On The Relationship between Compressive Strength and Water Binder Ratio of High Volumes of Slag Concrete

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www...
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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

On The Relationship between Compressive Strength and Water Binder Ratio of High Volumes of Slag Concrete T. Vijaya Gowri Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BV Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur, Medak District, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected] P. Sravana Professor, Department of Civil Engineering JNTUH Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy District, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected] P. Srinivasa Rao Professor, Department of Civil Engineering JNTUH Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy District, Telangana, India. E-mail: [email protected]

production reduces harmful effects of concrete on environment and makes the concrete good and durable. One of such materials is Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) consisting of silicates, alumina silicates and calcium alumina silicates. It enhances the material properties allowing the production of optimum concrete mix designs.

Abstract High Strength, durability, better serviceability and overall economy are the main considerations in modern design and construction practice. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is the by-product in iron ore industries. Usage of GGBS as substituting material to cement in concrete can be achieved to enhance environmental and performance benefits significantly. In this study, we present the study of behavior of High Volumes of Slag Concrete (HVSC) and comparing with Ordinary Concrete (OC). The influence of slag content on compressive strengths of High Volumes Slag Concrete (cement: GGBS = 50:50 is considered) is investigated for 28 days and 90 days. Specimens of 150mm cubes were cast and tested to study compressive strength as parameter. Empirical equations are also developed between Compressive Strength and w/c or w/b ratio for OC as well as HVSC for 28 days. From the results, important conclusions on the role of GGBS are made. High Volumes of Slag Concrete exhibits better compressive strengths for lower water-binder ratios and for later ages.

Literature Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is the by-product formed along with calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in hydration process. Slag reacts with (Ca(OH)2) and water to form more CSH which densifies microstructure of concrete when slag is used as part of cementitious material.[1] Blast furnace slag cement type A, consisting of more than 65%, improves the workability with low water content compared with ordinary concrete. Moreover, it also enhances early age compressive strength of concrete especially at low temperature. Effects of C3S content of blast-furnace slag cement type A on the rate of accelerated carbonation and shrinkage under drying condition were small, and these properties were about the same as Ordinary Portland cement [2]. The strength development of mortars containing Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) depends on the variables such as level of GGBS in the binder, water–binder ratio and curing temperature. At higher temperatures, all mortars gain strength more rapidly and exhibit lower calculated ultimate strength. The early age strength is much more sensitive to temperature for higher levels of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag. The calculated ultimate strength is affected to a similar degree for all GGBS levels and water-binder ratios, with only the curing temperature having a significant effect [3]. Both M20 and M25 grade concretes made with 30 % replacement of cement with GGBS give maximum increase in strength. When superplasticizer is added to GGBS concrete, it is found that 40 % replacement of cement gives maximum increase in strength in both M20 and M25 grade concrete.

Keywords: Ordinary Concrete, High volumes of Slag Concrete, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag, Compressive Strength, Water-binder Ratio.

Introduction Energy plays a vital role in growth of developing countries like India. The requirements of large quantities of energy to produce materials like cement, steel etc., increase day-by-day cause depletion of non-recoverable energy resources. In this scenario, the importance of industrial wastes as building materials cannot be underestimated. Every year large amounts of industrial waste or by-products accumulate in the developing countries. Sustainability of natural resources and efficiency of waste materials are the most important issues in today's construction industry. Therefore, nowadays utilization of secondary materials is being encouraged in construction field. Introduction of industrial by-products into the concrete

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com heat of hydration and causes “thermal cracking”. Strength and durability are considered to produce high durability concrete with compressive strength of 60 MPa to 100 MPa at 28 days. The concentration of design mix is on synergistic interaction between Portland cement, slag by a judicious combination of fineness of slag, w/b ratio, level of cement replacement and superplasticizers. Such type of concrete exhibits dense, homogeneous and crack free microstructure with reduced heat of hydration [11]. The early-age strength development of concrete comprising slag cement has been found to guide for its use in fast track construction. Measurements of rise in temperature under adiabatic conditions have shown that high levels of slag cement, for example, 70% of the total binder, are required to obtain a significant reduction in the peak temperature rise. Despite these temperature rises being lower than those for Portland cement mixtures, however, the early-age strength under adiabatic conditions of slag cement concrete was almost as high as 250% of the strength of companion cubes cured at 20 °C (68 °F). Hence, strength development was estimated in terms of ‘maturity’ from the adiabatic temperature histories based on a number of maturity functions available in the literature. The predicted development of strength with age was compared with the experimental results. Maturity functions which were considered the lower ultimate strengths attained at elevated curing temperatures were found to be better at predicting the strength development [12]. The virgin raw materials were replaced with waste materials within Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) using an existing micromechanical materials tailoring toolbox. In the preliminary study it was found that the addition of green foundry sand reduces 50% of tensile strain capacity of ECC compared to concrete with virgin materials. Characterization of fiber pullout behavior and the matrix fracture properties show that, while carbon residue on green foundry sand particles decreases matrix fracture toughness by nearly 40%, a corresponding 80% drop in bridging stress complementary energy eliminates multiple cracking and strain hardening potential. Re-engineering of the fiber matrix interface is designed to counteract the sleeving action of carbon residue on embedded fibers that reinstated both multiple cracking behavior and strain-hardening potential [13]. The growth of compressive strength in case of slag concrete is insignificant at the early age of curing. The improvement in strength occurs at relatively rapid rate at later ages of curing which is depending upon mix proportion of slag with cement. The 70:30 mix slag concrete shows higher compressive strength among the all mix proportions studied and also exhibits the least strength deterioration in seawater environments. Slag with High fineness reduces the permeability of concrete greatly after hydration and limits the penetration of sea salt ions into it [14]. Concrete comprising GGBF slag is more vulnerable to poor curing conditions than ordinary concrete without GGBF slag. The strength loss is observed more in high volumes of slag concrete than normal concrete due to improper curing. So, comparatively with plain concrete, longer curing duration is suggested for high volume slag cement concrete [15].

However, it is also noticed that 60 % replacement of cement is possible using GGBS since in all the replacement levels, the compressive strength of concrete is higher than that of conventional concrete [4]. When slag cement is mixed with water, initial hydration is slower than that of Portland cement; therefore, Portland cement, alkali salts, or lime are used to increase the reaction rate. Hydration of slag cement in the presence of Portland cement largely depends upon breakdown and dissolution of the glassy slag structure by hydroxyl ions released during the hydration of the Portland cement [5]. As there was an appreciable increase in the workability of concrete that can be observed with increasing percentage replacement of cement with GGBS, w/c ratio can be reduced by keeping the slump constant, which will result in an increase in compressive strength. Even if w/c ratio is decreased using water reducers, compressive strength can be increased up to strength of normal cement concrete [6]. GGBS is a common addition to PC composites. It has been demonstrated that GGBS improves the general performance of PC concrete decreasing chloride diffusion and chloride ion permeability; reducing creep and drying shrinkage; increasing sulfate resistance; enhancing ultimate compressive strength and reducing heat of hydration and bleeding. It has also been suggested that GGBS may increase concrete durability in the aggressive environment of silos [7]. The only parameter of the mix design that had a significant influence on the drying shrinkage was the total aggregate volume. Any increase in drying shrinkage of the slag concrete was typically reduced with increasing aggregate content. The level of slag replacement and the w/cm of the concrete mixture were not found to affect the relative drying shrinkage, at least over the typical range used for concrete mix designs. The relative values of drying shrinkage were also unaffected irrespective of whether slag was added as a separate ingredient or if pre-blended slag cement was used [8]. Curing temperature is a key factor of strength of slag concrete, especially to the early strength. If the temperature is raised, strength at 1 day may be bigger than reference concrete. So curing of GGBFS concrete should be controlled under fit temperature and wet condition. GGBFS concrete is more sensitive to curing condition than Portland cement concrete. Due to lower hydration rate of slag, curing time should be prolonged than Portland cement concrete [9]. The slag-PC field mixes showed lower freeze-thaw durability than plain PC field mix. However, the slag-PC mix Durability Factors drawn near to that of the plain OPC mix under optimum wet plus dry curing periods, the compressive strengths of the 70% GGBFS PC field mix at all ages up to one year were about 2000 psi lower than plain PC mix. The addition of a high range water reducer (HRWR) to the slag-PC mix narrowed the difference to about 1300 psi. When using the same PC type for both control and slag-PC laboratory mixes, all slag-PC mixes had greater strengths than the plain PC mix. Rapid chloride permeability test values were significantly lower for the slag-PC field mixes compared to plain PC mix [10]. Many Portland cements contain compound composition of C3S/C2S ratios from about 1.5 to 5.0. The modification in chemical composition results in high early strength to concrete with lower rate of increment, further it produces high

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com material to cement) for different w/c ratios or w/b ratios ranging from 0.55 to 0.27 are cast and tested for compressive strengths for 28 days and 90 days. Further, the relation between compressive strength and w/c ratio for Ordinary Concrete is developed for 28 days as shown in Fig 3. Similarly, a relation between compressive strength and w/b ratio for High Volumes of Slag Concrete is also developed as shown in Fig.4.

Experimental Investigation Cement: Locally available 53 grade of Ordinary Portland Cement (Ultratech Brand.) confirming to IS: 12269 was used in the investigations. The cement is tested for various properties like Normal consistency, specific gravity, Fineness and Soundness, Compressive Strength and Specific Surface area were found to be 28%, 3.10, 4%, 1.0 mm, 53Mpa and 3200 cm2/g in accordance with IS:12269-1987.

Comparison between Compressive Strengths of Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete for 28 days In this investigation, Compressive strengths of Ordinary and High Volumes of Slag Concrete are found for 28 days. The compressive strengths of Ordinary Concrete for various water-cement ratios are determined for 28 days are given in TABLE 3 and Fig. 1. It can be observed that the compressive strength varies from 38.94 to 72.61 MPa for Ordinary Concrete, with decrease in water/cement ratio, 0.55 to 0.27 respectively. For the corresponding High volumes of Slag Concrete mixes, the compressive strength varies from 29.09 to 54.00 MPa. Ordinary Concrete is showing better compressive strength when compared to High volumes of Slag Concrete mixes for 28 days since Ordinary Concrete consists of 50% more cement. The percentage decrease in compressive strength for High Volumes of Slag Concrete comparing with Ordinary Concrete is between 23% and 44% for w/c ratios 0.55 to 0.27 as shown in TABLE 4. It is observed that OC and HVSC exhibit better strengths for lower w/c or w/b ratios. The hydrated product of cement compound in a grain of cement adheres firmly to the unhydrated core in the grains of cement. That is to say unhydrated cement left in grain of cement will not reduce the strength of cement mortar or concrete as long as the products of hydration are well compacted. This contributes in increasing strength of high volumes of slag concrete of lower water binder ratios.

GGBS: GGBS which is available in local market, brought from Steel Plant, Visakhapatnam (Dt), Andhra Pradesh. The physical requirements in accordance with IS 1727-1967 (Reaffirmed2008) and chemical requirements in accordance with IS:12089 – 1987 (Reaffirmed 2008). The GGBFS is tested for various properties like Specific gravity and Fineness were found to be 2.86 and 3500 cm2/g. Fine Aggregate: The locally available river sand is used as fine aggregate in the present investigation. The sand is free from clay, silt, and organic impurities. The sand is tested for various properties like specific gravity, water absorption and fineness modulus of fine aggregate were found to be 2.55, 1.72 and 2.74 in accordance with IS:2386-1963. Super Plasticizer: The super plasticizer utilized was supplied by internationally reputed admixture manufactures. Endure flowcon04 was manufactured by Johnson. Endure flowcon04 is dark brown colored liquid and it is based as sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) super plasticizer. It complies with IS:9103-1999, BS5075, ASTM C-494 was used. The super plasticizer is tested for properties like density and pH were found to be 1.2 and minimum 6. Coarse Aggregate: Machine crushed angular granite metal of 20mm nominal size from the local source is used as coarse aggregate. It is free from impurities such as dust, clay particles and organic matter etc. The coarse aggregate is also tested for its various properties. The specific gravity, water absorption and bulk density and fineness modulus of coarse aggregate were found to be 2.60, 0.38, 1490 kg/m3 and 7.16 respectively.

Comparison between Compressive Strengths of Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete for 90 days In this investigation, Compressive strengths of Ordinary and High Volumes of Slag Concrete are found for 90 days. The compressive strengths of Ordinary Concrete for various water-cement ratios are determined for 90 days as given in TABLE 3. and Fig. 2. It can be observed that the compressive strength varies from 39.36 to 85.78 MPa for Ordinary Concrete, with decrease in water/cement ratio, 0.55 to 0.27 respectively. For the corresponding High volumes of Slag Concrete mixes, the compressive strength varies from 35.7 to 62.00 MPa. An increase in compressive strength is observed for lower w/b ratios in both the cases of OC and HVSC. The percentage decrease in compressive strength for High Volumes of Slag Concrete comparing with Ordinary Concrete varies between 9% and 39% for w/c ratios 0.55 to 0.27 as shown in TABLE 5. It can be seen that the increase in compressive strength of HVSC is more in later ages due to higher hydration in longer periods. It is observed that there is an increase in Compressive strength of Ordinary Concrete varies from 1% to 20% for 90 days with

Water: Locally available water used for mixing and curing which is potable, shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel.

Discussion of Test Results The required quantities of materials for one cubic meter of concrete for Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete are shown in TABLE 1. The required quantities of superplasticizer are added to concrete to maintain medium workability as shown in TABLE 2. In this investigation, Ordinary Concrete (0% GGBS) and High Volumes of Slag Concrete (50% GGBS as replacement

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com respect to 28 days as shown in TABLE 3. Similarly, an increase in compressive strength of HVSC varies from 15% to 25% for 90 days with respect to 28 days strengths and the values are given in TABLE 3. It is revealed that the High Volumes of slag concrete gains appreciable amount of strength at later ages (90 days). It is achieved because Ca(OH)2 is converted into C-S-H gel further densifying the pore structure of concrete with time. [Reported by ACI Committee 233, (2001)](5) The hydration of slag cement in combination with Portland cement at normal temperature is a two-stage reaction. Initially and during the early hydration, the predominant reaction is with alkali hydroxide, but subsequent reaction is predominantly with calcium hydroxide. Calorimetric studies of the rate of heat liberation show this two-stage effect, in which the major amount of slag cement hydration lags behind that of the Portland cement component.

Conclusions 1.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

GGBS used in this investigation exhibits good pozzolanic properties and can be used in the production of High Strength High Volume Slag Concrete. Further addition of slag makes the concrete more impermeable due to micro filler action. The compressive strength of Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete is higher for lower w/c ratios or w/b ratios. High Volumes of Slag Concrete exhibits good workability and strength with lower w/b ratios. The percentage increase of compressive strength for HVSC is higher than OC for 90 days. The empirical relationship between compressive strength and water/cement ratio of Ordinary Concrete is given by the equation, fc 136.08 ( w / c ) . With co-efficient (8.75)

2

Empirical Equations for Compressive Strength of High Volumes of Slag Concrete Empirical equations are obtained expressing compressive strength in terms of water/binder ratio for Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete for 28 days and the calculations are shown in TABLE 6 and TABLE 7. The equations are given below. Plots of these equations for Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The relationship between compressive strength and water/cement ratio of Ordinary Concrete for 28 days is given by the equation 136.08 with ‘R2’ equal to 0.98. fc  (w / c)

7.

(8.9)

Table 1: Quantities of Materials required for One Cubic Meter of Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete Fine Super GGBFS Coarse w/c or Water for Cement for Aggregate Plasticizer for Aggregate w/b OC/HVSC OC/HVSC for for HVSC for OC/ ratio (Lits) (Kg) OC//HVSC OC/HVSC (Kg) HVSC (kg) (kg) (ml)

For High Volumes of Slag Concrete (50% GGBS used as replacement material), the relationship between compressive strength and water/cement ratio is 92.7493 with ‘R2’ equal to 0.92 fc  ( w / b) (8.935)

(8.9)

( w / b)

It can be observed that in both Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete, equation for compressive strength is in the same form. fc 

( w / cm )

of correlation (R2) equal to 0.92.

(8.75)

Approximately, fc  92.8

of correlation (R ) equal to 0.98. Similarly, the empirical relationship between compressive strength and water/binder ratio of High Volume Slag Concrete (50% GGBFS used as replacement material) is fc  92.8 . With co-efficient

a (w / c) b

0.55

176

320 / 160

160

786 / 763

1020 / 990

0.50

176

352/ 176

176

775 / 749

1005 / 971

-----------

0.45

176

392/ 196

196

743 / 715

1004 / 966

1185/----

0.40

176

440/ 220

220

692 / 662

1016/ 971 1133/ 1732

0.36

176

488/ 244

244

659 / 625

1009/ 961 2470 / 2122

0.32

176

550/ 275

275

623 / 587

993 / 936 2780/ 3873

0.30

176

586/ 293

293

565 / 529

1023 / 959 2966/ 3882

0.27

176

652/ 326

326

518 / 477

1025 / 945 3295/ 4698

Table 2: Slump values of Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete

Where fc = Cube compressive strength at 28 Days in MPa w/c = water/cement ratio. w/cm = w/b = water/ binder ratio. a and b are constants

w/c or w/ Super Plasticizer For Slump for b ratio OC/HVSC (ml) OC/HVSC 0.55 -----80/ 75 0.50 -----75/ 80

This relation between compressive strength and w/c ratio is similar to that given by Duff Abrams in 1918 relating. The relation is also valid for High Volumes of Slag Concrete with GGBS used as 50% replacement material to cement. In the case of both Ordinary Concrete and High volumes of Slag Concrete the percentage variation of compressive strength between the predicted compressive strength to Actual compressive strength at 28 days is less than or around 10% as presented in TABLE 6 and TABLE 7.

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0.45

1185/----

70/ 65

0.40

1133/ 1732

75/ 90

0.36 0.32

2470 / 2122 2780/ 3873

85/ 100 95/ 120

0.30 0.27

2966/ 3882 3295/ 4698

110/ 130 120/ 140

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Table 3: Compressive Strengths of High Volumes of Slag Concrete for 28 and 90 Days. w/c & w/b ratio 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.27

Table 6: Percentage Variation of Experimental Value of 28Day Compressive Strength (fc) with Existing OC Equation [fc =136.08 /(8.75) w/c]

Compressive Strength (MPa) Ordinary Concrete High Volumes of Slag Concrete 28 90 Increase 28 90 Increase Days Days (%) Days Days (%) 38.94 39.36 1 29.09 35.70 23 43.68 46.33 6 30.60 37.50 23 53.24 61.76 16 33.90 40.31 19 62.99 72.61 15 37.30 44.00 18 64.22 76.80 19 42.00 51.30 22 67.86 80.01 18 45.00 53.50 19 69.52 82.13 18 48.00 56.50 18 72.61 85.78 18 54.00 62.00 15

0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.27

Compressive Strength (MPa) At 28 Days Ordinary High Volumes Concrete of Slag Concrete 37.94 29.09 42.68 30.60 60.24 33.90 60.99 37.30 66.22 42.00 70.86 45.00 72.52 48.00 72.61 54.00

w/c ratio

Compressive Strength (MPa) of ordinary Concrete

OC 1 OC 2 OC 3 OC 4 OC 5 OC 6 OC 7 OC 8

0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.27

38.94 43.68 53.24 62.99 64.22 67.86 69.52 72.61

Predicted Compressive Strength (MPa) of ordinary Concrete 41.28 46.00 51.27 57.15 62.33 67.98 70.99 75.76

Variation (%)

6.00 5.32 3.69 9.28 2.95 0.17 2.12 4.34

Table 7: Percentage Variation of Experimental Value of 28Day Compressive Strength (fc) with Existing HVSC Equation [fc =92.8 /(8.9) w/b]

Table 4: Percentage Variation in Compressive Strengths of Ordinary concrete (OC), and High Volumes of Slag Concrete (HVSC) for 28 days w/c ratio or w/b ratio

Type of Mix

Variation (%)

23.32 28.31 43.72 38.85 36.58 36.49 33.81 25.63

Type of Mix

w/b ratio

HS 1 HS 2 HS 3 HS 4 HS 5 HS 6 HS 7 HS 8

0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.27

Compressive Strength (MPa) of HVSC 29.09 30.60 33.90 37.30 42.00 45.00 48.00 54.00

Predicted Compressive Strength (MPa) of HVSC 27.81 31.03 34.62 38.63 42.16 46.02 48.08 51.35

Variation (%)

4.4 1.4 2.12 3.55 0.38 2.27 0.17 4.91

Table 5: Percentage Variation in Compressive Strengths of Ordinary concrete (OC), and High Volumes of Slag Concrete (HVSC) for 90 days w/c ratio or w/b ratio 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.27

Compressive Strength (MPa) at 90 Days Ordinary High Volumes Concrete of Slag Concrete 39.36 35.70 46.33 37.50 61.76 40.31 72.61 44.00 76.80 51.30 80.01 53.50 82.13 56.50 85.78 62.00

Variation (%)

28 31 33 33 39 35 19 9

Figure 1: Compressive Strength (MPa) of Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete for 28 days.

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

[3]

[4]

Figure 2: Compressive Strength of Ordinary Concrete and High Volumes of Slag Concrete for 90 days [5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Figure 3: Actual and Predicted Compressive Strengths of Ordinary Concrete for 28 days

[9]

[10] Figure 4: Actual and Predicted Compressive Strengths of High Volumes of Slag Concrete Vs w/binder ratio for 28 days [11]

References [1]

[2]

“Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength”, N0.14.Printed on recycled paper©2013 Slag Cement Association. Atsushi YATAGAI, Nobukazu NITO, Kiyoshi KOIBUCHI, Shingo MIYAZAWA, Takashi YOKOMURO and Etsuo SAKAI, “Properties of Concrete with Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Made from Clinker with Adjusted Mineral Composition”, Third International Conference on Sustainable

[12]

[13]

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Construction and Technologies, 2010 http://www.claisse. Info/ Procedings.htm. S.J. Barnett, M.N. Soutsos, S.G. Millard, J.H. Bungey, “Strength development of mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag: Effect of curing temperature and determination of apparent activation energies”, Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 434 – 440. V. S. Tamilarasan and P. Perumal, “Performance Study of Concrete using Ggbs as a Partial Replacement Material for Cement”, European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X Vol. 88 No 1 October, 2012, pp.155-163, © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2012 http://www.europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com. Russell T. Flynn, Thomas J. Grisinger and Bryant Mather, “Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar”, Reported by ACI Committee 233, ACI 233R-03. Kamran Muzaffar Khan & Usman Ghani, “EFFECT OF BLENDING OF PORTLAND CEMENT WITH GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE”, 29th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 25-26 August 2004, Singapore. S. Pavía and E. Condren, “ A study of the durability of OPC vs. GGBS concrete on exposure to silage effluent”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.20, No. 4, 313-320, 2008. R. Doug Hooton, Kyle Stanish, and Jan Prusinski, “The Effect of Ground, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (Slag Cement) on the Drying Shrinkage of Concrete– A Critical Review of the Literature”, Presented at Eighth CANMET/ACI Eighth CANMET/ACI, International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete. Wang Ling, Tian Pei, and Yao Yan, “APPLICATION OF GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG IN HIGHPERFORMANCE CONCRETE IN CHINA”, International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, pp309-317. David N. Richardson, “Strength and Durability Characteristics of a 70% Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) Concrete Mix”, Organizational Results Research Report, pp.1-94, 2006. Swamy R.N, “Sustainable Concrete for 21 CenturyConcept of Strength Through Durability”, The Indian Concrete Journal, pp.7-15, 2007. Stephanie J. Barnett, Marios N. Soutsos, John H. Bungey, and Steve G. Millard, “Fast-Track Construction with Slag Cement Concrete: Adiabatic Strength Development and Strength Prediction”, ACI Materials Journal/July-August 2007, pp-388-396. Michael D. Lepech, Victor C. Li, Richard E. Robertson, and Gregory A. Keoleian, “Design of Green Engineered Cementitious Composites for Improved Sustainability”, ACI Materials Journal/November-December 2008.

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 2 (2016) pp 1436-1442 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com [14] Md. Moinul Islam, Md.Saiful Islam, Bipul Chandra Mondal and Mohammad Rafiqul Islam “Strength behavior of concrete using slag with cement in sea water environment” Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 38 (2) (2010) 129-140. [15] Sasan Parniani,, Mohd.Warid Hussin and Farnoud Rahimi Mansour “Compressive strength of high volume slag cement concrete in high temperature curing”, Advanced Materials Research Vols. 287290, 2011, pp 793-796.

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