer, “Palestinian teenager arrested over murder of 5 members of Fogel family,” Haaretz, 18 April 2011. 972

982

“Authority Orders Release of Academics,” University World

News, Issue No: 135, 15 August 2010. UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary983

General, A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 94;

“Travel Restrictions Hit Gaza Students,” IRIN, 22 October 2009.

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014 COUNTRY PROFILES

984

Lauren E. Bohn, “US Cancels Scholarship Program for Gaza

Students Amid Battle Involving Israel and Hamas,” The Right to Education Campaign, 15 October 2012. 985

“Israel orders partial demolition of Palestinian school,” Ma’an

News, 27 August 2013. 986

Rabbis for Human Rights, “Arson of some 400 olive trees in the

West Bank,” 9 October 2013. 987

“Settlers pelt Palestinian school buses,” Al Akhbar, 30 April

2013. 988

Robert Tait, “Israeli army ‘provoked Palestinian teenager and

then shot him,” The Telegraph (UK), 16 January 2013. 989

Ben Hartman, “Missiles, RPGs found stashed at Arab village

school,” The Jerusalem Post, 2 May 2013. 990

Phoebe Greenwood, “Hamas teaching Palestinian schoolboys

how to plant IEDs, fire Kalashnikov assault rifles,” The Telegraph, 28 April 2013; “Hamas to establish military academy to train Palestinian,” Press Trust of India, 25 January 2013.