Overview of the cattle sector in South East Europe, the Caucasian Region, Central Asia and Middle East K.J. Peters Institut of Animal Science Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
[email protected]
2nd Workshop of the Cattle Network EAAP 2006
Structure of the presentation • Location and Countries • Cattle Sector Dynamics – Stocks and Production – Performance in Meat and Milk – Self-sufficiency
• Production systems and sector institutions • Breeding Organisation • Future needs in cooperation
South East Europe R Romaniao m a n i a
Bulgaria
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks
Total Number of Animals
5.000.000 4.000.000
3.000.000Year
1992
2005
100,00% 100,00%
51,25% 50,52%
(FAO 2006)
04
20
02
00
20
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
Romania
20
1.000.000 Bulgaria
98
2.000.000
Bulgaria Romania
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals Propotion of Cows of the whole Cattle Population
2.000.000 1.500.000
04
02
(FAO 2006)
20
20
98
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
Romania
20
500.000 Bulgaria
00
1992 37,14% 40,92%
1.000.000
2005
Bulgaria Romania 54,90%
72,73%
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes) 300.000 250.000
(FAO 2006)
20
20
20
19
19
92
-
04
18,59% 65,01%
02
100,00% 100,00%
19
50.000
19
100.000
00
Bulgaria Romania
150.000
98
2005
96
1992
94
Year
200.000
Bulgaria Romania
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 1992
2005 Bulgaria Romania
(FAO 2006)
20
04
85,42% 165,15%
02
20
00
20
19
98
100,00% 100,00%
96
19
94
19
19
92
7.000.000 6.000.000 5.000.000 Year 4.000.000 3.000.000 2.000.000 Bulgaria 1.000.000 Romania -
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle Meat: self-sufficiency
(FAO 2006)
04 20
02 20
00 20
98 19
96 19
94
Bulgaria Romania
19
19
92
120,00% 100,00% 80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00%
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk: self-sufficiency
(FAO 2006)
04 20
02 20
00 20
98 19
96 19
94
Bulgaria Romania
19
19
92
140,00% 120,00% 100,00% 80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00%
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, (kg/Animal slaugthered) 250 200 150
Bulgaria Romania
100 50 -
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
(FAO 2006)
2002
2004
South East Europe Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 4.000 3.000
Bulgaria Romania
2.000 1.000
(FAO 2006)
04 20
20
02
00 20
98 19
96 19
94 19
19
92
-
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions
Number of farms and share of agricultural land [%] Farm structure
Cooperatives
Commercial
Individual
Companies
Farms
Romania
0/─
0,1 / 13
99,7 / 80
Bulgaria
0,4 / 51
0,3 / 23
99,3 / 26
IAMO,2004
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions
• Dairy cows mainly kept by subsistance or small farms Ø herd size 2 cows
• In large farms limited importance of cattle keeping • Dominance of dual purpose cattle production (IAMO, 2004)
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions
• Low labor and land productivity • Low feeding system efficiency – poor summer pastures – inadequate feed conservation technologies – poor winter feeding (IAMO, 2004)
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions
• Support institutions not adjusted to fit fragmented production system, these include – veterinary service – AI service – input supply – marketing – agricultural education
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • Transformation and fragmented cattle sector creates problems for the implementation of EU regulations
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • Identification and Registration – legislation in process – implemenation in process
• Health rules for dairy and beef products – legislation in process (Rom), completed (Bul) – lack of control infrastructure and enforcement
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • Product classification – Romania:
none
– Bulgaria:
for beef meat legislation completed
• Feed control – Romania:
none
– Bulgaria:
fully adjusted
South East Europe Production systems and sector institutions Product quality and food safety regulations • BSE Control – Romania:
EU standards evaluated
– Bulgaria:
strict control (IAMO, 2004)
South East Europe Breeding Organisation
• Continous importation of cattle breeding stock/semen
South East Europe Breeding Organisation Heifers, Head, 2005 N et her l and s I t al y
Rom ania
Hung ar y F r ance F r G er many
Bulgaria
D enmar k A ust r i a
0
1000
2000
3000
South East Europe Breeding Organisation Semen, Portions, 2005 N et her land s It aly Hung ar y F r ance F r Ger many A ust r ia
Rom ania
Bulgaria
0
2000
4000
6000
South East Europe Breeding Organisation Breeding Organisation Revitalization • Breeding organisations:
in process with assistance
• AI organisation:
in process with assistance
• Performance recording:
with limited scope
• BVE estimation/selection:
with limited scope
South East Europe Future needs in cooperation • Land rental and purchasing incentives to overcome fragmentation • Improved marketing structures (dairy) • Overcoming low rate of mechanisation • Re-establishment / adjustment of production advisory service and veterinary service (IAMO, 2004)
South East Europe Future needs in cooperation
• Establishment and management of breeding service (AI) • Establishment of breeding herds (large farms) to produce cow bulls
Caucasian Countries
Georgia
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Caucasian Countries Climate – High ecological diversity – High rainfall and subtropical climate near Black sea – Dry and continental climate at the Caspian sea and in eastern plains – Highlands: continental alpine climate with hot summers and cold winters
Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks 1992
2.500.000 2.000.000
2005 Armenia
Armenia 1.500.000 Azerbaijan, Republic of 1.000.000 Georgia 500.000
100,00%Azerbaijan,101,21% Republic 100,00%of 130,91% 100,00%Georgia 103,54% 04 20
01 20
98 19
95 19
19
92
-
Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals Propotion of cows of the whole population 1992
2005 Armenia
04
20
20
00
20
98
19
96
19
94
02
44,33% 47,87% 44,95%
Republic of
19
19
92
1.200.000 1.000.000 800.000 600.000 Armenia 400.000 Azerbaijan, 200.000 Georgia -
49,43% Azerbaijan, Republic 72,85% of Georgia 60,90%
Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes)
1992
80.000 70.000 60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 -
04 20
02
100,00% 100,00% 100,00%
20
00 20
98 19
96 19
94 19
19
92
Armenia Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia
2005 92,02% 141,74% 126,55%
Armenia Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia
Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 1992
100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 04 20
01 20
98 19
95
Armenia
2005
Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia
Republic of
19
19
92
1.400.000 1.200.000 1.000.000 800.000 Armenia 600.000 400.000 Azerbaijan, 200.000 Georgia -
142,12% 145,27% 204,99%
Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Carcass Wt/Yield 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 -
04 20
02 20
00 20
98 19
96 19
94 19
19
92
Armenia Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia
Caucasus Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 2.500 2.000
Armenia
1.500
Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia
1.000 500
00 20 02 20 04
20
98
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
-
Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Farm Structure (Azerbaijan) • Family farms:
2 - 4 ha
owners often worked in kolkhoz during Soviet time, but: Most family farms not economically viable
• Small farming associations:
5 to 400 ha
– relatives and neighbours, from 100 - 400 persons – contracts for members, democratic structures – market orientation (A.Kudat et al.)
Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions
Farm Structure (Azerbaijan) • Large farming associations : – Modelled after kolkhoz with autocratic structure, 500 or more people
– Only few large units, directed by former state farm directors – High influence in villages (A.Kudat et al.)
Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Keeping • Fully privatized livestock system • Dominance of subsistence or smallholder cattle keeping • Average herd size: 2 cows per farmer, mainly for milk production • 50% of herds are dairy cows of Caucasian breeds with little breed improvement but adapted to harsh husbandry conditions (Neidhardt 2006)
Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Average herd size (Georgia) Classification of holdings by number of cattle (heads)
h
38
7
1
h
91
191
20 029 9
h 30 -4 9
h 15 -1 9
h 79
h 34
1
h
870
50 099 9
519
h
1399
70 -9 9
140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0
1
0
Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Azerbaijan Intensity of cattle production
%
Low input
Medium input
High input
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Subsistence
Smallholder
Small-scalecomercial
Large-scalecomercial
Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions Animal Husbandry (Azerbaijan) • Most dairy processing factories stopped operating after reforms in agriculture • Smallholder limited to subsistence production • Few large cattle farms sell products
Caucasian Countries Production systems and sector institutions • Sector institutions not available for small farmers (e.g. Extension and veterinarian service, farm input supply, product marketing, agricultural education)
• Subsistence and smallholder farms lack adequate technical skills and means for input supply Very low labour and land productivity Low husbandry standards and low performance Open access pastures (low quality) Inadequate feeding conservation and winter feeding
Caucasian Countries Breeding Organisation • Breakdown of organized cattle breeding due to fragmentation and low marketable output • Usually natural mating on pastures Æ risks of degeneration Æ in Soviet times: artificial insemination common (Kosayev et al. 2001) • No animal identification systems in place, no livestock figures available • Concerted efforts required for: – adjusting breeding legislation – establishment and management of AI service – establishment of animal recording and breeding service
Caucasian Countries Future needs in cooperation – Formation of viable and effective sector institutions (policies, support institutions) – Organisational options to overcome fragmentation and to enhance market oriented production (e.g. land rental or purchase) – Extension and education to overcome low productivity and low product quality – AI services to secure adequate genetic merit of cattle
ÆDanger of G x E interaction through importation of high yielding genetic material
Central Asian countries
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan Turkmenistan
Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
Central Asia
• Climate: – Dry and continental vast steppes and pastures, limited water (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan), – Mountainous regions with continental climate (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan) – Extreme seasonal temperature variations Æ vertical transhumance
Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks Total number of animals
10.000.000
04
20
02
98
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
Kazakhstan 6.000.000 Kyrgyzstan 4.000.000 Tajikistan 2.000.000 Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
20
8.000.000
00
1992 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 20
12.000.000
2005 Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan 57,03% Tajikistan 86,97% Turkmenistan 59,11% Uzbekistan 128,70% 105,62%
Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals
20
02
20
00
1992 38,53% 42,18% 36,03% 46,33% 41,47%
20
98
19
19
94
19
19
92
Uzbekistan
96
4.000.000 3.500.000 3.000.000 Kazakhstan 2.500.000 2.000.000 Kyrgyzstan 1.500.000 Tajikistan 1.000.000 500.000 Turkmenistan -
04
Propotion of cows of the whole population 2005 26,16% Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan 45,21% Tajikistan 42,42% Turkmenistan 51,48% Uzbekistan 54,77%
Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes)
1992
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
04
02
20
00
100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 20
19
92
-
19
100.000
96
200.000
19
300.000
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan 94
400.000
19
500.000
98
600.000
2005
20
700.000
57,87% 105,35% 58,54% 217,39% 139,19%
Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 1992
6.000.000
2005
5.000.000
04
02
20
20
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
Tajikistan 1.000.000 Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
98
2.000.000
20
3.000.000 Kyrgyzstan
100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 00
4.000.000 Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
89,03% 118,94% 95,73% 297,24% 114,16%
Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Carcass Wt/Yield 250 200
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
150 100 50
04 20
02 20
00 20
98 19
96 19
94 19
19
92
-
Central Asia Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500 -
04
20
02
20
00
20
98
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan
Central Asia Production systems and sector institutions • During Soviet Era: – major disruptions of traditional livestock systems between 1930’ and 1990’ Æ collectivization, establishing of Kolkhozes
• After breakdown of USSR in the 1990’s: – liberalization and sector transition had severe impact on livestock systems (KAZ, KYR), – lesser impact in conservative countries (UZ, TURK, except TAJIK) Fragmentation of cooperatives lead to unproductive holdings / small flock sizes – collapse of markets lead to sale of animal stocks – massive stock realignment, creation of unviable livestock units (Iniguez et al. 2004)
Central Asia Production systems and sector institutions • Transformation of institutional support infrastructure required – early degree of development for private small holder livestock keepers
• Renaissance of traditional grazing management (vertical transhumance) required • Integration of smallholder cattle production with markets depends on respective policies (Kijora et al. 2003)
Central Asia Breeding Organisation • Collapsing of breeding programs : – indiscriminate crossing among breeds – disappearance of breeds – wrong targeting of breeding goals Æ low production
• Local cattle breeds have increasing importance in subsistence pasture based systems
Central Asia Breeding Organisation • Crossbred (Brown Swiss, HF) and purebred imported dairy breeds in dairy systems • Breading organization does not work properly • Importation of breeding stock • Importation of semen and distribution though AI services
Central Asia Future needs in cooperation • Detailed system analysis with participation of: – policy makers – farmers – other stakeholder
• Re-establishment of pastoral systems which allow transhumance • Professional education and extension service • Market infrastructure and input supply
Middle East
Middle East Countries Syria
Iran Jordan
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Middle East
• Ecological Conditions – Dry and hot – Low winter rainfall – Extensive rangeland/ steppe
Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cattle, Stocks 1992
10.000.000
2005 Iran, Islamic Rep of
04
100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00%
20
01
20
98
19
95
19
19
92
1.000.000 Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan 100.000 Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic 10.000 United Arab Emirates
(FAO 2006)
127,54% 107,72% Saudi Arabia 156,24% Syrian127,45% Arab Republic 203,63% United Arab Jordan
Emirates
Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Milk Animals Proportion of cows of the whole population 10.000.000
1992
1.000.000
04
20
02
20
00
20
98
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
Iran, Islamic Rep of 36,00% 100.000 Jordan 60,80% 10.000 Saudi Arabia 21,26% Syrian Arab Republic 43,01% United Arab Emirates(FAO 2006)47,81%
Iran, Islamic Rep of 2005 Jordan Saudi Arabia
57,97% Syrian Arab 55,61% Republic United Arab 45,26% Emirates 64,44% 97,39%
Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Production (tonnes)
1992
1.000.000
(FAO 2006)
04
100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 20
20
00
20
98
19
96
19
94
19
19
92
Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan 10.000 Saudi Arabia 1.000 Arab Republic Syrian United Arab Emirates
02
100.000
2005 Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
139,89% 206,52% 81,43% 165,42% 174,11%
Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Production (tonnes) 10.000.000
Jahr
1992
1.000.000
100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00%
19
92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04
Iran, Islamic Rep of 100.000 Jordan 10.000 Saudi Arabia 1.000 Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
(FAO 2006)
2005
Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan
175,46% Saudi193,16% Arabia 290,27% Syrian Arab 161,13% Republic United206,07% Arab Emirates
Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Beef and Buffalo Meat, Carcass Wt/Yield 300 250
Iran, Islamic Rep of Jordan Saudi Arabia Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
200 150 100 50
(FAO 2006)
04 20
02 20
00 20
98 19
96 19
94 19
19
92
-
Middle East Cattle Sector Dynamics Cow Milk, Yield, kg/Animal milked 10.000
Iran, Islamic Rep of
1.000
k
Jordan Saudi Arabia
19
92 19 94 19 96 19 98 20 00 20 02 20 04
100
(FAO 2006)
Syrian Arab Republic United Arab Emirates
Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Sector – Smallholder farms with variable herd size – Large, market oriented farms e.g. Syria • private smallholders
1-3 cows
• medium sized dairy farms
15 cows
• state farms & private companies
100-400 cows
Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Sector • Dual purpose cattle – in smaller cattle farms with – local breeds, crossbreds, purebred exotic breeds
Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Cattle Sector – Production efficiency depending on • feed quality • feed availability
highly variable
Middle East Production systems and sector institutions Dairy Production Efficiency in Syria
13
C
3- ow 7 s C 8- o 12 ws C 15 ows C >1 o w 5 s C >1 o 00 ws C ow s
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
% of Milk production % of Cow stock
Middle East Production systems and sector institutions • Intensive large dairy farms – in oil rich countries based on irrigated fodder production and high-tech husbandry → high yields – purebred exotic breeds
• High opportunity cost of rearing breeding stock
Middle East Breeding Organisation
• Importation of pregnant heifers, breeding cows and bulls • Implementation of A. I. service based on – imported Bulls for local semen production – imported semen • Implementation of crossbreeding (upgrading) programs for smallholder dairy systems
Middle East Breeding Organisation Semen, 1000 €, 2005 U t d Ki ng d o m
U.A.Em irates
Sw ed en N et her l and s
Saudi Arabia
F r ance F r G er many
Jordan Iran 0
50
100
150 EuroStat,2006
Middle East Breeding Organisation Performance of different genotypes from crossbreeding studies 100 % Friesian 93,75% HF 87,5% HF 75% HF 50% HF Local 0
1000
2000
3000
Milking Performance [kg]
4000
5000
Middle East Breeding Organisation • G x E interactions → less intensive systems • Other breeding programm essentials seldom implemented – identification, registration (herd book) – systematic performance recording – breeding value estimation – selection of breeding animals for sire production
Middle East Future needs in cooperation Future activities for collaboration • Improved system analysis • Defining sustainable breeding goals for diverse dairy production systems • Efficiency of AI systems and utilisation of imported cow bulls • Monitoring of production efficiency to secure well being of imported breeding stock
Conclusions for cattle sector development 1. Low production intensity favours dual purpose breeds with medium yield level
2. Dairy production more important than beef
3. Build-up of support institutions for dairy sector has high priority
4. Production quality requires vast improvement importance
Conclusions for cattle sector development
5.
Re-establishment of breeding service (A.I.) is starting point
6.
Re-organisation of Breeding Associations and breeding programs important but difficult
7.
Importation of key genetic for direct use or establishment of nucleus breeding herds to produce bulls likely to be best option
8.
High opportunity cost for fodder leads to continous importation of herd replacement from western dairy countries
9.
Systematic analysis of whole production sector required