ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc

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OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES

Task 1

Try to answer these questions:

1. What does 'CD-ROM' stand for? 2. What does DVD stand for? 3. What kind of technology is used by CD-ROM disks and drives? 4. Have you heard of HD-DVD and Blu-ray discs?

Task 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Read the sentences below, and put a cross next to those which contain a technical mistake. Then correct these sentences.

Maximum capacity of a DVD is 17 GB. You need a hard disk drive to read CD-ROM disks. The data on a CD-ROM is read with a laser beam. A typical CD-ROM disk can hold 100 MB. The data on a CD-ROM can be changed or 'written' to. CD-ROM drives cannot play audio CDs.

Task 3

What are the advantages and disadvantages of optical disks? Read the text to check your answer.

Optical discs and drives Optical discs can store data at much higher densities than magnetic disks. They are therefore ideal for multimedia applications where images, animation and sound occupy a lot of disc space. Furthermore, optical discs are not affected by magnetic fields, meaning that they are secure and stable, and can be transported through airport metal detectors without damaging the data. However, optical drives are slower than hard drives. CDs and DVDs At first sight, a DVD is similar to a CD. Both discs are 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick. They also both use a laser beam to read data. However, they are very different in internal structure and data capacity. In a DVD, the tracks are very close together, thus allowing more tracks.

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ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc

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The pits in which data are stored are also smaller, so there are more pits per track. As a result, a CD can hold 650-700 MB, whereas a basic DVD can hold 4.7 GB. In addition, a DVD can be double-sided and dual layer, with a capacity of 17 GB. CDs come in three different formats: CD-ROMs (read-only memory) are read-only units meaning you cannot change the data stored on them (for example, a dictionary or a game) CD-R (recordable) discs are write-once devices which let you duplicate music CDs and other CDs. CD-RW (rewritable) discs enable you to write into them many times, just like a hard disk. DVDs also come in several format: DVD-ROMs are used in DVD computer drives. They allow for data archiving as well as interactive content (e.g. an encyclopaedia or a movie) DVD-R or DVD+R can only be recorded on once DVD-RW or DVD+RW discs can be erased and reused many times. They are used to back up data files and to record audio and video. The DVD drive used in computers is also called a DVD burner because it records information by burning via a laser to a blank DVD disc. However, a DVD recorder typically refers to a standalone unit which resembles a video cassette recorder. New DVD recorders can play all CD and DVD formats. There are also portable DVD players – handheld devices which let you watch movies or TV, play games and listen to music, wherever you are. They come with a built-in DVD drive and widescreen (rectangular 16:9) LCD display. They usually support multi-format playback – that is, they can play many file formats, including DVD-video, DivX, CD audio discs, MP3 music and JPEG images. Blu-ray discs Blu-ray discs are expected to replace current DVD as the standard for watching movies at home. A Blu-ray disc has a capacity of 25 GB (single layer), 50 GB (dual layer) and 100 GB (four layer). Unlike DVDs, which use a red laser to read and write data, Blu-ray uses a blue-violet laser, hence its name. Blu-ray discs can record and play back high-definition television and digital audio, as well as computer data.

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ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc Task 4

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Read the text again and make notes about the features of CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs Capacity and formats

Possible uses

CD DVD Blu-ray

Task 5

Connectors and modifiers Look at the expressions in italics in these sentences and clauses.

1. Thus, they are ideal for multimedia applications ... 2. Furthermore, optical discs are not affected by magnetic fields. 3. However, they are very different in internal structure and data capacity. 4. As a result, a CD can hold 650-700 MB, whereas a basic DVD can hold 4.7 GB. 5. In addition, a DVD can be double-sided and dual layer... Put each expression (1 to 6) into the right category: a, b or c. a. to show contrast b. to explain causes and results c. to add new ideas

Task 6

Choose the correct word in brackets to complete these sentences.

1. (Although/Consequently) CDs and DVDs are similar in size and shape, their structure is very different. 2. DVDs hold more data than CDs. The pits burnt into the disc are smaller than on a CD, and the tracks are closer together (On the other hand/As a result), DVDs can have up to four recording layers. 3. A Blu-ray disc drive costs a lot of money (but/so) you should use it carefully. 4. Blu-ray is expected to replace DVD over the coming years (because/besides) it offers much greater storage capacity. 5. Both Blu-ray (and/in addition) HD-DVD devices are backward compatible with current CDs and DVDs, meaning you can play your old discs on the new players. 6. Sony has invested millions of dollars in the development of Blu-ray technology. The success of Blu-ray is (whereas/therefore) vital for the company's future.

(taken from: Santiago Remacha Esteras, «Infotech», Cambridge University Press 2008)

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ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc

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GRAMMAR WORK THE PASSIVE VOICE FUNCTION: Passive Voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.  

The house was built in 1654: (We are interested in the house, not the builder.) The road is being repaired: (We are interested in the road, not the people repairing it.)

In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence. Sometimes we use the Passive Voice because we don't know or cannot express who or what performed the action:  

I noticed that a window had been left open. Every year people are killed on our roads.

If we want to say who or what performs the action, we use the preposition by:  

"A Hard Day's Night" was written by the Beatles. ET was directed by Spielberg.

The Passive Voice is often used in formal or scientific texts:   

A great deal of meaning is conveyed by a few well-chosen words. Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases. Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways

FORM The Passive Voice in English is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + the past participle of the verb in question:

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ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc

Subject

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verb 'to be'

past participle

is

cleaned every day.

Simple Present: The house

Present Continuous: The house

is being

cleaned at the moment.

was

cleaned yesterday.

Simple Past: The house

Past Continuous: The house

was being

cleaned last week.

has been

cleaned since you left.

had been

cleaned before their arrival.

will be

cleaned next week.

Present Perfect: The house Past Perfect: The house Simple Future: The house

NOTE: 'to be born' is a passive form and is most commonly used in the past tense: I was born in 1976. When were you born? BUT: Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week. Infinitive form: infinitive of 'to be' + past participle: (to) be cleaned This form is used after modal verbs and other verbs normally followed by an infinitive, e.g. You have to be tested on your English grammar. John might be promoted next year. She wants to be invited to the party.

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ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc PASSIVE TENSES AND ACTIVE EQUIVALENTS

Notice that the tense of the verb to be in the Passive Voice is the same as the tense of the main verb in the Active Voice. Example: to keep TENSE / VERB FORM

ACTIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present

keeps

is kept

Present Continuous

is keeping

is being kept

Simple Past

kept

was kept

Past Continuous

was keeping

was being kept

Present Perfect

have kept

have been kept

Past Perfect

had kept

had been kept

Future Simple

will keep

will be kept

When rewriting active sentences in Passive Voice, note the following: 

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence



the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)



the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Example sentences: Active: I keep the butter in the fridge. Passive: The butter is kept in the fridge. Active: They stole the painting. Passive: The painting was stolen. Active: They are repairing the road. Passive: The road is being repaired. Active: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. Active: A dog bit him. Passive: He was bitten by a dog.

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ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc

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EXERCISES: Task 1

Rewrite the sentences to Passive Voice.

Example:

James Joyce wrote "Dubliners". (active) “Dubliners” was written by James Joyce. (passive)

1. We set the table.

2. They've treated him very well. 3. The waiter dropped the tray of food. 4. They wear blue shoes. 5. They will not help you. 6. He read the poem aloud. 7. I will write the letter tomorrow. 8. The children ate the cookies. 9. Did the police catch the thief? 10. John collects stamps. 11. Anna opened the window. 12. We have done our homework. 13. Anna will ask a question. 14. Corrosion had damaged the ship. 15. They grow coffee in Kenya.

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16. They are sending the parcel by sea. 17. William will not repair the car. 18. Sue drew this circle. 19. Her boyfriend will install it. 20. Kerrie has paid the bill. 21. They have not read the book. 22. They make shoes in that factory. 23. Millions of people will visit the museum. 24. Our boss will sign the contract. 25. Jane will buy a new computer. 26. She won the prize. 27. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. 28. They built that skyscraper in 1934. 29. The students will finish the course by July. 30. Smithers painted 'Red Sunset' in 1986.

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ProgramiranjeI_sylabus.doc

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KEY TO GRAMMAR EXERCISES Task 1

1.

The table was set.

2.

He was treated very well.

3.

The tray of food was dropped.

4.

Blue shoes are worn.

5.

You will not be helped.

6.

The poem was read aloud.

7.

The letter will be written tomorrow.

8.

The cookies were eaten by the children.

9.

Was the thief caught by the police?

10. Stamps are collected by John. 11. The window was opened by Anna. 12. Our homework has been done. 13. A question will be asked by Anna. 14. The ship had been damaged by corrosion. 15. Coffee is grown in Kenya. 16. The parcel is being sent by sea. 17. The car will not be repaired by William. 18. This circle was drawn by Sue. 19. It will be installed by her boyfriend. 20. The bill has been paid by Kerie. 21. The book has not been read. 22. Shoes are made in that factory. 23. The museum will be visited by millions of people. 24. The contract will be signed by our boss. 25. A new computer will be bought by Jane. 26. The prize was won by her. 27. A cup of tea is being drunk by Sheila. 28. That skyscraper was built in 1934. 29. The course will be finished by the students by July. 30. ‘Red Sunset’ was painted in 1986.

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