New Technology to Measure Vineyard Water Use and Vine Water Status
Specialty Crops Research Initiative 2010 Developing sustainable vineyard water management strategies for limited and impaired water supplies Funding: J Lohr Vineyards, NIFA‐SCRI, AVF, USDA‐ARS Project Director: James E. Ayars PhD Student: Tom Shapland Project Manager: Andrew J. McElrone Collaborators: Kyaw Tha Paw U, Rick Snyder 10 Co‐PIs and >10 Industry Cooperators Post Docs: Arturo Calderon, Tom Shapland
Andrew J. McElrone
California Irrigation Management Information System
Irrigation management how much & when? • Integrates soil, plant and atmosphere • Water lost Replacement needs • Detect stress of the crop – Timing related to quantity and stress threshold – Impose stress with less risk
Surface Renewal Technology Development
ETc = Kc * ETo Crop evapotranspiration
Crop coefficient
ETO = consumption by well‐watered model grass species under current weather conditions
Reference ET (CIMIS)
Kc = ETc / ETo Obtained from vines in weighing lysimeter
Goal: Cost‐effective tool to measure actual water loss from vineyard surface
Extended for grapevines throughout CA to estimate of irrigation needs Kearney Agricultural Center Univ. of California‐ Parlier CA
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Surface Renewal Technology Development Paw U et al. 1995
Net Radiation
=
Sensible Heat Flux
+
Ground Heat Flux
+
Latent Heat Flux
Surface Energy Balance: Partitioning of energy at the surface
Theory
Hardware Expensive Campbell Scientific Dataloggers vs. Arduino‐based solution
Expensive Net Radiometer vs. Peltier plate from computer Expensive Sonic Anemometer vs. Cheap Thermocouple
VS.
Removed the need for calibration
Software
Surface Renewal: A reliable & automated ET measurement system
Eddy Covariance $10,301
New Surface Renewal ~$500
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Proof of concept:
ET actual lysimeter vs. SR (mm) Kearney Ag Center‐ 2013
Compare to lysimeter & eddy covariance (both gold standards)
ET SR (mm day‐1)
7 6 5 4
y = 0.9572x + 0.5409 R² = 0.777
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Kearney Agricultural Center Univ. of California‐ Parlier CA
Esparto Vineyard: 3 plots, 3 irrigation trts
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ET lysimeter (mm day‐1)
How to use the technology? Example #1: Amount lost = amount applied • Not possible previously on a site by site basis • As if there is a weighing lysimeter at each site
In past two years, measured in 8 plots within 5 wine and table grape vineyards; slopes range from 0.9 ‐ 1.05
• Automated reports to users- layered approach • One, simple actionable number: Pump run time
One, simple actionable number
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How to use the technology? Example #2: Targeted deficit based on effective water use
Are the vines effectively using the applied water?
How to use the technology?
How to use the technology?
Wet Treatment
Overwatering
Measured by Surface Renewal
How to use the technology?
Cumulative ETa or Cumulative Irrigation (L vine‐1)
Example #2: Targeted deficit based on effective water use
Example #2: Targeted deficit based on effective water use Cumulative ETa or Cumulative Irrigation (L vine‐1)
Cumulative ETa or Cumulative Irrigation (L vine‐1)
Example #2: Targeted deficit based on effective water use
Medium Treatment Measured by Surface Renewal
Steady deficit
Surface Renewal Technology Development
Dry Treatment
Measured by Surface Renewal
Increasing deficit
ETa/ETO Actual ET/ Reference ET
Measure water use AND signal stress
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Lysimeter Vineyard‐Kearney Ag Center
During stress, vines can’t keep up with demand from atmosphere
Repeatable measurements (n=3 stations in one vineyard) Dry treatment plot is much lower for both parameters Wet treatment plot exhibiting stress
ETa/ETo
Chardonnay vineyard – Esparto 2013
Stomatal conductance (mmol m‐2 s‐1)
ETa/ETo
Not much benefit for water inputs
Overwatering effect?
Dry plot‐ after initiation of treatment
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How to use the technology?
How to use the technology?
Example #3+: Detect stress signals
Example #4: Reduce spiking from weekly irrigation
• Pair with physiological parameters initially • Develop database over time for each block • Eventually, wean from other plant and soil based measurements
Tuletechnologies.com Tom Shapland
• Functional prototype complete • Validated against gold standards • Economically viable‐ Patent(s) pending, LLC formed
• Change frequency and amount to match demands more closely
J. Lohr Vineyards and Wines American Vineyard Foundation National Grape and Wine Initiative NIFA-Specialty Crops Research Initiative USDA-ARS Sustainable Vit CRIS
• Jim Ayars- USDA-ARS • Felipe Barrios Masias- UC Davis • Mark Battany- UC ANR Daniel Bosch- Constellation Brands • • Arturo Calderon- UC Davis • Sean Castorani- ARS Davis • Nick Dokoozlian- E&J Gallo • Ashley Eustis- USDA-ARS Kevin Fort- UC Davis • Jerry Lohr- Grower Cooperator • Kyaw Tha Paw U- UC Davis • Jean Mari Peltier- NGWI
Anji Perry- J Lohr V&W Eva Pilar Pérez Álvarez Rod Scheaffer- Constellation Brands Tom Shapland- UC Davis Ruby Stahel- USDA-ARS Rick Snyder- UC Davis Gwen Tindula- UC ANR Yannis Toutountzis- Constellation Brands Andy Walker- UC Davis Larry Williams- UC Davis Andrew Zaninovich- Sunview Vineyards
