RADIOISOTOPES,

52, 13-19 (2003)

Original

Obtaining

Induced Soeranto

Center

Mutations

HOEMAN,

for Application

of Drought

Tomoko

Tolerance

M. NAKANISHI * and Mirzan

of Isotopes

and Radiation,

National

in Sorghum T. RAZZAK

Atomic Energy

Batan, Indonesia School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan

*Graduate

Received

August

Agency

of Tokyo

9, 2002

Since sorghum plant (Sorghum bicolor L.) has a big potential to be cultivated in Indonesia especially in droughtprone areas, improvement of sorghum had been carried out through mutation breeding methods. The seeds of the sorghum plant was irradiated by gamma rays emitted from cobalt-60 source. The total dose was 0.4 kGy. Through selection process in the M2 generation, a number of promising mutant lines of sorghum have been obtained and registered in the M3 generation. In the M4, a number of 100 mutant lines were tested against drought in Gunung Kidul District during the dry season in 2000. Results of the test showed that mutant line DU/20/Psj/1, DU/20/Psj/4, DU/20/Psj/24, JA/30/Cty/21, ET/40/Psj/4 and DU/20/Psj/10 had relatively high grain yield compared to the control variety. Key Words

1.

: sorghum,

mutation

breeding,

radiation

breeding,

drought

used as either food, feed, or industrial

Introduction

a food crop, sorghum Gunung

Kidul

District

of

Yogyakarta

Unfortunately,

Province

is one of the well-known

regions

Indonesia

that

year after

are prone to drought

year. But in this region, agricultural (crops the

and animals) rain.

indicating very

are entirely

high

efficiency

for this

plant (Sorghum bicolor farmers

dependent

introduction

water

in the region

development

in

of

seem to be neglected

From

is

has

characters

by and

if compared

some

who are

such as availabil

low stature Some

fertilizer), more tolerant to drought and other

techniques

adverse

listed

high nutrition

values. In many countries, sorghum has been

of view,

of

the

local

as

its

late maturity,

seed color (brown), dropped

head,

For being used directly white sorghum

as

with

are usually more preferable.

improved

sorghum

breeding

by

mutant using

have been produced,

as new varieties1),

also gained

(15)

varieties.

disadvantages

food or in a food industry,

results

its

point

and low production.

high production, low-input crop (required less and

farmers

of having high stature,

uninteresting

potential is primarily due to its

conditions,

agronomic

variety

with those of the other food crops.

Sorghum's

by Indonesian

ity of qualified seeds of sorghum

A sorghum

but its improvement

values.

has so far been grown

may be due to some problems

crops

L. ) has long known

has high nutrition

sorghum

limited

crops. As

used to grow rice in their lands. This limitation

on

and yield

region.

very

productions

Therefore,

important

tolerance

from sorghum

2). Such

lines

as

mutation

released

and

results

have

mutation

breeding

RADIOISOTOPES

14

Table 1

research

Average of rainfall during the last 10 years in Gunung Kidul District, Yogyakarta Province (BPP Semanu, 1999)

Vol. 52, No. 1

Table

2

Survival

rate

of sorghum

drought-prone Yogyakarta

areas

lines grown

of

Gunung

in

Kidul,

Province

carried out in BATAN which have

identified some sorghum mutant lines. These lines need to be tested in drought prone areas

Sorghum

such as that condition in Gunung Kidul District

water

of Yogyakarta

Province. Research

objective

from 60Co

was to search

for drought-tolerant

sorghum

available

that

might be possible

to be grown

developed as an alternative

total

Material and Method

Sorghum varieties Durra (DU), Jampang (JA), Amrik (AM) and mutant from Keris (ET) were

about

by gamma

source. at

Gamma

the

Center

of Isotope

nology, National

food and feed in

containing

were irradiated

Development

and

Gunung Kidul region. 2.

seeds

Nuclear

the highest

height

and

previous

was

Research

and

and Radiation Energy

induced

harvest

rays emitted

irradiator for

dose was 0.4 kGy, which

provide

13% of

index,

Tech

Agency.

The

was found

variation according

to

for plant to our

study3),4).

Sorghum is self-pollinated crop so that all the

used as plant materials in sorghum breeding

M 1 plants (the first generation

by using mutation

irradiation treatment) were harvested individu

techniques.

Seeds of DU

after gamma

were found from food crop research center in

ally and then each plant was grown as single

Bogor while JA and AM were collected from

seed base in the M 2. Plant selections were

farmers

a mutant

started in the M 2 generation for those having

selected by BATAN3),4). The seeds were then

agronomic characters phenotypically significant

reproduced

different

in West Java. ET

was

by BATAN and used as starting

characters

plant materials in the breeding research. (16)

from

the

included

control

plants.

These

plant height, plant age,

Jan. 2003

H. Soeranto

Table

3

et al.: Obtaining

Agronomic Gunung

induced

data of selected

mutations

sorghum

Kidul, Yogyakarta

of drought

lines grown

tolerance

in sorghum

in drought-prone

15

areas of

Province

head size, seed color and yield. Dwarf or semi

classified as severe drought. Average of rainfall

dwarf, early maturing, big and condense head,

during the last 10 years in this District was

and high yield were those among desirable

shown in Table 1. Artificial irrigation, however,

agronomic

was given daily only up to 20 days after sowing

plants

characters

(mutant

subsequent

for sorghum.

lines) were

generations

Selected

then grown

the seeds, just to stimulate seed germination

in

(M 3) for mutation

and seedling growth.

identification and further selections.

Agronomic

Screening the promising mutant lines in the M 4 was carried drought.

For

out for their tolerance this,

field

conducted in drought-prone

experiment

observations

reproductive

to

plant

was

growth

height

stage

and number

on quality traits

areas of Gunung

were

included

for survival

of leaves.

contents

Kidul District, Yogyakarta Province during the

drate,

and

dry season of 2000. Sowing the seeds were

Analysis

done by the end of raining season and the

performed

sowing date was 10 June, 2000. There was no

reported

rain at all during this sowing season and the

replications

drought

were

condition

at

the

time

could

be (17)

fat, ash,

of

the

according by

for

calculated

each

rate,

Evaluation

i.e. carbohy

water

nutritive

contents.

contents

to the standard

Apriyantono

at

seed size, seed color,

seed form, and nutritive protein,

done

et

al.

method with

lines. Estimated

by seed weight

was

two yields

of individual

16

RADIOISOTOPES

Table

4

Nutrition

contents

Gunung

plant basis and converted Field

experiments

randomized between

and

treatments

orthogonal

to a hectare were

design

the

MSTAT

was used in analyzing

3.

and Discussion

Gamma to give

irradiation

variables height of

of plant in the

and

400 Gy

was

mutant The

M 2 and lines selection

index,

reported Following M 3, had

a

been was

on

height

M 2. For

harvest

variance3),4). the

effect

the

the

dose give

selection number

of

in

of

Kidul the

mutant

lines tested

rates

for

dry

that

in

promising

performed

based

on

Variation leaves

(18)

done

These

the

for

their

areas of Province

of 2 000. Out

in the district,

selected.

of 100

12 promising

tolerant

sorghum

of 3 lines of AM, 1 line of ET, 3 5lines

drought

of DU. The

of these

not grow

were not written

M 4.

season

good tolerance

could

Then

Yogyakarta

in Table 2 and were

having

highest

in the

as, plant

at drought-prone

district,

during

shown

registered

such

BATAN.

M 4 was

Gunung

lines of JA, and

of plant

in

the

to drought

lines consisted

index

processes

farm

tolerance

lines were

treatment the

index,

screening

phenotypic

characters

to

of

reported

and harvest

agronomical

experimental

program

were

areas

size, seed size, seed color and seed form at an

the data5).

treatments

a significant

performance

method

Computer

in drought-prone

qualitative,

by

of significance

used

lines grown

Province

(ton ha).

conducted

test

contrast.

Results

of sorghum

Kidul, Yogyakarta

Vol. 52, No. l

in

between

survival

sorghums registered

to drought.

were as those

Some lines

at all in such

condition

in the table. plant

height

sorghum

and lines

number

of

as

as

well

Jan. 2003

H. Soeranto et al.: Obtaining induced mutations of drought tolerance in sorghum

Table

5

Estimated

yield of sorghum

Kidul, Yogyakarta

lines grown

in drought-prone

17

areas of Gunung

Province

qualitative data i.e. seed size, seed color and seed form are presented in Table 3. Generally,

as it was shown in line ET/40/Psj/4

(7.95%),

DU/20/Psj/1(7.39%),

DU/30/Psj/10

(8.08%),

short plants were accompanied with less leaves

DU/20/Psj/11(6.98%)

and DU/20/Psj/24

as shown by lines JA/30/Cty/21,

These

37 and JA/30/Cty/34. would determine

JA/30/Cty/

Seed size and seed color

quality of sorghum

high-protein

developed further

seeds

the local inhabitants.

source. For being used as food source, white

The

seed sorghums were usually more preferable

relatively

and the seeds were

These

different

product

lines could be

in the region for helping

overcome food crisis and human nutrition of

either they were used directly as food or feed

usually processed

sorghum

(7.80%).

into

such as milled grain, fine

short

plants

high

tillering

sorghum

developed

of

lines

JA,

however,

capacity were

(Table 5).

suitable

for feeding

ruminant

in the

drought-prone

had

to

such

as cow

flour or rough flour. From the color of the

and

seeds, utilization of the promising lines could be

Gunung

directed as food source (especially for lines of

given

to ruminant

animals

DU and ET) and as feed crops (for lines of JA

chop,

pasture,

or silage

and AM). This effort would help the local

might be of useful to be used as a component

farmers produce either alternative food or feed

a poultry

during the dry season in their land. The

nutrition

presented some

contents

in Table

sorghum

4. The

lines were

of sorghum nutrition found

cattle

Kidul.

The

hay

plant

be

region

of

stovers

could

be

in form

of green

while

the

grain of

ransom.

Estimated economic yields(grain)of sorghum lines contents

relatively

lines grown in dry conditions were presented

are

in Table 5. Some lines had relatively high yield

of high

(more than 3 ton/ha) as it was shown by line (19)

RADIOISOTOPES

18

JA/30/Cty/21, /20/Psj/4,

DU

under

and

Graduate

These promising lines had yield

Sciences,

ET/40/Psj/4,

DU/20/Psj/10,

DU/20/Psj/24.

Vol.52,

DU/20/Psj/1, DU/20/Psj/11

the

Cooperative School

Research

of

Agricultural

The University

higher than the control DU variety. In reality,

like to express

however, the yield might not be that high due

to Mr. K. Ikushima,

to some constrains such as abnormal growth,

who was kind enough

disease and insect attacks etc. The other lines

funding

to perform

Program, and

of Tokyo.

our sincere

No.1

Life

We would

and special gratitude

Musashi

Engineering,

to provide

Co.,

us a research

this study.

with low yield might also be of importance in References

producing biomass for supporting development of a sustainable agriculture in the area.

1) IAEA : Selection

in

mutation

breeding.

Proceedings of Consultants Meeting, Joint FAQ/ 4.

Conclusion

Sorghum

is drought-tolerant

be grown were

IAEA, Vienna, 21-25 June 1982. STI/PUB/665.

in dry condition

not

able

to

sorghum

varieties

resulted

some

could District

crops. where

grow.

promising

be developed

Ser. No. 119. Sec. Ed. Joint FAQ/IAEA

of

3) Soeranto, H.: Pemuliaan

that

of

Pengembangan the promising source as feed

lines could

(especially crops

during plant

(for lines of JA and tolerant

overcome

dry season in producing

development

as food

can help feed

Mutation

of a sustainable

for

work

was

supported

carried

in sorghum

in Indonesia,

program for the design, management, and analysis of agronomic research experiments.

supporting

agriculture.

and

breeding

5) Bricker, B.: User's guide to MSTAT, a software

Michigan State University (1989)

Acknowledgments The

Radiasi,

Radioisotopes, 50,169-175 (2001)

crisis

and also as an alternative biomass

dan

(Indonesian language) (1998) 4) Soeranto, H., Nakanishi, T. M. and Razzak, M. T.:

AM). It is

sorghum

food and

Aplikasi Isotop

Jakarta, 18-19 Februari 1998. ISBN 979-95390-7-2

for lines of DU and ET) and

hoped that drought local farmers

be directed

mutasi pada sorghum

(Sorghum bicolor L.) untuk perbaikan tanaman. Risalah Pertemuan Ilmiah Penelitian dan

Kidul

Utilization

Div. of

Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture. 287 pp. ISBN 92-0-115077-6.(1977)

had

lines

in Gunung

Province.

2) IAEA : Manual on mutation breeding. Tech. Rep.

crops

breeding

mutant

further

of Yogyakarta

other

Improvement

by mutation

ISBN 92-0-111284-X.(1984)

It could

out

(20)

Jan.2003

要

H. Soeranto et al.: Obtaining induced mutations of drought tolerance in sorghum

旨 耐 乾 性 ソル ガ ム の 突 然 変 異 育種 の 試 み H.ソ

Center

for Application

ラ ン ト,中

of Isotopes

西 友 子*,M.T.ラ

and

Radiation,

ザ ック

National

Atomic

Energy

Agency

Batan, Indonesia *東 京 大 学 大 学 院 農 学 生 命 科 学 研 究 科 113-8657東

京 都 文 京 区 弥 生1-1-1

イ ン ドネ シ ア にお け る乾 燥 地 の 食 料 不 足 な らび に米 の 代 替 品 と して の 穀 物 品 種 を確 保 す る 目的 の た め,イ

ン ドネ シ アで ソ ル ガ ム(SorghumbicolorL.)の

のγ 線 を0.4kGy照 行 い,M4に

射 し,第4世

代(M4)ま

つ い て は 実 際 の 乾燥 地Yogyakarta

突 然 変 異 育 種 を行 った 。 コバ ル トー60から

で 育 種 実 験 を行 っ た 。M2とM3の Provinceで

に適 す る,耐 乾 性 か つ 蛋 白総 量 が 高 い 有 望 品 種 が 得 られ た 。

(21)

選 抜 は研 究 所 で

行 った 。 種 子 の 色 か ら食 糧 お よ び飼 料

19