Overview of the cattle sector in South East Europe, the Caucasian Region, Central Asia and Middle East

Overview of the cattle sector in South East Europe, the Caucasian Region, Central Asia and Middle East K.J. Peters Institut of Animal Science Humboldt...
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Overview of the cattle sector in South East Europe, the Caucasian Region, Central Asia and Middle East K.J. Peters Institut of Animal Science Humboldt University Berlin, Germany [email protected]

2nd Workshop of the Cattle Network EAAP 2006

Structure of the presentation • Location and Countries • Cattle Sector Dynamics – Stocks and Production – Performance in Meat and Milk – Self-sufficiency

• Production systems and sector institutions • Breeding Organisation • Future needs in cooperation

South East Europe R Romaniao m a n i a

Bulgaria

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks

Total Number of Animals

5.000.000 4.000.000

3.000.000Year

1992

2005

100,00% 100,00%

51,25% 50,52%

(FAO 2006)

04

20

02

00

20

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

Romania

20

1.000.000 Bulgaria

98

2.000.000

Bulgaria Romania

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals Propotion of Cows of the whole Cattle Population

2.000.000 1.500.000

04

02

(FAO 2006)

20

20

98

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

Romania

20

500.000 Bulgaria

00

1992 37,14% 40,92%

1.000.000

2005

Bulgaria Romania 54,90%

72,73%

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes) 300.000 250.000

(FAO 2006)

20

20

20

19

19

92

-

04

18,59% 65,01%

02

100,00% 100,00%

19

50.000

19

100.000

00

Bulgaria Romania

150.000

98

2005

96

1992

94

Year

200.000

Bulgaria Romania

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 1992

2005 Bulgaria Romania

(FAO 2006)

20

04

85,42% 165,15%

02

20

00

20

19

98

100,00% 100,00%

96

19

94

19

19

92

7.000.000 6.000.000 5.000.000 Year 4.000.000 3.000.000 2.000.000 Bulgaria 1.000.000 Romania -

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle Meat: self-sufficiency

(FAO 2006)

04 20

02 20

00 20

98 19

96 19

94

Bulgaria Romania

19

19

92

120,00% 100,00% 80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00%

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk: self-sufficiency

(FAO 2006)

04 20

02 20

00 20

98 19

96 19

94

Bulgaria Romania

19

19

92

140,00% 120,00% 100,00% 80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00%

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, (kg/Animal slaugthered) 250 200 150

Bulgaria Romania

100 50 -

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

(FAO 2006)

2002

2004

South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 4.000 3.000

Bulgaria Romania

2.000 1.000

(FAO 2006)

04 20

20

02

00 20

98 19

96 19

94 19

19

92

-

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions

Number of farms and share of agricultural land [%] Farm structure

Cooperatives

Commercial

Individual

Companies

Farms

Romania

0/─

0,1 / 13

99,7 / 80

Bulgaria

0,4 / 51

0,3 / 23

99,3 / 26

IAMO,2004

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions

• Dairy cows mainly kept by subsistance or small farms Ø herd size 2 cows

• In large farms limited importance of cattle keeping • Dominance of dual purpose cattle production (IAMO, 2004)

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions

• Low labor and land productivity • Low feeding system efficiency – poor summer pastures – inadequate feed conservation technologies – poor winter feeding (IAMO, 2004)

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions

• Support institutions not adjusted to fit fragmented production system, these include – veterinary service – AI service – input supply – marketing – agricultural education

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • Transformation and fragmented cattle sector creates problems for the implementation of EU regulations

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • Identification and Registration – legislation in process – implemenation in process

• Health rules for dairy and beef products – legislation in process (Rom), completed (Bul) – lack of control infrastructure and enforcement

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • Product classification – Romania:

none

– Bulgaria:

for beef meat legislation completed

• Feed control – Romania:

none

– Bulgaria:

fully adjusted

South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • BSE Control – Romania:

EU standards evaluated

– Bulgaria:

strict control (IAMO, 2004)

South East Europe Breeding Organisation

• Continous importation of cattle breeding stock/semen

South East Europe Breeding Organisation Heifers, Head, 2005 N et her l and s I t al y

Rom ania

Hung ar y F r ance F r G er many

Bulgaria

D enmar k A ust r i a

0

1000

2000

3000

South East Europe Breeding Organisation Semen, Portions, 2005 N et her land s It aly Hung ar y F r ance F r Ger many A ust r ia

Rom ania

Bulgaria

0

2000

4000

6000

South East Europe Breeding Organisation Breeding Organisation Revitalization • Breeding organisations:

in process with assistance

• AI organisation:

in process with assistance

• Performance recording:

with limited scope

• BVE estimation/selection:

with limited scope

South East Europe Future needs in cooperation • Land rental and purchasing incentives to overcome fragmentation • Improved marketing structures (dairy) • Overcoming low rate of mechanisation • Re-establishment / adjustment of production advisory service and veterinary service (IAMO, 2004)

South East Europe Future needs in cooperation

• Establishment and management of breeding service (AI) • Establishment of breeding herds (large farms) to produce cow bulls

Caucasian Countries

Georgia

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Caucasian Countries Climate – High ecological diversity – High rainfall and subtropical climate near Black sea – Dry and continental climate at the Caspian sea and in eastern plains – Highlands: continental alpine climate with hot summers and cold winters

Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks 1992

2.500.000 2.000.000

2005 Armenia

Armenia 1.500.000 Azerbaijan, Republic of 1.000.000 Georgia 500.000

100,00%Azerbaijan,101,21% Republic 100,00%of 130,91% 100,00%Georgia 103,54% 04 20

01 20

98 19

95 19

19

92

-

Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals Propotion of cows of the whole population 1992

2005 Armenia

04

20

20

00

20

98

19

96

19

94

02

44,33% 47,87% 44,95%

Republic of

19

19

92

1.200.000 1.000.000 800.000 600.000 Armenia 400.000 Azerbaijan, 200.000 Georgia -

49,43% Azerbaijan, Republic 72,85% of Georgia 60,90%

Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes)

1992

80.000 70.000 60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 -

04 20

02

100,00% 100,00% 100,00%

20

00 20

98 19

96 19

94 19

19

92

Armenia Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia

2005 92,02% 141,74% 126,55%

Armenia Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia

Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 1992

100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 04 20

01 20

98 19

95

Armenia

2005

Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia

Republic of

19

19

92

1.400.000 1.200.000 1.000.000 800.000 Armenia 600.000 400.000 Azerbaijan, 200.000 Georgia -

142,12% 145,27% 204,99%

Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Carcass Wt/Yield 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 -

04 20

02 20

00 20

98 19

96 19

94 19

19

92

Armenia Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia

Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 2.500 2.000

Armenia

1.500

Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia

1.000 500

00 20 02 20 04

20

98

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

-

Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Farm Structure (Azerbaijan) • Family farms:

2 - 4 ha

owners often worked in kolkhoz during Soviet time, but: Most family farms not economically viable

• Small farming associations:

5 to 400 ha

– relatives and neighbours, from 100 - 400 persons – contracts for members, democratic structures – market orientation (A.Kudat et al.)

Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions

Farm Structure (Azerbaijan) • Large farming associations : – Modelled after kolkhoz with autocratic structure, 500 or more people

– Only few large units, directed by former state farm directors – High influence in villages (A.Kudat et al.)

Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Keeping • Fully privatized livestock system • Dominance of subsistence or smallholder cattle keeping • Average herd size: 2 cows per farmer, mainly for milk production • 50% of herds are dairy cows of Caucasian breeds with little breed improvement but adapted to harsh husbandry conditions (Neidhardt 2006)

Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Average herd size (Georgia) Classification of holdings by number of cattle (heads)

h

38

7

1

h

91

191

20 029 9

h 30 -4 9

h 15 -1 9

h 79

h 34

1

h

870

50 099 9

519

h

1399

70 -9 9

140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0

1

0

Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Azerbaijan Intensity of cattle production

%

Low input

Medium input

High input

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Subsistence

Smallholder

Small-scalecomercial

Large-scalecomercial

Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Animal Husbandry (Azerbaijan) • Most dairy processing factories stopped operating after reforms in agriculture • Smallholder limited to subsistence production • Few large cattle farms sell products

Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions • Sector institutions not available for small farmers (e.g. Extension and veterinarian service, farm input supply, product marketing, agricultural education)

• Subsistence and smallholder farms lack adequate technical skills and means for input supply Very low labour and land productivity Low husbandry standards and low performance Open access pastures (low quality) Inadequate feeding conservation and winter feeding

Caucasian Countries Breeding Organisation • Breakdown of organized cattle breeding due to fragmentation and low marketable output • Usually natural mating on pastures Æ risks of degeneration Æ in Soviet times: artificial insemination common (Kosayev et al. 2001) • No animal identification systems in place, no livestock figures available • Concerted efforts required for: – adjusting breeding legislation – establishment and management of AI service – establishment of animal recording and breeding service

Caucasian Countries Future needs in cooperation – Formation of viable and effective sector institutions (policies, support institutions) – Organisational options to overcome fragmentation and to enhance market oriented production (e.g. land rental or purchase) – Extension and education to overcome low productivity and low product quality – AI services to secure adequate genetic merit of cattle

ÆDanger of G x E interaction through importation of high yielding genetic material

Central Asian countries

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan Turkmenistan

Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Central Asia

• Climate: – Dry and continental vast steppes and pastures, limited water (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan), – Mountainous regions with continental climate (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan) – Extreme seasonal temperature variations Æ vertical transhumance

Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks Total number of animals

10.000.000

04

20

02

98

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

Kazakhstan 6.000.000 Kyrgyzstan 4.000.000 Tajikistan 2.000.000 Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

20

8.000.000

00

1992 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 20

12.000.000

2005 Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan 57,03% Tajikistan 86,97% Turkmenistan 59,11% Uzbekistan 128,70% 105,62%

Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals

20

02

20

00

1992 38,53% 42,18% 36,03% 46,33% 41,47%

20

98

19

19

94

19

19

92

Uzbekistan

96

4.000.000 3.500.000 3.000.000 Kazakhstan 2.500.000 2.000.000 Kyrgyzstan 1.500.000 Tajikistan 1.000.000 500.000 Turkmenistan -

04

Propotion of cows of the whole population 2005 26,16% Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan 45,21% Tajikistan 42,42% Turkmenistan 51,48% Uzbekistan 54,77%

Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes)

1992

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

04

02

20

00

100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 20

19

92

-

19

100.000

96

200.000

19

300.000

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 94

400.000

19

500.000

98

600.000

2005

20

700.000

57,87% 105,35% 58,54% 217,39% 139,19%

Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 1992

6.000.000

2005

5.000.000

04

02

20

20

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

Tajikistan 1.000.000 Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

98

2.000.000

20

3.000.000 Kyrgyzstan

100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 00

4.000.000 Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

89,03% 118,94% 95,73% 297,24% 114,16%

Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Carcass Wt/Yield 250 200

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

150 100 50

04 20

02 20

00 20

98 19

96 19

94 19

19

92

-

Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500 -

04

20

02

20

00

20

98

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

Central Asia Production systems and sector institutions • During Soviet Era: – major disruptions of traditional livestock systems between 1930’ and 1990’ Æ collectivization, establishing of Kolkhozes

• After breakdown of USSR in the 1990’s: – liberalization and sector transition had severe impact on livestock systems (KAZ, KYR), – lesser impact in conservative countries (UZ, TURK, except TAJIK) Fragmentation of cooperatives lead to unproductive holdings / small flock sizes – collapse of markets lead to sale of animal stocks – massive stock realignment, creation of unviable livestock units (Iniguez et al. 2004)

Central Asia Production systems and sector institutions • Transformation of institutional support infrastructure required – early degree of development for private small holder livestock keepers

• Renaissance of traditional grazing management (vertical transhumance) required • Integration of smallholder cattle production with markets depends on respective policies (Kijora et al. 2003)

Central Asia Breeding Organisation • Collapsing of breeding programs : – indiscriminate crossing among breeds – disappearance of breeds – wrong targeting of breeding goals Æ low production

• Local cattle breeds have increasing importance in subsistence pasture based systems

Central Asia Breeding Organisation • Crossbred (Brown Swiss, HF) and purebred imported dairy breeds in dairy systems • Breading organization does not work properly • Importation of breeding stock • Importation of semen and distribution though AI services

Central Asia Future needs in cooperation • Detailed system analysis with participation of: – policy makers – farmers – other stakeholder

• Re-establishment of pastoral systems which allow transhumance • Professional education and extension service • Market infrastructure and input supply

Middle East

Middle East Countries Syria

Iran Jordan

Saudi Arabia

United Arab Emirates

Middle East

• Ecological Conditions – Dry and hot – Low winter rainfall – Extensive rangeland/ steppe

Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks 1992

10.000.000

2005 Iran, Islamic Rep of

04

100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00%

20

01

20

98

19

95

19

19

92

1.000.000 Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan 100.000 Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic 10.000 United Arab Emirates

(FAO 2006)

127,54% 107,72% Saudi Arabia 156,24% Syrian127,45% Arab Republic 203,63% United Arab Jordan

Emirates

Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals Proportion of cows of the whole population 10.000.000

1992

1.000.000

04

20

02

20

00

20

98

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

Iran, Islamic Rep of 36,00% 100.000 Jordan 60,80% 10.000 Saudi Arabia 21,26% Syrian Arab Republic 43,01% United Arab Emirates(FAO 2006)47,81%

Iran, Islamic Rep of 2005 Jordan Saudi Arabia

57,97% Syrian Arab 55,61% Republic United Arab 45,26% Emirates 64,44% 97,39%

Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes)

1992

1.000.000

(FAO 2006)

04

100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 20

20

00

20

98

19

96

19

94

19

19

92

Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan 10.000 Saudi Arabia 1.000 Arab Republic Syrian United Arab Emirates

02

100.000

2005 Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

139,89% 206,52% 81,43% 165,42% 174,11%

Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 10.000.000

Jahr

1992

1.000.000

100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00%

19

92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04

Iran, Islamic Rep of 100.000 Jordan 10.000 Saudi Arabia 1.000 Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

(FAO 2006)

2005

Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan

175,46% Saudi193,16% Arabia 290,27% Syrian Arab 161,13% Republic United206,07% Arab Emirates

Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Carcass Wt/Yield 300 250

Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

200 150 100 50

(FAO 2006)

04 20

02 20

00 20

98 19

96 19

94 19

19

92

-

Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 10.000

Iran, Islamic Rep of

1.000

k

Jordan Saudi Arabia

19

92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04

100

(FAO 2006)

Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates

Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Sector – Smallholder farms with variable herd size – Large, market oriented farms e.g. Syria • private smallholders

1-3 cows

• medium sized dairy farms

15 cows

• state farms & private companies

100-400 cows

Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Sector • Dual purpose cattle – in smaller cattle farms with – local breeds, crossbreds, purebred exotic breeds

Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Sector – Production efficiency depending on • feed quality • feed availability

highly variable

Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Dairy Production Efficiency in Syria

13

C

3- ow 7 s C 8- o 12 ws C 15 ows C >1 o w 5 s C >1 o 00 ws C ow s

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

% of Milk production % of Cow stock

Middle East Production systems and sector institutions • Intensive large dairy farms – in oil rich countries based on irrigated fodder production and high-tech husbandry → high yields – purebred exotic breeds

• High opportunity cost of rearing breeding stock

Middle East Breeding Organisation

• Importation of pregnant heifers, breeding cows and bulls • Implementation of A. I. service based on – imported Bulls for local semen production – imported semen • Implementation of crossbreeding (upgrading) programs for smallholder dairy systems

Middle East Breeding Organisation Semen, 1000 €, 2005 U t d Ki ng d o m

U.A.Em irates

Sw ed en N et her l and s

Saudi Arabia

F r ance F r G er many

Jordan Iran 0

50

100

150 EuroStat,2006

Middle East Breeding Organisation Performance of different genotypes from crossbreeding studies 100 % Friesian 93,75% HF 87,5% HF 75% HF 50% HF Local 0

1000

2000

3000

Milking Performance [kg]

4000

5000

Middle East Breeding Organisation • G x E interactions → less intensive systems • Other breeding programm essentials seldom implemented – identification, registration (herd book) – systematic performance recording – breeding value estimation – selection of breeding animals for sire production

Middle East Future needs in cooperation Future activities for collaboration • Improved system analysis • Defining sustainable breeding goals for diverse dairy production systems • Efficiency of AI systems and utilisation of imported cow bulls • Monitoring of production efficiency to secure well being of imported breeding stock

Conclusions for cattle sector development 1. Low production intensity favours dual purpose breeds with medium yield level

2. Dairy production more important than beef

3. Build-up of support institutions for dairy sector has high priority

4. Production quality requires vast improvement importance

Conclusions for cattle sector development

5.

Re-establishment of breeding service (A.I.) is starting point

6.

Re-organisation of Breeding Associations and breeding programs important but difficult

7.

Importation of key genetic for direct use or establishment of nucleus breeding herds to produce bulls likely to be best option

8.

High opportunity cost for fodder leads to continous importation of herd replacement from western dairy countries

9.

Systematic analysis of whole production sector required

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