Organic milk production - strategies for feeds and feeding. Birgitta Johansson HMH och EPOK

Organic milk production strategies for feeds and feeding Birgitta Johansson HMH och EPOK EPOK Centre for organic food and farming at SLU Organic m...
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Organic milk production strategies for feeds and feeding Birgitta Johansson HMH och EPOK

EPOK Centre for organic food and farming at SLU

Organic milk production – strategies for feeds and feeding • What is organic farming - facts and figures • Cow demand on diet • Demand from certifications • Which feeds are available? – Forage, Seed legumes, oilseeds, … – Minerals and Vitamins

Foto: Annika Arnesson

• Mechanization – Grinding, crushing, pressing…. – Heat treatment • Grazing – and parasites – and AMS • Calves • Economics • Future feeding

Foto: Annika Arnesson

If we want to use own protein feeds.. • Limited number of feeds • Limited experience of only local feeds (but great focus 10 year) • Low proportion rumen stable protein (high EPD, low RUP, low AAT, surplus of PBV)

Nutrient contents per kg DM n

DM (%)

Energy (MJ)

CP (g)

AAT (g)

Fat (g)

NDF (g)

Starch (g)

Pea

3

82-89

13.9-14.0

211-259

99-114

18-26

80-137

418-581

Filed bean

3

83-87

13.5-14.6

281-288

95

17-21

126-219

383-498

Rapeseed

1

92

22.3

253

74

456

184

-

Coldpressed rs cake

6

89-92

15.1-17.4

296-348

81-89

150-253

235-277

11-25

Lupin

2

77

13.4-13.5

276-332

127

60-61

219-239

13

Swe soy bean

1

82

15.6

400

108

158

138

63

Dry distiller grains

1

90

13.7

349

110

68

335

25

Hempseed cake

3

89-94

9.5-13.0

344-385

77-119

89-124

393-449

10-15

Soybean meal

4

82-87

14.0-14.7

510-528

193

24-31

115-199

38-119

Higher use of feed protein • Give energy for rumen microbes to build microbial protein mikrobprotein (balance energi/protein) (Børsting et al. 2003) • Prevent the breakage of feed protein in rumen (dry silage, use additives)

Additives to forage at chopping (% RUP of CP) • Untreated silage (22%) • Inoculant (23%) (KOFASIL DUO) • Salt-based (24%) (KOFASIL ULTRA K)

Production study 2 x 3: High RUP (4.7% of DM) Low RUP (2.5% of DM) • Low RUP, 3 kg more milk with additives • High RUP, no differences (Nadeau et al. 2015)

Do not over-feed protein 35

M ilk

Dry M atter I ntake, kg/day

b a

32.5

b c

30

20.0

M ilk Protein a

a

1.00

b

b

200

150

0.95 c

17.5

100 15.1 16.7 18.4

15.1 16.7 18.4

15.1 16.7 18.4

Dietary Crude Protein, % of DM Broderick, 2003

15.1 16.7 18.4

Urinary N, g/day

22.5

M ilk Yield, kg/day

I ntake

250

Urinary N a

a

M ilk Protein, kg/day

a

1.05

High quality forage and good intake give microbial protein

Kg ts/dag 20 % krf 30 % krf 40 % krf 50 % krf 60 % krf 10 140 142 141 136 128 15 170 172 171 166 158 20 200 202 201 196 188 25 230 232 231 226 218 (Volden, 2000, g mikrobprotein / kg smältbar organisk substans)

Heat treatment

• Lower the protein break down in rumen • HTST (high temp, short time), expander, extruder, toasting • Higher AAT but no effect milk yield (Ramin et al. 2015) • Protein can be overprotected!

Mosegården Master Toaster Temperatur, ˚C

Ts-halt

AAT, g/kg ts

PBV, g/kg ts

Untreated

85%

101

159

160 (120)

90%

184

53

Martinussen, 2015

Useful properties of feed - Tannins – Belong to antinutritional substances (ANS) – Binds protein, protein breakage – Birdsfoot trefoil milk protein and some milk yield (Eriksson et al. 2012) – May protect against parasites (e.g. Heckendorn et al. 2007)

Foto: Annika Arnesson

Useful properties of feed - PPO – Red clover – Prevents protein breakage – Milk N/N-Intake (%) 27.3 vs 23.5 (Mean of 5 studies 60% RC vs 60% Lucerne, Broderick) Foto: Annika Arnesson

N-fixing legumes • Higher intake compared to grass (Dewhurst et al. 2009) • More milk (e.g. Steinshamn 2010) • Higher growth rates for cattle and lamb (Speijers et al. 2004; Fraser et al. 2007; Marley et al. 2007)

N-fixing legumes • A bit less methane (Phelan et al. 2015) • Higher concentrations of omega fatty acids in milk and meat (Arvidsson et al. 2012; Phelan et al. 2015) • Bloat (Dewhurst et al. 2009; Phelan et al. 2015)

Forage only?

High yieldning cows (SLB) can produce 6000 kg ECM per cow and year on forage only! (Johansson & Sundås, 2002)

Nutritionally balanced?

High proportions of forage to dairy cows No difference in milk yield between 50 % and 60 % forage (in average over lactation). (Patel, 2012) Week

50

60

70

1-12

40

50

50

13-24

40

60

70

25-44

50

70

90

Using clover/grass silage as a protein feed for dairy bull calves • 0.5 kg rapeseed cake and clover-grass silage gave almost the same high intake and growth as SBM (-130 g/dag) • 0.2 kg rapeseed cake and clover-grass silage gave lower intake and growth • 40% and 50% silage (ts) same intake and growth, but 60% silage lower intake and growth • No difference in feed efficiency 40%, 50% or 60% (Johansson et al., 2016)

Foto: Lars Olrog

Rapeseed • More methionine than soy, rapeseed meal similar in production studies (t.ex. Huhtanen et al. 2011; Gidlund et al. 2013) • More methionine in cow blood and lower milk urea, better N-efficiency for rapeseed (?) (Rinne et al. 2012; Maxin et al. 2013).

• High phosphorous concentration • Rapeseed and coldpressed rs cake, high fat • Rapeseed slow release (Murphy et al. 1987) • Also, biodiesel prod (Hristov et al. 2011), lowers methane (Beauchemin et al. 2009; Moate et al. 2011) and better fatty acid contents (t.ex. Chilliard & Ferlay 2004) Foto: Lars Olrog

Rapeseed • Rapeseed similar yields as coldpressed rs cake, but lower profitability because of higher feed intake (Johansson et al. 2015) • 100% organic feeds with 4 kg rapseed cake; same milk yield, but milk fat- and protein % compared to a diet with 5% conventional feeds (Johansson & Nadeau, 2006)

Pea and Field Bean • White flower FB may give the same kg CP per ha (Neil 2015)

• ANS (tannins, protease inhibitors ) • Good in lysine, low methionine • Comparable production result, but higher quantity of peas – lower cp and high in starch (Johansson et al. 2010)

Lupins • • • • •

Low methionine ANS, alkaloid Low protein break down (EPD) (Andresen 2003) Some studies same yield as SBM Higher milk yield and milk fat than peas (Eriksson et al. 2007)

Future feeds • Ruminants unique capacity to make food out of high fibre plants • Studies with good ”human edible quotas” showed promising results (Ertl et al. 2015)

Foto: Annika Arnesson Foto: Annika Arnesson

Minerals (2015) SYSTEM MINERAL

ORGANIC

OTHER

P

Calcium (Ca)

7.85

6.11

***

Phosphorus (P)

3.02

2.85

*

Potassium (K)

24.2

22.7

*

Sodium (Na)

0.66

0.82

NS

Sulphur (S)

1.74

2.03

***

Magnesium (Mg)

2.13

1.94

**

Chlorine (Cl)

1.87

2.33

NS

Iron (Fe)

147

142

NS

Manganese (Mn)

63.7

65.6

NS

Zink (Zn)

28.6

29.6

NS

Cupper (Cu)

6.94

6.50

(*)

Johansson & Åkerlind, 2016

Minerals • Milk, organic higher in Iron, lower in Selenium and Iodine (Średnicka-Tober et al. 2016). • Differences in soils (?) • Legumes generally higher min than grasses (e.g. Swedish and Danish studies)

Vitamins

• Forage contains vitamins! • But large variations (e.g. Lindkvist et al. 2011) • Cows fed no vitamin supplementation, showed only small differences in blood (A, E) but more mastitis (Johansson et al. 2014)

Foto: Hanna Lindqvist

Economics • Locally produced protein feeds profitable (Johansson, 2011; Gustafsson, 2014; Johansson, 2016)

• Increased animal health and profitability by grazing (Ekesbo, 2015)

• Robust models more profitable than high yielding? (Lee, 2016)

Foto: Annika Arnesson

Added value in the system… (Michael Lee, 2016)

100 cow High output herd – 10000 kg

100 cow Robust herd – 7000 kg

Margin milk-feed £796

Margin milk-feed £723

Calving interval 430 Calves born / year 85 Live male 40 Live female 40 Heifers retained 31 Calves to sell 49 Calf sale Average price per head £102 Income per cow per annum £51 Replacement costs (28%) Cull cow value £450 Cost of replacement £1800 Cost per cow in heard -£378

Calving interval 385 Calves born / year 95 Live male 45 Live female 45 Heifers retained 22 Calves to sell 68 Calf sale Average price per head £220 Income per cow per annum £150 Replacement costs (20%) Cull cow value £550 Cost of replacement £1600 Cost per cow in heard -£210

Margin / Cow /Annum £469

Margin / Cow /Annum £663

Conclusions - strategies • • • • • • • • • •

Balance energy/protein for microbes Do not over-feed nutrients Analyse feeds (incl min & vit) Consider useful properties of feeds Foto: Annika Arnesson Heat-treatment (?) Use high proportions of forage, but supplements are needed Use early matured ”dry” silage with additives Use local protein Use waste-products for sustainability Profitability; not only yield that matters!

Thank you! Where do you find information? • [email protected] • EPOK (Centre for Organic Food and Farming) www.slu.se/EPOK

Foto: Annika Arnesson

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