Nuisance algae characterization and management

Nuisance algae characterization and management West M. Bishop Algae Scientist and Water Quality Research Manager SePRO Corporation SePRO Research an...
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Nuisance algae characterization and management West M. Bishop

Algae Scientist and Water Quality Research Manager

SePRO Corporation SePRO Research and Technology Campus, 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd., Whitakers, NC 27891 252-801-1623 (mobile); [email protected] (email)

Outline 1. Identification/ Classification/ Description 2. Negative Impacts 3. Proactive Management 4. Reactive Management

Game:

Algae or Not?

Algae or not

• Colonial Hydroid (animal)

– With zoochlorellae symbiont algae

Algae or not

• Paramecium – Protist

Algae or not

• Bryozoan – Animal

Algae or not

• Paralemanea – Red alga

Algae or not

• Plant

– Coontail

Algae or not

• Green algae

– Chlorococcum

Algae or not

• Bryophyte

– Aquatic Moss (Fontinalis)

The Algae

The Algae • Diverse Classification (many kingdoms)

• Elaborate Characteristics

• No true roots, stems or leaves • >> 30,000 described species • Identification – Important in determining management

Introduction to Algae Phyla • Chlorophyta

• Charophyta (Streptophyta)

– Green algae

– Plant like, erect/ desmids

• Cyanophyta – Blue-green algae

• Euglenophyta – Flagellated, eye spot (some red)

Introduction to Algae Phyla • Dinophyta – Dinoflagellates, transverse flagellum

• Bacillariophyta – Diatoms, silica wall

• Chryso/ Synurophyceae – Yellow-green, Heterkonts

• Haptophyta – Golden algae

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Lyngbya

Cyanophyta

filamentous, toxin/taste and odor producer, mucilaginous, mat-former

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Prymnesium parvum “golden alga”

Haptophyta

Unicellular, toxin producer, planktonic, flagellated

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Microcystis, Anabaena

Cyanophyta

Colonial or filamentous, toxin producer, mucilaginous, planktonic, scum-former

(Dolichospermum)

Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, etc.

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Euglena

Euglenophyta

Unicellular, potential toxin-producer, planktonic, scum-former, flagellated

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Spirogyra “silk algae”

Streptophyta

Filamentous, two part wall, mat-former

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Pithophora “Cotton algae, Horsehair algae”

Chlorophyta

Filamentous, mat-former, branched, Akinetes

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Nostoc

Cyanophyta

Colonial, softer gel balls, toxin

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Aphanothece stagnina

Cyanophyta

Colonial, hard gel balls

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Chara “Muskgrass”

Charophyta

Plant-like, smelly, rough

(Streptophyta)

The bad

The good?

Fisheries

Problematic Algae Drinking/ irrigation

Algal impacts

Economic

Flood control/ navigation Property values/ tourism

Toxins/ taste & odor compounds

Ecological

Disrupt habitat/ Outcompete beneficial Water characteristics

(Speziale et al. 1991; Falconer 1996; WHO 2003)

Algae Impacts • Secondary Compounds – Toxins • • • •

Hepatotoxins “liver” Neurotoxins “brain” LPS “stomach” Aplysiatoxins “skin”

– Taste and odor • Geosmin “dirty” • MIB “fishy”

Harr et al. 2008

Hepatotoxins

Microcystins, Nodularin, Cylindrospermopsin

Microcystins LR

(Also nephrotoxin; affects kidneys)

Neurotoxins Anatoxins, Saxitoxin, Neosaxitoxin, BMAA (β-N-methylamino-L-alanine) Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy (AVM)

Parkinsons Dementia Complex (PDC) and Alzheimer’s

Elk deaths

Taste and Odor Compounds Geosmin

2-methylisoborneol (MIB) Human senses can detect ~10 ppt in water

Watson, 2003

cyc Hep Hex Htd Merc Nonenal Ott tri-meth

b-cyclocitral heptadec-cis-ene cis-3-hexane-1-ol hepta-trans, cis 2,4,dienal isopropyl mercaptan 2-trans-nonenol Octa-trans, cis 1,3,5-triene trimethylamine

Toxins

What you did not want to know…

From Hudnell 2010

Who is impacted? • Dogs – Mahmood et al. 1988, Gunn et al. 1992, Edwards et al. 1992, Wood et al. 2007, Puschner et al. 2008

• Cows – Kerr 1987; Mez et al. 1997; Loda et al. 1999

• Pigs, ducks – Cook et al. 1989

• Sheep – Carbis et al. 1995

Are we safe if no toxin detected? • Toxin production is intermittent • Shown to be toxic but no toxin has been isolated and characterized • Coelosphaerium, Cylindrospermopsis, Fischerella, Gloeotrichia, Gomphosphaeria, Hapalosiphon, Microcoleus, Schizothrix, Scytonema, Spirulina, Symploca, Tolypothrix, Trichodesmium (Scott 1991; Skulberg et al. 1992b)

• New toxin classes • Lyngbyaureidamides, nodulopeptins, jamaicamides, aeruginosins (Edwards et al. 2004; Ishida et al. 2009; Zi et al. 2012; Schumacher et al. 2012)

Are we safe if close the lake?

What about flushing?

How are we exposed?

Potential toxin exposure routes Recreation Food consumption

Inhalation Drinking

Exposure Analysis Toxin Group

Toxin Name

Exposure Signs & Symptoms

Hepatotoxins (liver/kidney)

Microcystins

Numbness of lips, tingling in fingers/toes, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, jaundice, shock, abdominal pain/distention, weakness, nausea/vomiting, severe thirst, rapid/weak pulse, acute pneumonia

Nodularins Cylindrospermopsin

Neurotoxins (brain)

Anatoxins Saxitoxins β-Methylamino-Lalanine

Dermatitis/Gastrointestin al (skin/digestive)

Aplysiatoxins Lipopolysaccharides

Tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, incoherent speech, paralysis, weakness, staggering, convulsions, difficulty in breathing, vomiting, muscle twitching, gasping, backward arching of neck in birds, and death Rash, redness, burning, skin irritation, acute dermatitis, hives, blisters, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea

Lyngbyatoxin modified Codd et al. 1999; WHO 1999; Graham 2007, Jewet et al. 2008

What about the fish? Microcystin LR exposure: • Damaged gonad tissue in fish – Lesions, cell apoptosis, and testicular ultrastructure alteration • Trinchet et al. 2011; Zhao et al., 2012; Qiao et al. 2013

• Endrochrine disruption • Rogers et al. 2011

• Decrease growth/ immune function of juvenile fish (adult exposure) • Liu et al. 2014

• Kills Fish embryos • Developmental defects and physiological stress • Oberemm et al. 1997; Wang et al. 2005

Proactive management

2007 EPA National Lakes Assessment • 46% of waters are eutrophic/hyper-eutrophic

Natural

Man Made

• Nutrient levels are second biggest issue threatening waters • Regulations – NPDES Carpenter, S.R. 2008. Phosphorus control is critical to mitigating eutrophication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:11039–11040.

Statistical assessment of health of ponds, lakes, reservoirs

Sources of Nutrients • • • • • • • •

Fertilizer Pet waste Wildlife Livestock/agriculture Municipal wastewater Industrial effluent Atmospheric deposition Internal cycling – Sediment nutrient pump

NPDES Section 2.2.2 b. Pest Management Options

Intensity of Management • Biomass correlation – Liebig’s law of the minimum – Critical burden • Mass/mass relationship • Rate calculation Schindler, D.W., Hecky, R. E., Findlay, D. L., Stainton, M. P., Parker, B. R., Paterson, M., Beaty, K. G., Lyng, M. & Kasian, S. E. M. 2008 Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: results of a 37 year whole ecosystem experiment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 11 254–11 258.

Phosphorus is key

Watson et al. 1997

Cyanobacteria and phosphorus • Fix Nitrogen (dependent on P availability) – (Paerl 1990, 1991; Stewart and Alexander 1971)

• Low N:P ratio dominate – (Smith 1983; Seale et al. 1987; Ghadouani et al 2003)

• Migrate to sediments to acquire phosphorus – (Perakis et al. 1996; Barbiero and Welch 1992)

• Store phosphorus – (Ganf and Oliver 1982; Kromkamp et al 1989)

• Rapidly uptake – (Jacobson and Halman 1982)

Phosphorus Management Options • In situ management – Aluminum sulfate (Alum, non-specific, pH/other impacts) – Lanthanum modified bentonite (Phoslock®, specific, no buffer, permanent) – Algaecide combined with phosphorus remover (SeClear) – Polymers (Floc Log, Chitosan) – Iron (non-specific, release)/ Calcium (high pH only, release)

• Other – Aeration (oxygenate benthic layers) – Dredging (remove/re-suspension possible) – Bacteria

Phosphorus Mitigation Efficacy • • • •

8.2 surface acres; Lake Lorene, WA Avg. depth 5 feet, max. depth 12 feet Multi-purpose lake, community focal point Cyanobacteria blooms, toxins (mcy >2,000 ppb; atx >100ppt)

Lake Lorene, WA Summary

August 2011

Phosphorus Summary 120.0 TP

100.0

FRP

ug/L

80.0 60.0

July 2012

40.0 20.0 0.0 6/11/2012

7/11/2012

8/11/2012

9/11/2012

10/11/2012

Lanthanum/Bentonite (Phoslock®) Application

Discussion/Summary • Phosphorus amount and stoichiometric ratios with other nutrients are key factors in water resource management • Phosphorus is tied to intensity of management and promotes nuisance algae • In situ mitigation is critical to address cause of negative water quality – Legacy P

• Phosphorus mitigation integration can have significant impacts

Reactive Management

Control Techniques • Action Options • Mechanical • harvesters, sonication

• Physical • dyes, aeration, raking, flushing

• Biological • bacteria, grass carp, tilapia

• Chemical

Mechanical • Pros – Remove biomass and nutrients – Can open channels rapidly

• Cons – Selective efficiency • Algae type and location in water

– Fragment and spread – Increase turbidity and suspend legacy nutrients – Operational feasibility

Physical: Aeration • Pros – Organisms breath oxygen – Take the cyanobacteria buoyancy (scum) advantage out of play – Keep circulated to select for better types of algae.. usually – Oxygenated benthic zone to decrease internal phosphorus cycling, other sediment gas release

• Cons? – Temperature increase throughout water column – Carbon addition – Circulate nutrients from benthic zones

Turbulent mixing • Huisman et al. 2005

Pretty good mixing, still toxic cyanos

Algae name

Phylum

Characteristics

Raphidiopsis /Anabaena planctonica

Cyanophyta

Unicellular, planktonic, growing in moving water

Physical: Light • Absorb light at different wavelengths – Reflect different colors

• Different functions • Diagnostic of different groups • Carotenoids Algal Pigment

– Carotenes v. xanthophylls

• Chlorophylls • Phycobilins

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b

Divisions of algae and pigments they contain

Chlorophyta (Green algae)

Cyanophyta (Cyanobacte ria)

Bacillariophy ta (Diatoms)

Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagella tes)

Haptophyta (Golden algae)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Fucoxanthin

X

Peridinin Phycocyanin

X X

X

X

Dyes

Light Absorbance Spectrum: SePRO Blue 0.0200 SePRO Blue 64oz/4AF

0.0180

Absorbance (OD)

0.0160 0.0140 0.0120 0.0100 0.0080 0.0060 0.0040 0.0020 0.0000 350

400

450

500

550

600

Light Wavelength

650

700

750

800

Shade balls

Biological • Preferences – Grass carp prefer to eat Hydrilla 55x > Lyngbya (Dyck 1994)

• Increase turbidity • Viability of algae • Suspend legacy nutrients

Chemical • Diquat Dibromide – PSI inhibition

• Endothall

– Proteins and lipid disruption

• Peroxides • PPO’s • Copper

– Chelated v. free ion

• Adjuvants

Risk-based Analysis Cyano toxins

Copper

• No good level to have • EPA candidate contaminate list drinking water; HA listings • WHO guidelines in recreational water • WHO possible carcinogen list • Accumulates through time • ALS, PDS, Alzheimer's link • Caused deaths of cows, elk, dogs, birds, people etc.

• Essential nutrient – Hemocyanin – Suggested Daily Intake (2mg)

• High affinity to algae • 26th most abundant element in Earths Crust • Does not bio-accumulate • Transfers to less available sediment forms through time • No swimming/ drinking/ irrigation restrictions on label

No Action • Risks of no treatment – Water quality degradation – More toxin produced • More risk • Eventually released anyway • Leaky cell mindset flawed

– Chronic exposure potential – Hot spot exposure potential – Wildlife…..

Chorus and Bartram 1999

Action • Risks of treatment – Dead algae biomass • But going to die anyway

– Product risks to non-targets • Select high affinity to target

– Toxin biodegradation/ dilution • Total toxin decreases with effective treatment • No chronic or concentrated exposure potential • Leaky cell hypothesis?

How copper works (dose) • Electron transport chain disruption (Jursinic and Stemler 1983)

• Combine with glutathione (GSH) prevents cell division (Stauber and Florence 1997) • Inhibits enzyme catalase and others, free radical susceptibility (Stauber and Florence 1997) • Interfere with cell permeability and binding of essential elements (Sunda and Huntsman 1983)

Copper Formulation Matters Infused copper 0.16

1.25

0.14 0.12

mg copper Infused

2.5

*^ *^

5

*^

7.5

0.1

10

0.08 *^

0.06 0.04

^

0.02 0

XTR 1 Chelate

Ultra 2 Chelate

Treatment formulation

CopperCSsulfate

Copper myths • Kills all non-target organisms – Minimal direct non-target species toxicity • Rapid algae binding • Rare to achieve the exposure duration to fish/inverts

• Builds up to toxic levels – Typically transfers to sediment and less available forms through time

• Lyse algae cells – Not necessarily – Some forms more likely (copper sulfate), rate matters

Peroxide algaecides • Oxidize cell membranes and other organic compounds • Can be more effective on some blue-green algae • Breaks down into oxygen and water • Relatively safe to desirable non-target species

Peroxide

• Yes

– Kills many algae and some bacteria • Mats = tougher

– Relative safety to non-targets – NSF and OMRI certified (many formulations)

• Myths – Does not oxidize sheath – Does not oxidize (much) toxin – There is resistance potential Pyo and Yoo 2011

Drinking Water Reservoir: Algae control

Pre-treatment: Pre-treat High density filter clogging cyanobacteria

Post-treatment (PAK® 27): 10DAT Increased water clarity – significant control

Treatment Response 100% 90%

Taxonomic Proportion

80% 70% 60% Cyanophyta

50%

Synurophyta

40%

Euglenophyta

30%

Charophyta

20%

Chlorophyta

10% 0%

Time

Summary • Algae are diverse and becoming more problematic in freshwater resources • Algae can restrict uses of a water resource and pose threats to wildlife and humans • Both Proactive and Reactive techniques should be considered for efficient algae management • Algae characteristics, algaecide formulation, and water chemistry can all impact control

Questions

West Bishop; Algae Scientist and Water Quality Research Manager SePRO Research and Technology Campus, 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd., Whitakers, NC 27891

252-801-1623 (mobile); [email protected] (email)

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