AS/NZS 1020:1995
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Australian/New Zealand Standard The control of undesirable static electricity
AS/NZS 1020:1995
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This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical Committee EL/25, Control of Undesirable Static Charges. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 20 December 1994 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on 12 December 1994. It was published on 5 March 1995.
The following interests are represented on Committee EL/25: Australia Post Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association Australian Institute of Petroleum Chemical Confederation of Australia Department of Mineral Resources, N.S.W. Department of Minerals and Energy, W.A. Insurance Council of Australia Plastics Industry Association Plastics and Rubber Institute Telecom Australia WorkCover Authority of N.S.W.
Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazines ‘The Australian Standard’ and ‘Standards New Zealand’, which subscribing members receive, and which give details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of either Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
AS/NZS 1020:1995
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Australian/New Zealand Standard The control of undesirable static electricity
First publi shed in Austr alia as AS 1020— 1970. Second editi on 1984. First publi shed in New Zealand as NZS/AS 1020:1984. Jointl y revised and designated as Joint Standard AS/NZS 1020:1995.
PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY: STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 1 The Crescent, Homebush NSW 2140 Australia STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Level 10, Standards House, 155 The Terrace, Wellington 6001 New Zealand ISBN 0 7262 9569 8
AS / NZS 1020:1995
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PREFACE This Joint Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee EL/25 on the Control of Undesirable Static Charges following a review of AS 1020 —1984. The major change to this Standard is that the referenced documents have been updated. There are no technical changes. The Standard has also been published as a joint Standard to reflect the common requirements applying in both countries.
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The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which it applies. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/ STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Australian requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand. Up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard may be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Inclusion of copyright material in computer software programs is also permitted without royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs. Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at any time.
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AS / NZS 1020:1995
CONTENTS Page
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SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . 1.4 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 2 GENERATION, INDUCTION AND DANGERS— BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 2.1 GENERATION OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 INDUCTION OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 COMMON SOURCES OF GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 FIRE AND EXPLOSION DANGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 REMOVAL OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION DANGERS . . . . . . . . 2.6 WORKING SURFACES AND FLOOR SURFACE COVERINGS
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SECTION 3 STATIC DISCHARGES 3.1 NATURE OF STATIC DISCHARGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2 ENERGY OF A STATIC DISCHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SECTION 4 SOLID OBJECTS 4.1 SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE CONTROL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.2 CONDUCTING OBJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.3 NON-CONDUCTING OBJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 SECTION 5 PERSONS 5.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 WEARING APPAREL (OTHER THAN FOOTWEAR) . . . . . 5.3 EARTHING OF PERSONS BY FOOTWEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 OTHER MEANS OF EARTHING PERSONS . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 6 LIQUIDS 6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF AN APPROPRIATE CONTROL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 DISSIPATING CHARGE FROM INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 DISSIPATING CHARGE FROM LIQUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 CONDUCTIVITY IMPROVERS (ANTISTATIC ADDITIVES) . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF STATIC DISCHARGES ABOVE A LIQUID SURFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 AVOIDANCE OF TURBULENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 AVOIDANCE OF CONTAMINANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 AVOIDANCE OF HIGH FLOW VELOCITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.10 USE OF RELAXATION SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11 STATIC CHARGE REDUCERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.12 METALLIC PIPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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23 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 29 29
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6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21
HOSES AND COUPLINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FILLING OF VESSELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NON-CONDUCTING VESSELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRANSFER OF SMALL QUANTITIES (less than 25 L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLENDING AND MIXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SAMPLING FROM HIGH PRESSURE SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PNEUMATIC TRANSFER OF LIQUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPRAYING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SWITCH LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 7 GASES 7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 MINIMIZING STATIC GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 PREVENTION OF STATIC ACCUMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 REMOVAL OF IGNITABLE MATERIALS AND MIXTURES . . . . . . .
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SECTION 8 DUSTS 8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 8.2 MINIMIZING STATIC GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 8.3 DISSIPATING CHARGE FROM EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 SECTION 9 POWDERED OR GRANULAR SOLIDS 9.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 9.2 HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 9.3 CONTROL OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 SECTION 10 DRIVE AND CONVEYOR BELTS 10.1 GENERATION OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 10.2 CONTROL OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 SECTION 11 EXPLOSIVES 11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 11.2 ASSESSING THE HAZARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 11.3 MINIMIZING THE HAZARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 SECTION 12 PRINTING PROCESSES 12.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 MINIMIZING STATIC GENERATION . . . . . . . . . 12.3 PREVENTION OF STATIC ACCUMULATION . . . 12.4 REMOVAL OF IGNITABLE MIXTURES . . . . . . .
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SECTION 13 COATING, SPREADING AND IMPREGNATING 13.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 13.2 CONTROL OF STATIC AND REMOVAL OF IGNITABLE MIXTURES . . 44
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Page SECTION 14 PROCESSING AND CONVERSION OF PLASTICS AND RUBBER MATERIALS 14.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 GENERATION OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 CONTROL OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 SOLUTION CASTING OF FILM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 END-USE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 15 DRYCLEANING 15.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 15.2 CONTROL OF STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 SECTION 16 SUNDRY PROCESSES INVOLVING FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS 16.1 LOADING AND UNLOADING ROAD TANKERS . . . . . . 16.2 RAIL TANK WAGONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 FUELLING AND DEFUELLING AIRCRAFT . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 LOADING AND UNLOADING TANKERS AND BARGES 16.5 FUELLING MOTOR VEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 TRANSFER OF ETHER AND CARBON DISULPHIDE . .
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SECTION 17 SUNDRY PROCESSES INVOLVING PRESSURIZED GAS 17.1 DISCHARGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN OR ACETYLENE WITH AIR . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 TRANSFER OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.4 STEAM JETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 SPRAY PAINTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 18 HANDLING OF ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES 18.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 BASIC PROTECTION PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 LABELLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 TYPES OF PACKAGES AVAILABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION 19 DETECTION OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OR STRENGTH 19.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 NEON LAMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3 ELECTROSCOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.4 OTHER METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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ELECTRIC FIELD . . . .
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SECTION 20 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OR ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH 20.1 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL WITH CONTACTING INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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Page 20.2 20.3 20.4
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH WITH NON-CONTACTING INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . 55 CALIBRATION OF NON-CONTACTING ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS 57 MEASUREMENTS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
SECTION 21 DETERMINATION OF CAPACITANCE 21.1 CALCULATION OF CAPACITANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 21.2 CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
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SECTION 22 MEASUREMENT OF CHARGES 22.1 MEASUREMENT OF STATIC CHARGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 SECTION 23 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE OR CONDUCTANCE 23.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 RESISTANCE OF EARTHING CIRCUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.4 PERSONNEL RESISTANCE TESTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 LIQUID CONDUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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APPENDICES A EXAMPLES OF SOLVING PRACTICAL PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM STATIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C METHOD FOR LAYING AND EARTHING CONDUCTING FLOORING . . D APPROXIMATE MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E CONDUCTING COATINGS FOR DRIVE AND CONVEYOR BELTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69 74 78 79 80
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA / STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND Australian/New Zealand Standard The control of undesirable static electricity S E C T I O N
1
S CO P E
A N D
G E NE R A L
1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out recommendations for controlling static electricity (hereinafter referred to as ‘static’) which may be generated incidentally by processes or activities and which may present hazards, damage or inconvenience.
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Considerations relating to the generation of static and the problems it presents in a given environment are given, together with a description of methods and equipment for measuring electric potential, charge, capacitance and resistance parameters associated with electrostatically charged objects. Specific control methods are given for some industries. The provisions of the standard should not be regarded as overriding statutory requirements, but may be construed as working recommendations to be used in conjunction with such requirements. Methods for minimizing the risk of static causing a fire or explosion arising from the use of flammable medical agents are not included, as they are given in AS 1169. Similarly, methods for affording protection from lightning are not included, as these are given in AS/NZS 1768, nor does this standard include the earthing systems of patient treatment areas in hospitals and the like. NOTE: Examples of the solving of some practical problems resulting from static are given in Appendix A.
1.2 PURPOSE Static often causes the inadvertent ignition of flammable mixtures. In other instances it can result in inconvenience or operating problems in industrial and commercial processes. The purpose of this standard is therefore to assist in reducing the fire, explosion, damage and nuisance value associated with static, by promoting a better understanding of the principles relating to its generation, outlining conditions under which its presence causes these problems, and recommending methods for its safe dissipation or mitigation. 1.3
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.3.1 AS 1000
Standards
The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
The International System of Units (SI) and its application
1169
Minimizing of combustion hazards arising from the medical use of flammable anaesthetic agents
1332
Conveyor belting — Textile reinforced
1596
LP gas— Storage and handling
1841 1841.1 1841.7
Portable fire extinguishers Part 1: General requirements Part 7: Vapourizing-liquid type
1852
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
1940
The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids COPYRIGHT
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AS/NZS 1020:1995 The control of undesirable static electricity
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