New Kingdom Temples and Notes on Egyp4an Religion
1
New Kingdom Temples
Thebes: mortuary (west bank) vs. city (east bank) temples -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Standard axial temples II: city of Thebes and elsewhere -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Peripteral (surrounded by row of columns) and fesAval temples -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Small temples or shrines -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Single shrine and/or asymmetrical
2
NK TEMPLES Thebes: mortuary (west bank) vs. city (east bank) temples Standard axial temples I: mortuary, Thebes Deir el-‐Bahari, Hatshepsut (atypical features: colonnaded terraces; Hathor chapel) Temple of Thutmose III Amenhotep son of Hapu Ramesseum Medinet Habu, Ramesses III
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Standard axial temples II: city of Thebes and elsewhere Karnak:
Amen temple Kamutef temple of Hatshepsut & Thutmose III Montu temple of Amenhotep III Mut temple established by Amenhotep III Amen temple of Ramesses III Khonsu temple of Ramesses III Luxor Temple of Amenhotep III, Tutankhmen and Ramesses II Abu Simbel: Ramesses II (great and small temples) 3
NK TEMPLES Peripteral and fes4val temples
Medinet Habu: small temple of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III Karnak: Kamutef temple way staAon Amada: Thutmose III, Amenhotep II and Thutmose IV Karnak: fesAval temple of Thutmose III Karnak: fesAval temple of Amenhotep II
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Small temples or shrines
Basic plan (transverse room and shrines and variaAons) Karnak: Ptah temple of Thutmose III at north temenos wall of Amen precinct Buhen: south temple of Hatshepsut, altered by Thutmose III
-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Single shrine and/or asymmetrical
Giza: Horemakhet temple of Amenhotep II near Sphinx ElephanAne: Dyn. 18 Satet temple 4
5
6
10th Pylon (Horemheb)
Pylon = akhet “horizon” Flagstaff and streamer = netjer “god” 7
8
9
Luxor Temple, looking east
10
Luxor Temple, looking north
11
Luxor Temple, looking northeast
12
13
Luxor Temple, looking north
14
Luxor Temple, reliefs of Amenhotep III (and Roman Period arch)
15
16
Luxor Temple sun court of Amenhotep III
17
Luxor Temple sun court of Amenhotep III, 1989
18
Luxor Temple sun court of Amenhotep III, 1989
19
Luxor Temple sun court of Amenhotep III, 1989
20
Luxor Temple sun court of Amenhotep III, 1989
21
Luxor Temple sun court of Amenhotep III, 1989
22
Luxor Temple sun court of Amenhotep III, 1989
Amenhotep III
23
Luxor Temple, pylon of Ramesses II (Dyn. 19) and Late Period avenue of sphinxes
24
Luxor Temple, Ramesses II pylon 1862
25
Luxor Temple, pylon of Ramesses II (Dyn. 19) “Aida”
26
Thebes, fesAval routes
27
28
Karnak Temple
Karnak, Temple of Mut 29
Karnak Temple, Great Court from first pylon
30
Karnak 1878
31
Karnak Temple, construcAon chronology
hbp://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak/
32
Karnak Temple, Plan Chronological Development
33
Karnak Temple, Plan Fly-‐over (Thutmose IV)
34
Karnak Temple, construcAon Surveying Methods
35
Karnak Temple, construcAon Quarrying
36
Karnak Temple, looking northwest
37
38
7th Pylon, “court of the cachebe” 1903–1907
39
7th Pylon, “court of the cachebe”
hbp://www.ifao.egnet.net/bases/cachebe/
1903–1907 Georges Legrain 700 stone statues 17,000 bronze statues Most now in Cairo Museum 40
Temple of Mut, consort of Amen, south of Karnak
41
Temple of Mut, consort of Amen, south of Karnak
42
Sekhmet statues of Amenhotep III moved to Mut temple
43
Mut ExpediAon (Johns Hopkins Univ.) Queen Tiye statue
Salima Ikram (AUC) & Betsy Bryan (Johns Hopkins Univ.) 44
Aspects of EgypAan Religion
45
46
47
48
CreaAon Myths Hermopolis (pre-‐creaAon) & Heliopolis (creaAon) 49
50
51
Hermopolitan Cycle “Pre-‐creaAon” Water (nw, nwn)
male & female
Infinity (heh)
male & female
Darkness (keku)
male & female
Lostness (tnm)
male & female
Ogdoad (group of 8 gods) Khemenu = “8-‐town” = Hermopolis = Ashmunein
52
Book of the Dead of Khonsu-‐mose. First day post-‐CreaAon
Akhet (horizon)
Primaeval mound
Ogdoad
3rd Intermediate Period (1075–945 BCE)
53
Akhet “horizon”
54
Edfu. Begun under Ptolemy III 237 B.C. Completed finally 57 B.C. 55
HELIOPOLITAN CYCLE
(The EgypAan “Big Bang” theory”)
56
Atum, original source of all maber Evolves out of primaeval waters 57
Horemheb and Atum Min (Coptos)
Atum self-‐generates (NOT something out of nothing, as in Biblical conceptualizaAon of creaAon) 58
“I am Shu. My clothing is the air; my skin is the pressure of the wind.”
59
Atum & his 8 Descendants (“Ennead,” Egyp4an pesdjet)
Shu (air, male) Tefnut (moisture, female) Nut (sky, female) Geb (earth, male)
Children are the primary forces of life:
Osiris:
power of crea4on, regenera4on, rebirth
Isis:
principle of motherhood
Seth:
force of male sexuality, chaos
Nephthys: female counterpart of Seth
60
Shu: “I have lined my daughter Nut atop me, That I might give her to my father Atum in his utmost extent. I have put Geb under my feet, And this god is knoong together the land for my father Atum.”
Nut
Shu Geb 3rd Intermediate Period papyrus of Nesitanebtash 61
62
SYNCRETISM
63
Her (Horus) “to be far off”
64
Re-‐Horakhty
65
Hor-‐em-‐akhet “Horus in the Horizon” 66
Nephthys
Isis
67
MEMPHITE THEOLOGY
68
Memphite Theology (Dynasty 19, Ramesses II) Shabako Stone, Dynasty 25 (712–698 BCE)
69
Ptah 70
Memphite Theology “…worm-‐eaten and unknowable from beginning to end”
71
CreaAve thought/speech given priority over physical evoluAon under Atum
Ptah as intermediary between creaAve thought/speech and Atum’s evoluAon 72
Ptah’s assocaAon with cransmen: conceive first, fashion second (e.g. statues)
“The gods have entered into their bodies” 73
74
Fashioning: From the conceptual to the physical
Dual nature of hieroglyphs: -‐-‐ real physical things -‐-‐ representaAons of ideas 75
Meketre models, Middle Kingdom 76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
