Nomination form International Memory of the World Register

The War of the Triple Alliance Iconographic and cartographic presentations

1. Summary

The War of the Triple Alliance left indelible marks on the history of South America. One of the bloodiest conflicts of the XIX Century as well as one of the longest-lasting in the Americas, it served to redefine national frontiers in the River Plate area. Also to leave its mark on the history of the countries involved: Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. On the one side, it led to the complete destruction of Paraguayan economic organization and to a weak positioning in the regional geopolitical scenario. On the other hand, victory, paradoxically, did not bring prosperity to the remaining countries. The effects of the war can be felt even today; the diversity of interpretations reflects it. Sometimes influenced by strong nationalistic tendencies; other times by the revision of national history, strongly influenced by the political ‘moment’, changes happening in each country. But, beyond the recording of human slaughtering, visual documents appear: showing territories and multiple views of geographic spaces; describing homes, camps, fortifications, equipments and man-made edifices. They record human characteristics, not shown by academic art: such as negroes turned soldiers, fighting in order to obtain freedom. Summing up, the documents show the common man who made his own history.

2.0 Nomin2. 2.Nominatorator 2.1 Name of nominator (person or organization) Arquivo Histórico do Exército (AHEx) – Comando do Exército (Brasil). Arquivo Histórico (AHI) e Mapoteca Histórica do Itamaraty (MHI) – MRE (Brasil)-CDOERERIO Arquivo Nacional (AN) – (Brasil). Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha (DPHDM) – Comando da Marinha (Brasil). Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (FBN) – (Brasil). Museu Histórico Nacional – (Brasil). Museu Imperial (MI) – (Brasil). Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (MNBA) – (Brasil). Museo Histórico del Uruguay – (Uruguay) Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB) - (Brasil).

2.2 Relationship to the nominated documentary heritage

All the institutions above are custodians of parts of the collection proposed. The Museu Imperial represents the network of public and private institutions that submit this candidature in this way hoping to contribute to the study, preservation and the exhibition of these historic and artistic documents to add to the memory of Latin America.

2.3 Contact person(s) (to provide information on nomination)

Maurício Vicente Ferreira Júnior, Director of the Museu Imperial. 2.4 Contact details Name Address Maurício Vicente Ferreira Júnior, Rua da Imperatriz, 220 - Centro. Petrópolis/Rio de Director of the Museu Imperial. Janeiro/Brasil. CEP. 25610-320.

Telephone 55-24-2233-0367.

3.0

Facsimile 55-24-2233-0338

Email [email protected]

Identity and description of the documentary heritage

3.1 Name and identification details of the items being nominated If inscribed, the exact title and institution(s) to appear on the certificate should be given

1. Legal Entity of Public Law: 1.1. Arquivo Histórico do Exército (AHEx) – Comando do Exército (Brasil). 1.1.1. Coleção Cartográfica (1865-1876) 1.2. Arquivo Histórico (AHI) e Mapoteca Histórica do Itamaraty (MHI) – MRE (Brasil)-CDOERERIO 1.2.1. Coleção Barão do Rio Branco (1865-1881) 1.3. Arquivo Nacional (AN) – Brasil. 1.3.1. Fundo Ministerio da Guerra (1864-1876) 1.4. - Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha (DPHDM) – Comando da Marinha (Brasil). 1.4.1 – Eduardo De Martino – Guerra do Paraguai ([1866] – 1908). 1.5. Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (FBN) – Brasil. 1.5.1 Coleção Biblioteca Fluminense - Iconografia e cartografia da Guerra do Paraguai. 1.5.2. Coleção Mário Barreto - Iconografia e cartografia da Guerra do Paraguai. 1.5.3. Coleção Teresa Cristina Maria - Iconografia e cartografia da Guerra do Paraguai. 1.5.4. Coleção Benedito Ottoni - Iconografia e cartografia da Guerra do Paraguai. 1.5.5. Coleção Biblioteca Nacional - Iconografia e cartografia da Guerra do Paraguai. 1.5.6. Coleção Pimenta Bueno - Iconografia e cartografia da Guerra do Paraguai.

1.6. Museu Histórico Nacional – Brasil. 1.6.1. Coleção Guerra do Paraguai - Álbuns Iconográficos (c. 1865-1870). 1.7. Museu Imperial (MI) –. Brasil. 1.7.1 Arquivo da Casa Imperial do Brasil - Iconografia e cartografia da Guerra do Paraguai (1857-1870). 1.8. Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (MNBA) - Brasil. 1.8.1. Coleção Vitor Meireles [c. 1868-1872] 1.8.2. Coleção Pedro Américo (1873) 1.9. Museo Histórico del Uruguay 1.9.1. Pinacoteca 1.9.2. Serie Carte de Visite 1.9.3. Serie Javier López 1.9.4. Serie Restitución de trofeos 1.9.5. Serie Fiesta de las Medallas 1.9.6. Serie Personas 2. Legal Entity of Private Law: 2.1. Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB). 2.1.1. Coleção IHGB (1866-1868) 2.1.2. Conde D’Eu (1870) 2.1.3. Visconde do Uruguai

3.4 History/provenance

The proposing institutions are presenting iconographic and cartographic documentation referring to the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay, produced by the Secretaria de Estado e Negócios da Guerra [State Secretariat of War], by persons who participated in the event, as well as collected, transferred or purchased (purchase and donation) for public and private archives. Documentation refers to the period from 1857 to 1908 and is made up of photographs, lithographs, maps, plans, sketches and drawings, registering the largest conflict to have taken place in Latin America, involving Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. 3.5 Bibliography

See Annex III.

4.0

Legal information

4.1 Owner of the documentary heritage (name and contact details)

1. Name: Arquivo Histórico do Exército Adress: Praça Duque de Caxias, 25/ 6º andar. Centro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP: 20221-260 Telephone: 55-21- 2519-5351 Facsimile: 51-21-2519- 5189 E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] 2. Name: Ministério das Relações Exteriores - Escritório de Representação do Rio de Janeiro (MRE/ERERIO) – Coordenaçãor de Documentação Diplomática (Arquivo Histórico e Mapoteca Histórica do Itamaraty) Adress: Avenida Marechal Floriano, 196. Centro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP: 20080002.

Telephone: 55-21-2263-4429 (Chefia do Setor de Documentação); 55-21-2253-5720 (AHI); 55-21-2253-8516 (MHI). E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 3. Name: Arquivo Nacional Adress: Praça da Republica, 173. Centro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP 20211-350. Telephone: 55-21- 2179-1262 E-mail: [email protected] 4. Name: Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha Adress: R. D. Manuel, 15 – Centro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP: 20010-090. Telephone: 55-21-2104-5506 / 2104-5493 E-mail: [email protected] 5. Name: Fundação Biblioteca Nacional Adress: Avenida Rio Branco, 219. Centro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP 20040-008. Telephone:55-21-2220-4001 Facsimile: 55-21-3095-3984 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 6. Name: Museu Histórico Nacional Adress: Praça Marechal Âncora s/nº - Centro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP: 20021-200. Telephone: 55-21-2550-9221 E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected] 7. Name: Museu Imperial Adress: Rua da Imperatriz, 220 – Centro. Petrópolis - Brasil. CEP 25610-320 Telephone: 55-24-2233-0367 / 55-24-2233-0376 Facsimile: 55-24-2233-0338 E-mail: [email protected] 8. Name: Museu Nacional de Belas Artes Adress: Avenida Rio Branco, 199 - Centro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP 20040-008. Teléfono: 55-21-2219-8474. Facsimile: 55-21-2262-6067. E-mail: [email protected] 9. Name: Museo Histórico del Uruguay Adress: Rincón 437 – CP. 11000 – Montevideo - Uruguay Teléfono: 598-2915-1051. Facsimile: 598-2915-6863. E-mail: [email protected] 10. Name: Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro Adress: Avenida Augusto Severo, 8 – Glória. Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil. CEP 20021-040 Telephone: 55-21- 2252-4430 E-mail: [email protected] 4.2 Custodian of the documentary heritage (name and contact details if different from the owner)

The proposing institutions are the custodians of the documentary heritage.

4.3 Legal status Public Institutions:

Arquivo Histórico do Exército (AHEx) – Comando do Exército – Ministério da Defesa. Arquivo Histórico (AHI) e Mapoteca Histórica do Itamaraty (MHI) – Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Arquivo Nacional (AN) – Ministério da Justiça. Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha (DPHDM) – Comando da Marinha – Ministério da Defesa. Fundação Biblioteca Nacional (FBN)– Ministério da Cultura. Museu Histórico Nacional – IBRAM – Ministério da Cultura. Museu Imperial (MI)– IBRAM – Ministério da Cultura. Museu Nacional de Belas Artes (MNBA)– IBRAM – Ministério da Cultura. Museo Histórico del Uruguay – Ministerio de Educación y Cultura Private Institutions:

Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (IHGB)

4.4 Accessibility

The documentation is freely accessible and there are research tools at each of the proposing institutions such as: inventories, catalogues, files, data basis and multilevel systems on line. The greater part of the material being proposed is either already digitalised or in the process of digitalisation.

4.5 Copyright status

There are no author copyrights on the material presented in this candidature. 5.0 Assessment against the selection criteria

5.1 Authenticity

The material here presented was produced by the Secretaria de Estado e Negócios da Guerra, by technicians, artists and photographers that participated in this event. There are also private collections of cartographic and iconographic documents of the War of the Triple Alliance.

5.2 World significance

The War of the Triple Alliance signalled the entrance of Latin America in the era of wars. Leaving behind the squabbles that involved small armies and that ended without substantial changes to the geopolitical scenario. On the contrary, the conflict that dragged on for five years exposed violence never before seen in the region and, even less, never documented; its path devastated the economics of the countries involved. At the beginning of the war, the countries that divided the ‘Platina’ basin were at different stages of consolidation as nations. The largest amongst them was the one that stood-out with its political-economic organization. Brazil was the only monarchy in Latin America and based its economy on the export of agricultural products using the labour of slaves; Argentina, on the other hand, was treading its way towards political unity after years

of conflict with the rise to the presidency of Bartoloméu Mitre; Uruguay wrestled with internal conflicts, where each party looked for support from neighbouring states. Meanwhile Paraguay, after decades of isolation, tried hard to obtain its place in this precarious regional balancing-act. The open navigable basin of the river Paraná/Paraguay that had its estuary in the River Plate controlled by Argentina, and its course within Paraguay territory, were a constant source of frontier disputes with Argentina and Brazil: a recurrent source of conflict of a diplomatic nature; of a Paraguay ruled by the Lopez family. Disagreements that increased after the alliance between Paraguay and the Uruguay governments, promoted to substitute Buenos Aires in favour of Montevideo as their Atlantic port for export of their commerce. In addition the decision by the Brazilian government to be more active in the defence of its economic interests in Uruguay. The war that commenced with a military intervention in Uruguay extended into Brazilian territory and ended with the demolishing of the Francisco Solano Lopez regime and, for a long period, the occupation of Paraguay. Some 200 thousand men, between them electorates, poor people who had been recruited, and slaves declared ‘freed’, were sent to the war by the Brazilian Empire. Smaller contingents but significant, if compared to the size of their populations, were made ready by Uruguay and Argentina: the troops of both these countries forces were under the command of their presidents. Paraguay under Solano Lopez involved all the population and, in the war, used up all its economic resources; a typical devastation of a scenario of total war. The human loss and destruction of her economic organization brought post-war Paraguay to a condition of domination, in the regional concept; the victory, however, did not bring prosperity to the opposition. Argentina consolidated her unification with the policy of protection, promoted by the ‘boinairenses elites’ and Uruguay found herself substituting in the government, the ‘Blanco’ party by the ‘Colorado’ party. The ‘great’ Empire found herself, at the end of the war, with a debt that took two decades to pay off. From the battlefields surged questioning as to monarchy; to freeing slaves added to the increasing power of the Republican Movement. The Army, united and fortified by war experience, appeared as a new player on the scenario; the Emperor, on the other hand, who had reached his apogee during the first year of conflict, saw his crown now fragile and isolated. The political and military history of the War of the Triple Alliance is quite easily understood because of the enormous historiography about the event; Texts produced from written documents, from written official documents. However, the understanding of the conflict could be interpreted or even changed, with the appearance of new sources. The War of the Triple Alliance that emerges from photographic sources - a new technology for those times – show faces different from those commissioned to show the victories of the now decadent empire. The military commanders now appeared surrounded by recruited soldiers and Voluntários da Pátria [Patriotic Volunteers], many indians, mulatos and negroes. Death and poorness appear in the photo-journalism of the battlefields: torn uniforms, Paraguayan prisoners, local populations famished and the ruins of the Paraguayan fortifications. But the popular religiosity was also present with its registration of religious processions in the Brazilian camps. Images of the camps show the interaction between those commanding and those under command and their ethnic diversity. Photography and lithographs allow for the accompanying of the war that was happening far away: the celebrations of the allied victory in Rio de Janeiro were duly recorded, be they on the return of the emperor’s son-in-law, as commander-in-chief at the last stages of the conflict, or the road ornamentations to receive the Voluntários da Pátria. Although the academic paintings by Pedro Américo, Vitor Meireles and Eduardo De Martino try to glorify the war and consequently the monarchy, the artistic sensibility of these men show without political brakes in their designs and sketches: preparatory stages, many time in the actual war scene, for the enormous paintings finished in their studious. They are details of the types of humans present in the battlefields, the evolution of warships driven by steam and constructed of iron, the daily life of soldiers in their camps. Although reflecting the military angle in the War of the Triple Alliance, the cartography gives us information that goes much further than the geography of the land. It shows how war was fought on the brink of modern warfare. Where cavalry charges were side by side with aerial observations of the battlefield, and ironclads were attacked by oar-driven canoes.

Military engineers reproduced the organization of the camps and the location of the Paraguayan defences, following the river bank; hydrographers studied the best places to landing, like the combined operation of the Passo da Pátria; the long and involving marches of the final years of the war were registered on maps of Paraguayan territory, to be studied by future generations of military men.

5.3 Comparative criteria: 1 Time

1857-1908 The earliest document, produced in 1857 by Augusto Leverger and presented by the candidature, is a map of the river Paraná, used during the conflict to describe the region. The drawings of the frigate Amazonas, that fought in the Naval Battle of Riachuelo, made by Eduardo De Martino, is the closing document of the time span of the collection presented by this candidature. Thirty eight years after the end of the War of the Triple Alliance, De Martino made this design of the flagship of the Brazilian Navy that fought at Riachuelo (June, 11th 1865), on the occasion when he met with members of the Brazilian Navy. The episode, in 1908, brought him back to his participation in the conflict that allied Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay.

2 Place

The documents here presented reflect the interpretations developed by the participants of this conflict on the territory and its morphology; accentuating a geographic space of recognized importance in the political, economic and demographic dynamics within Latin America – the Paraná-Paraguay river basin. The meeting of the rivers Paraná, Uruguay and Paraguay, that designed natural frontiers in a region contaminated by political disputes, was a privileged path to the interior of the continent; essential for the movement of the population, goods and ideas within states that only recently had gained autonomy. The demand for the free usage of this fluvial road and the impact on the countries along the banks was one of the vectors that brought about the crisis.

3 People

Although little used in the study of the conflict, the iconographic and cartographic documents presented, enable a socio-cultural study of the war. With this iconography we can appreciate the participation of women and children and the sacrifices imposed on the civil population as well as the participation of negro soldiers (free or who had been freed) during the struggle. The presence of heads of state, military commanders, the daily routine of the soldiers, the way they lived, their participation and their suffering, are seen by photographers, artists, engineers – their work gives us a insight of the war. Artists, well known for their historic paintings, such as Vitor Meireles, Pedro Américo, Eduardo De Martino and Diógenes Héquet, translated the war into their designs, outlines and sketches; many times produced in the field. In the same way, the photographic images of Luiz Terragno, Marc Ferrez, Carlos César, Zugarramurdi, Manuel Serón, Martínez y Bidaut, Bate & Ca., Chute & Brooks, Juan Carlos Hallemand and Javier López, show a Latin America that was at that moment experimenting with the most up-to-date techniques of reporting – photographic reports of the fighting. The image, as a documentary resource, brings us close to human groups: their clothes, their customs and their physical appearance – hidden in written documents.

4 Subject and theme

In general terms, the theme is the conflict between Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay, its development and until its conclusion with the peace treaty. Documents that can be seen refer to combat tactics, battle scenes, cultural matters; in particular showing technological and architectonical aspects and their reflection on Latin American society; it brings a concept of identity to these people and a concept of organization. Thematic indexing: 1. Paraguayan War – Iconography and Cartography (1857-1908); 2. South America – History; 3. South America – Politics and Government; 4. South America – International Politics; 5. South America – Diplomatic Relations; 6. South America – Geographical Space; 7. South America – Cultural Space.

5 Form and style

The documents presented are models of a practice of registration of images which is fast disappearing, due to competition from other forms of capturing images, such as digital; this increases the need to preserve and divulge documents that are examples of how to make and create. Special attention must be given to the importance of technical design, drawings and sketches – the traditional method of cartographic production – important in order to know the layout of geographic spaces, without which it would not be possible for forces to move and even develop tactics within the territory. In this respect we can appreciate the hand of the military responsible, all involved in the surveying of the region, amongst them: Emilio Carlos Jourdan, Pedro Lécor, Senna Madureira and Carlos Roxo. The languages of the documents – Portuguese, Italian and Spanish – all are an addition to their linguistic value.

6 Social/ spiritual/ community significance:

The long battle fought by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay against Paraguay, accentuates the problems faced by these states in the construction of their identity. The partic ipation of slaves in the conflict is an aspect that merits attention. In the case of Brazillian negroes (up to then slaves) entered the Army and Navy. A new corps, the Voluntários da Pátria, was created that enabled the employment of the population from the various Brazilian Provinces. The movement of the troops and the fleeing of the population from those areas where combat were taking place promoted a demographic change, not only in those areas where conflict was taking place but also in the centre of the states involved. But, proportionate to the participation of each of the countries, the most important loss was from deaths in the battlefields and from disease. In Paraguay the war would be felt by the drastic reduction of the male population. It’s especially, in this sense, that there are no victors nor vanquished. The documentation here presented shows practices and examples of ways of doing, thinking, feeling and acting by the population that was touched by the War of the Triple Alliance; detailing moments of profound change by the warring forces. As a result, it is not cultural patrimony only of Brazil, but also of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.

6.0 Contextual information

6.1 Rarity

The documents are unique and authentic, with the characteristic of rareness. Brazil participated with intensity in the conflict, from 1864 until the occupation of Paraguay in 1876; thus gathering a significant collection of documents. In this candidature are collected together drawings, photographs, lithographs, maps, plans, sketches and drawings referring to the period the preceded the war, as well as the post war. In the middle of the XIX Century, the use of photography during a war was still a novelty. The War of the Triple Alliance was the very first conflict recorded in Latin America. Existing images of the conflict include battles, locations, buildings, populations, corpses, politicians, soldiers and military leaders, seen from different angles. As for the cartographic documents, produced in the military camps and in the battlefields, they call attention because of their importance. This kind of documents show the precise strokes – in graphite, nanquin or watercolour – made by the technicians that surveyed the region, enabling the heads of the military plan their tactics and move the troops. Even though more than one plan or map was produced for the same region or event, it would always be a unique document from the hands of that particular designer.

6.2 Integrity

Within the elements contained in the collections that constitute this candidature, several present varying degrees of acidification and oxidation, some loss of structure and dirt, however, without loss of information, thus maintained complete and unaltered. All the individual documents included are maintained in their original groupings.