Methodology Santa Clara County City and Small Area/Neighborhood Profiles The goal of the Santa Clara County City and Small Area/Neighborhood Profiles is to improve access to data at the sub‐county geographic level that local agencies and organizations can use for planning interventions and influencing policy. Using city and small area/neighborhood level data can help to understand how where we live, work, and play impacts health and well‐being. The profiles provide a snapshot of conditions that influence health as well as indicators of health status in Santa Clara County cities and small areas/neighborhoods. This document provides an overview of the methods used to define small areas/neighborhoods and select indicators, as well as the data sources used for the profiles. Defining small area/neighborhood boundaries and names Small area/neighborhood boundaries and names were defined in consultation with the Santa Clara County Planning Office, Department of Planning and Development, with feedback from city planning departments. City planners could send the boundaries out for broader review to other agencies and organizations at their own discretion. The small area/neighborhood boundaries were defined based on the following guidelines, which were designed to better enable SCCPHD to report statistics where the number of cases or events are small and to make updates more feasible: • Each small area/neighborhood should have a minimum of 10,000 residents • Each small area/neighborhood should consist of a minimum of 2 to 3 census tracts • Census tracts should not be split across small areas/neighborhoods • Small areas/neighborhoods should be reasonably within or correlate with city limits • Each city should have a minimum of two small areas/neighborhoods In addition, small area/neighborhood names and boundaries were defined to be as consistent as possible with pre‐existing neighborhoods. In order to adhere to the criteria above, however, it was not always possible to align boundaries or select small area/neighborhood names that were identical to existing boundaries. In some cases, small areas contain multiple pre‐existing neighborhoods and in other cases large pre‐ existing neighborhoods were split into two or more small areas. In either case, neighborhood names were incorporated into the name of the small area in which they are contained, where known. One hundred and nine (109) small areas/neighborhoods were defined from the county’s 372 census tracts. Every census tract in Santa Clara County is now assigned to a small area/neighborhood. Please contact
[email protected] with any questions on small area/neighborhood boundaries.
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Indicator selection process The City and Small Area/Neighborhood Profile project utilizes a health equity framework, similar to that employed by the California Department of Public Health’s Healthy Communities Data and Indictors (HCI) project. For more information on the Healthy Communities framework, please see: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/Pages/HealthyCommunityIndicators.aspx. The Santa Clara County Public Health Department (SCCPHD) identified indicators within the broad domains of demographics, economic and educational opportunities, healthy and safe environment, and health status. In order to make the profiles useable, in terms of length, and feasible to update on a regular basis, SCCPHD developed criteria to guide the selection of potential indicators. Indicators were selected after reviewing similar projects from other jurisdictions. Criteria included: Relevant to programmatic and policy‐related activities underway in agencies and organizations in the county In current use by other large local health departments or the CDPH HCI project Data on the indicator available at the census tract level Data available on a regular basis (at least annually) by the agency or organization providing data on the indicator The final list of indicators was defined and selected by SCCPHD, based on feedback from county and city planning departments and other stakeholders. The profiles include data on the following topics: Demographic information including the total population, age, gender, and race/ethnicity of small area/neighborhood residents Social determinants of health, including socioeconomic factors, education, and the built and social environment Health outcomes, including life expectancy, mortality and causes of death, communicable and infectious disease, and maternal and child health Please contact
[email protected] with questions on city and small area/neighborhood indicators. Data Sources SCCPHD utilized data from local, regional, state, and national surveys, databases, and registries. The table below describes each data source and where to find more information if available.
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Demographic Snapshot Indicator Population size
Race/ethnicity
Foreign‐born
Significance to public health Population size provides information about the number of people living in the county, city, or neighborhood, which can be used to address issues such as where services like clinics and hospitals should be located. Race/ethnicity is important for understanding the composition of the county and comparing diversity of cities or neighborhoods. Health status and life expectancy varies by racial/ethnic group, so understanding the racial/ethnic composition of an area can help to target programs and policies to meet the needs of residents.1 Foreign‐born residents often have different health, social, and economic concerns than those born in the U.S. Immigrants are less likely to be insured but may be healthier than U.S. born residents.2 Understanding the proportion of residents who are foreign‐ born in an area can help to determine community needs
How the measure was calculated Count of population
U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census Cities: DP‐1 Neighborhoods: P1
Percentage of population in four racial/ethnic groups (African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, and non‐ Hispanic White)
U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census Cities: DP‐1 Neighborhoods: P5
Percentage of population born outside the U.S.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP02) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B05012)
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Data source
and plan for services.
Speaks a language other than English at home
Single parent households
Households with children
Areas with high percentages of Percentage of population who residents who speak a language speak a language at home other other than English at home can than English be helpful for locating interventions and healthcare services to benefit immigrant residents and families.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP02) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B16001) U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Percentage of population who Single parent households are are either male householder, no Census households that include wife present with own children children who reside with only Cities: DP‐1 one parent. Studies have shown under 18 years or female householder, no husband that children raised by single Neighborhoods: P20 mothers have poorer physical present with own children and mental health than children under 18 years raised in a household with two biological parents.3 Information Excludes single parents living with unmarried partners. Same‐ on the percentage of single sex couples are counted as parent households for cities and neighborhoods can help to either married or as an target services to provide more unmarried couple living together depending on their support for single parents and marital status. support maternal and child health. Percentage of households with U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Because many public health Census programs are designed for early children intervention and prevention, Cities: DP‐1 identifying areas in the county with a higher proportion of 4
Neighborhoods: P20
households with children can help allocate resources to for child health and prevention. Average household size
Age groups
Average household size is an indication of the number of people residing in a household. Households with many members may experience higher rates of overcrowding, which has been found to affect health and social outcomes.4 Differences in average household size in cities and neighborhoods can also be an indicator of family size and composition, such as a higher proportion of households where people are living alone. Understanding the age breakdown in an area can help to target services and allocate resources. For example, a community with a larger proportion of older adults may need services that support “aging in place” and independent living, chronic disease management, and social connections.
Sum of number of people living in occupied households, divided by the number of occupied households in a small area/neighborhood or city
U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census Cities: DP‐1 Neighborhoods: P17
Percentage of population ages 0‐5, 6‐11, 12‐17, 18‐24, 25‐34, 35‐44, 45‐54, 55‐64, and 65 and older
U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census Cities: QTP1 Neighborhoods: P12
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Economic and Educational Opportunities Indicator Significance to public health Unemployed (ages >16 years)
Median household income
Unemployment can be a significant source of stress, often leading to lower socioeconomic status, loss of social connections, reduced wealth, and other outcomes which contribute to poor health.5 People who are unemployed are at increased risk for poor mental and physical health and engaging in risky health behaviors.6 Research suggests that people who have lost their jobs are more likely to develop adverse health conditions such as heart disease.7 Identifying areas in the county with a higher unemployment rate can help allocate resources for job training and placement. Higher income is associated with better health care access and outcomes and longer life expectancy.8 The County of Santa Clara has one of the highest median household incomes in the country. However, there is a wide range of median household income
How the measure was calculated Percentage of population ages 16 and older in the civilian labor force who are presently unemployed
Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2011 inflation‐adjusted dollars) For small areas/neighborhoods, household income was available in defined income ranges only (e.g., $60,000 to $74,999). Median household 6
Data source Neighborhoods: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2007‐2011 5‐Year Estimates (B23025) Cities: State of California Employment Development Department, November 2012
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (S1901) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B19013)
income was calculated using linear interpolation from the income range into which the household at the median fell. For cities, median household income was generated by the U.S. Census. For more information, see http://www.census.gov/hhes/w ww/p60_243sa.pdf The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) Percentage of families below is a poverty threshold 185% of the Federal Poverty determined by the federal Level government, taking into account family size and income. Sum of estimated number of Families with incomes below families whose income ratio fell 185% FPL are eligible for some below 0.5, 0.5‐0.74, 0.75‐0.99, public assistance programs. 1.00‐1.24, 1.25‐1.49, 1.50‐1.74, Family poverty is associated and 1.75‐1.84 of the Federal with reduced access to goods Poverty Level, divided by the and services, poorer physical number of families in a small area/neighborhood or city. and mental health, and higher mortality. 9 Furthermore, neighborhoods with higher concentrations of poverty may experience higher crime rates, community disinvestment, or other impacts, which may exacerbate the effects of individual and family poverty.10 across the county. Identifying areas in the county with lower median incomes can help allocate resources for health promotion.
Families below 185% FPL
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U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (B17026) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B17026)
Children (ages 0‐17) below 185% FPL
See above for a description of the Federal Poverty Level. Children from families who earn below 185% FPL are eligible for programs such as free or reduced price school lunch. Children who grow up in poverty may experience poor health and social and cognitive development, which can have profound effects on health later in life.11 12 Areas with higher
concentrations of poverty in general may experience higher crime rates, community disinvestment, or other impacts, which may exacerbate the effects of individual child poverty.13 Children (ages 3‐5) who are enrolled in preschool or nursery school
Educational attainment (ages >25 years)
School preparedness is associated with school achievement in the later grades, a contributing factor to educational attainment.14 Identifying areas in the county with a lower proportion of children who are kindergarten ready can help allocate resources for supplemental education programs. Education is linked to health by providing higher employment and income levels as well as safer and healthier working
Percentage of population ages 0‐17 below 185% of the Federal Poverty Level Sum of estimated number of children living in families whose income ratio fell in the following categories: 0.5, 0.5‐ 0.74, 0.75‐0.99, 1.00‐1.24, 1.25‐ 1.49, 1.50‐1.74, and 1.75‐1.84, divided by the population ages 0‐17 in a small area/neighborhood or city.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (B17024) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B17024)
Percentage of children ages 3‐5 enrolled in preschool or nursery school
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP02) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B14001)
Percentage of population ages 25 and older with educational attainment in the following categories: less than 9th grade
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates
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conditions. It also provides a foundation for improved health over the lifespan by building the knowledge and cognitive abilities that can help people make healthier behavioral choices, access social support, and assess health risks.151617 Communities with lower educational attainment among adults may benefit from interventions to assist with job training and economic development, as well as public health interventions to assist residents with making healthy choices.
or 9th to 12th grade no diploma, high school graduate (includes equivalency), some college or associate’s degree, and bachelor’s degree or graduate or professional degree
9
Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP02) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B15002)
Healthy and Safe Environment Indicator Number of vehicle‐pedestrian injury collisions, 10 years
Number of vehicle‐bicycle injury collisions, 10 years
Significance to public health
How the measure was calculated Pedestrian safety is an Number of vehicle‐pedestrian important factor in encouraging injury collisions over a 10‐year people to walk more. period in a small Pedestrian safety is especially area/neighborhood or city important for promoting walking to school among Number of collisions for Santa children, as high numbers of Clara County in the small collisions may discourage area/neighborhood profiles is walking.18 the average number of collisions by small area/neighborhood, adjusted for small area/neighborhood population size (weighted average). Number of collisions for Santa Clara County in the city profiles is the total number of collisions in the county over a 10‐year period. Number of vehicle‐bicycle Safer roads can encourage more people to ride bicycles for injury collisions over a 10‐year period in a small transportation and leisure. area/neighborhood or city Higher rates of vehicle‐bicycle collisions may discourage biking Number of collisions for Santa among residents.19 Clara County in the small area/neighborhood profiles is the average number of collisions by small area/neighborhood, adjusted for small area/neighborhood 10
Data source Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC), Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System (SWITRS) Cities: 2006‐2010 Neighborhoods: 2002‐2011
Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC), Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System (SWITRS) Cities: 2006‐2010 Neighborhoods: 2002‐2011
Number of motor vehicle collisions, Motor vehicle collisions are a 1 year leading cause of injury and mortality in the population.20 High rates of motor vehicle collisions in some areas may also deter area residents from walking and biking.
Lives within ½ mile of a regional bus/rail/ferry and within ¼ mile of bus/light rail
Living near public transportation is associated with increased physical activity and reduced reliance on driving.21
population size (weighted average). Number of collisions for Santa Clara County in the city profiles is the total number of collisions in the county over a 10‐year period. Number of motor vehicle collisions over a 1‐year period in a small area/neighborhood Number of collisions for Santa Clara County in the small area/neighborhood profiles is the average number of collisions by small area/neighborhood, adjusted for small area/neighborhood population size (weighted average). Number of collisions for Santa Clara County in the city profiles is the total number of collisions in the county over a 10‐year period. Percentage of residents that live within ½ mile of a regional bus/rail/ferry and within ¼ mile of bus/light rail Half mile and ¼ mile buffers were created around transit stops, dependent on whether a stop was classified as local or 11
Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC), Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System (SWITRS) Neighborhoods: 2011
Metropolitan Transportation Commission 2010
Residents who commute to work
Households receiving CalFresh benefits
regional by the local transit agency. Census blocks with centroids inside ½ and ¼ mile buffers of the transit stops were identified and population counts were summed by census tract and then by small area/neighborhood. The percentage with access was calculated using small area/neighborhood population size. For more information, see http://www.cdph.ca.gov/progr ams/Documents/HCI_RailFerry Bus_51_Narrative_and_exampl es_11‐26‐ 13SoCal_MTC_Sac.pdf Commute modes, such as Percentage of workers who driving, biking, and using public commute to work by driving transportation can affect the air alone, carpooling, using public quality in a community. Air transit, or other means (walk to quality is associated with work, work from home, or adverse health effects such as commute to work by some increased mortality and other means) morbidity from heart disease, respiratory illness, and some forms of cancer. 22 Using forms of active transportation to get to work is also associated with better health.23 CalFresh is a publicly‐funded program for supplemental food
Percentage of households with food stamp/SNAP benefits in 12
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP03) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B08301)
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year
assistance (also known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP). The proportion of residents receiving CalFresh can indicate individuals who may be at risk for experiencing food insecurity or a need for other nutritional services. Understanding the percentage of residents who receive CalFresh may help to target complementary nutritional programs. Average distance (miles) to nearest Living near large grocery stores full‐service grocery store or supermarkets provides residents with greater access to a wide variety of healthy foods like fruits and vegetables.24
the past 12 months
InfoUSA 2012 Average distance in miles to nearest full‐service grocery store Walking or driving distance in miles was calculated from each census block centroid to nearest full‐service grocery store. For cities and for Santa Clara County, the average distance was calculated based on block distance, adjusting for census block population size (weighted average). Full‐service grocery stores include supermarkets and large grocery stores. Supermarkets defined as food retailers with 13
Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP03) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (S2201)
50 employees or more, large grocery stores as 10 to 49 employees. Santa Clara County Division of Average distance (miles) to nearest Farmers’ markets provide Average distance in miles to Agriculture 2012 farmers’ market residents with additional access nearest farmers’ market to locally‐produced healthy foods such as fresh fruits and Distance in miles from each vegetables.25 census block centroid was calculated to nearest farmers’ market. For cities and for Santa Clara County, the average distance was calculated based on block distance (simple average). Number of fast food outlets Number of fast food outlets per Communities with high InfoUSA 2012 divided by the number of square mile numbers of fast food outlets may experience higher rates of square miles in a small overweight/obesity and chronic area/neighborhood or city disease. Children are Number of outlets per square particularly vulnerable to the mile for Santa Clara County in adverse health effects when attending schools near fast food city and small area/neighborhood profiles restaurants.26 calculated by summing the total number of outlets in cities and dividing by the total number of square miles in cities (excludes unincorporated areas).
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Households with gross rent 30% or more of household income
Overcrowded households
Lives in multi‐unit housing
Households that face high housing costs may have reduced financial resources for other needed goods and services. High rent burden may mean that families have to move frequently or reside in communities with poorer quality housing and higher crime rates.27 Overcrowding in households is associated with adverse physical and mental health and can negatively affect children’s development.28 Identifying communities with a high percentage of overcrowded households may help target services and allocate resources around affordable housing. Multi‐unit housing residents may experience disproportionate exposure to secondhand smoke at home as a result of breathing in exhaled smoke and burning cigarettes from nearby smokers. People residing in multi‐unit housing may be exposed to smoke even if no one in their household smokes and may be at risk for developing heart disease, respiratory illness, some cancers, and other adverse
Percentage of households with gross rent 30% or greater of household income
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP04) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B25070)
Percentage of households with greater than one occupant per room
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (B25014) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B25014)
Percentage of households that reside in housing with two or more units in a structure
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5‐Year Estimates Cities: 2006‐2010 (DP04) Neighborhoods: 2007‐2011 (B25024)
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Average distance (miles) to nearest park or open space
health outcomes.29 Public health intervention efforts have focused on reducing exposure to secondhand smoke in multi‐ unit housing.30 Access to parks and open space are an important for encouraging exercise. Proximity to parks has been shown to increase levels of physical activity and improve overall health.31
California Protected Areas Average distance in miles to nearest park or open space Database 2011, Santa Clara County Parks Department 2012 Distance in miles from each census block centroid was calculated to nearest boundary of a park or accessible open space, based on the straight‐ line distance method (actual access points not available for analysis). For small areas/neighborhoods, census tract average distance was then calculated, adjusting for census block population size (weighted average) and then averaged by small area/neighborhood (simple average). For cities and for Santa Clara County, average distance for was calculated based on block distance, adjusting for census block population size (weighted average). Excludes parks with restricted 16
Number of tobacco retail outlets per square mile
The location of tobacco retail outlets in communities affects tobacco product availability, especially among adolescents who may be more likely to initiate tobacco use if residing in and/or attending school in areas with high densities of tobacco retailers.32
Average number of violent crimes within 1 mile
Violence is a cause of injury, disability, poor mental health, and premature death.33 Living in a community with a high number of violent crimes may also discourage residents from being physically active.34
access, inaccessible parks, and special purpose open space areas such as golf courses and future unimproved park lands. Number of tobacco retail outlets divided by number of square miles in small area/neighborhood or city Number of outlets per square mile for Santa Clara County in the city and small area/neighborhood profiles calculated by summing the total number of outlets in cities and dividing by the total number of square miles in cities (excludes unincorporated areas). Average number of violent crimes within 1 mile Number of violent crimes occurring within 1 mile of the each census block was calculated. For small areas/neighborhoods, average number for census tracts was then calculated, adjusting for census block population size (weighted 17
California Board of Equalization, November 2012
Public Engines, Inc., August 1, 2010‐July 31, 2011 (a standardized crime reporting system which reports crime for 15 crime types based on uniform crime reporting (UCR) definitions)
Number of alcohol retail outlets per square mile
Communities with many liquor stores may have higher rates of alcohol‐related motor vehicle accidents and violent crime.35
average) and then averaged by small area/neighborhood (simple average). For cities and for Santa Clara County, the average number of violent crimes within 1 mile was calculated based on block counts, adjusting for census block population size (weighted average). Incidents coded as robbery, homicide, sexual assault and assault with a deadly weapon were defined as violent crimes, according to the definition provided by the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. Excludes incidents with reporting location in same block as a major hospital or police station, or which had a duplicate incident identifier. Number of alcohol retail outlets Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC), divided by the number of December 2012 square miles in a small area/neighborhood or city Number of outlets per square mile for Santa Clara County in the city and small area/neighborhood profiles 18
was calculated by summing the total number of outlets in cities and dividing by the total number of square miles in cities (excludes unincorporated areas). Health status Indicator Births per 1,000 people
Low birth weight infants
Preterm births
Significance to public health
How this measure was calculated Number of births, divided by The birth rate is an important indicator of population growth. total population size, presented as a rate per 1,000 people Information on areas with higher birth rates may assist agencies and organizations in deciding where to locate maternal and child health programs. Low birth weight is a risk factor Percentage of infants who weighed less than 2500 grams for infant mortality. Low birth (5 pounds, 8 ounces) at birth weight infants who survive their first year are at increased risk for physical and developmental complications.36 Communities with high rates of low birth weight may benefit from public health interventions, such as maternal/child health services. Percentage of infants born Prematurity is a risk factor for before 37 weeks of gestation neurological problems, cardiovascular complications, 19
Data source Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2009‐2011 Birth Statistical Master File; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2009‐2011 Birth Statistical Master File
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2009‐2011 Birth Statistical Master File
Overweight or obese during first trimester of pregnancy
Mothers who received early and adequate prenatal care
infections, and other health problems. Premature birth contributes to low birth weight and also increases the risk of infant mortality.37 Communities with high rates of preterm births may benefit from public health interventions, such as maternal/child health services. High pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) measures the percentage of women who were overweight or obese before they became pregnant. A high BMI during pregnancy may increase the risks for developing gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, the risk of having a child with a high birth weight, and other adverse health outcomes.38 Communities with larger percentages of mothers with high maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI may benefit from behavioral and environmental interventions, such as physical activity and nutrition programs, as well as healthcare interventions regarding weight maintenance. Prenatal care is important for determining potential pregnancy complications early
Percentage of women with live California Department of Public births who had a BMI of 25.0 or Health, 2009‐2011 Birth higher (overweight or obese) Statistical Master File during the first trimester
Percentage of women with live births who received early and adequate prenatal care 20
California Department of Public Health, 2009‐2011 Birth Statistical Master File
Teen live births per 1,000 females ages 15‐19
Life expectancy
on and is associated with reductions in maternal and infant deaths, miscarriages, birth defects, low birth weight, and other preventable problems. 39 Communities with lower percentages of early and adequate care may benefit from improved access to healthcare for woman of childbearing age. Teenage births are associated with lower income and higher school dropout rates for mothers, as well as lower earning potential for fathers.41 Infants born to teenage mothers are at increased risk of low birth weight, poorer nutrition, and lower cognitive and social stimulation, which can lead to lower academic achievement later in life.42 Communities with higher teen birth rates may benefit from public health interventions concerning sex and sexuality and improved access to healthcare for teen females. Life expectancy is an important indicator of the overall health status of a population.43 Life expectancy is defined as the average number of years a
Early and adequate prenatal care, also known as the Kotelchuck Index is defined as care initiated by the fourth month and receiving at least 80% of recommended prenatal visits.40
Number of live births among female adolescents ages 15‐19, divided by the total number of female adolescents ages 15‐19, and presented as a rate per 1,000 females ages 15‐19.
California Department of Public Health, 2009‐2011 Birth Statistical Master File; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Life expectancy was calculated based on Santa Clara County mortality data over a 5‐year period. For more information on how to calculate life
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
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Cancer deaths per 100,000 people
Heart disease deaths per 100,000 people
population of a certain age would be expected to live, given a set of age‐specific death rates in a given year. Life expectancy may vary by where people live. Areas with lower life expectancy may experience higher levels of poverty, lower levels of educational attainment, and other factors associated with premature mortality.44 Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in Santa Clara County. Communities with higher cancer mortality may benefit from behavioral or environmental interventions, such as smoking cessation, improved cancer screening, and healthcare access.
Heart disease is a cause of premature death and is one of the leading causes of death in Santa Clara County. Several factors may increase the risk of heart disease, namely being overweight or obese, poor nutrition, limited physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use. Hypertension (high blood
expectancy, see: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_03.pdf.
Number of people who died from cancer, age‐adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths. Number of people who died from heart disease (includes heart attacks and other diseases of the heart excluding stroke), age‐adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
22
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Alzheimer’s disease deaths per 100,000 people
Stroke deaths per 100,000 people
Chronic lower respiratory disease
pressure) and high cholesterol also increase the risk of heart disease. Communities with higher rates of heart disease may benefit from behavioral or environmental interventions, such as physical activity or nutrition programs. Alzheimer’s disease is one of the leading causes of death in Santa Clara County. Communities with higher rates of Alzheimer’s disease may have a greater need for elder care services and centers.
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in Santa Clara County. Health behaviors such as poor nutrition, limited physical activity, smoking, and alcohol use may increase the risk of having a stroke. Communities with higher rates of mortality from strokes may benefit from behavioral or environmental interventions, such as smoking cessation. Chronic lower respiratory
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths.
Number of people who died from Alzheimer’s disease, age‐ adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths. Number of people who died from stroke, age‐adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths.
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Number of people who died
Santa Clara County Public Health
23
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
deaths per 100,000 people
Unintentional injury deaths per 100,000 people
Diabetes deaths per 100,000 people
disease, which includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and bronchitis, is one of the leading causes of death in Santa Clara County. Smoking is a risk factor for COPD. Asthma symptoms may be exacerbated by exposure to air pollution and poor air quality. Communities with higher rates of mortality from COPD may benefit from behavioral or environmental interventions, such as smoking cessation, mold reduction, and reduction in vehicle emissions near residential areas. Unintentional injury, a cause of premature death, include motor vehicle crashes, falls, poisonings, suffocations, and drowning, Unintentional injury is one of the leading causes of death in Santa Clara County. Unintentional injury may result from residing in an unsafe environment or not taking appropriate safety precautions, such as not wearing seatbelt when driving. Diabetes is a leading cause of death in Santa Clara County.
from chronic lower respiratory disease, age‐adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths.
Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Number of people who died from unintentional injury, age‐ adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths.
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Number of people who died from diabetes, age‐adjusted
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death
24
Influenza and pneumonia deaths per 100,000 people
Hypertension deaths per 100,000 people
People are at higher risk for developing diabetes if they have poor nutrition, limited physical activity, or are obese. Diabetes is a risk factor for heart disease, blindness, and kidney failure. Communities with higher rates of mortality from diabetes may benefit from behavioral or environmental interventions, such as smoking cessation or physical activity and nutrition programs. Influenza and pneumonia are one of the leading causes of death in Santa Clara County. Communities with higher rates of mortality from influenza and pneumonia may benefit from public health interventions, such as vaccination programs, and from improved access to healthcare.
using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths.
Number of people who died from influenza and/or pneumonia, age‐adjusted using the direct method and the 2000 projected U.S. population. Presented as a rate per 100,000 people. For more on age adjustment, see http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths. Number of people who died Hypertension, also known as from hypertension, age‐ high blood pressure, is a risk adjusted using the direct factor for heart disease and stroke. Communities with method and the 2000 higher rates of mortality from projected U.S. population. hypertension may benefit from Presented as a rate per behavioral interventions, such 100,000 people. For more on as smoking cessation, as well as age adjustment, see 25
Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
Santa Clara County Public Health Department, 2008‐2012 Death Statistical Master File ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 U.S. Census
improved access to healthcare. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data /statnt/statnt20.pdf. Rates are not reported for indicators with fewer than 20 deaths.
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Limitations and additional technical notes Data from the American Community Survey were pooled for contiguous census tracts to derive demographic, economic, educational, and health and safety indicators. For categorical indicators, the estimated number of residents with a particular characteristic, e.g., the number in a particular age range, in contiguous census tracts in a given small area/neighborhood were summed. This sum was then divided by the sum of the estimated number of residents in contiguous census tracks in a given small area/neighborhood and multiplied by 100 to produce a percentage (see individual indicators for more information on calculations for continuous data). Because ACS estimates are based on a sample of each census tract, and not on a full enumeration as with the U.S. Census, sampling error should be accounted for when making inferences. Data are for descriptive purposes only. Inferences and comparisons should be avoided because sampling errors are not included on this profile. All information on health and social indicators on all surveys utilized in the profiles was self‐reported and so is subject to reporting bias. Public health surveillance data (births, deaths, and infectious disease) utilized in the profiles were subject to both misclassification and reporting bias; however, this bias is expected to be minimal. 1
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