NATO’s European Allies

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NATO’s European Allies Military Capability and Political Will Edited by

Janne Haaland Matlary Professor of International Politics, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Norway

and

Magnus Petersson Professor of Modern History, Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, Norway

Janne Haaland Matlary and Magnus Petersson © 2013 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-03499-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44211-9 ISBN 978-1-137-03500-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137035004 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

Contents

List of Tables

vii

Acknowledgements

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Notes on Contributors

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1 Introduction: Will Europe Lead in NATO? J. H. Matlary and M. Petersson

1

Part I Determinants of the Use of Force 2 From Mars to Venus? European Use of Force from a Historical Perspective M. Petersson

25

3 A Farewell to Arms: Europe’s Meritocracy and the Demilitarization of Europe C. Coker

37

4 Towards an Affordable European Defence and Security Policy? The Case for Extensive European Force Integration S. Diesen

57

5 Strategy, Risk and Threat Perceptions in NATO Ø. Østerud and A. Toje

71

Part II Application: Case Studies 6 No More Free-Riding: The Political Economy of Military Power and the Transatlantic Relationship S. Kay

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7 Between Theory and Practice: Britain and the Use of Force P. Porter

121

8 France: The State with Strategic Vision Y. Boyer

141

9 The Reluctant Ally? Germany, NATO and the Use of Force B. Schreer

161

v

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Contents

10 Willing and Able? Spanish Statecraft as Brokerage D. Coletta and D. García

178

11 Poland’s Participation in NATO Operations M. Pietras

205

12 Hungary in NATO: The Case of a Half Empty Glass T. Magyarics

232

13 Punching above Its Weight: Denmark’s Legitimate Peripheral Participation in NATO’s Wars M. V. Rasmussen

262

14 Norway: Militarily Able but Politically Divided J. H. Matlary

279

Index

301

List of Tables

11.1 Attitude of the Poles towards the presence of Polish troops in Afghanistan (%)

vii

211

Acknowledgements

First of all, we would like to thank the research programme ‘NATO in a Changing World’ at the Norwegian Institute of Defence Studies (IFS) of the Norwegian Defence University College, and the Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, for generous support for the making of this book. The programme, financed by the Norwegian MOD, supports research on various aspects of NATO and is interdisciplinary. Furthermore, we are grateful to colleagues for comments on various drafts of our chapters, especially Associate Professor Paal S. Hilde and Lieutenant Colonel Dr Harald Høyback, and to the chapter authors for being precise and prompt in delivering their contributions. Finally, we would like to thank Christina Brian, Julia Willan and Harriet Barker at Palgrave Macmillan for encouraging and supporting the book project from the beginning to the end. Janne Haaland Matlary and Magnus Petersson Oslo and Boston, July 2012

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Contributors ˙ Yves Boyer is Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique, France, where he teaches International Security Affairs, and is Deputy Director of the Paris-based Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS). Christopher Coker is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. He is a regular lecturer at the Royal College of Defence Studies (London), the NATO Defence College (Rome), the Centre for International Security (Geneva) and the National Institute for Defence Studies (Tokyo). Damon Coletta is Professor of Political Science at the United States Air Force Academy, USA. His research interests include transatlantic relations, international crisis management and civil–military relations. He is the author of Trusted Guardian: Information Sharing and the Future of the Atlantic Alliance (2008), and co-editor of the eighth edition of American Defense Policy. Sverre Diesen is a former Chief of Defence of Norway. He is a graduate of the Norwegian Military Academy (1979), Norwegian Army Staff College I and II (1986–1988); and Staff College Camberley, UK (1990). He also holds a master of science degree in Civil Engineering from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway (1976). David García is Professor of International Relations, Department of International Studies, at the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. His areas of interest are US foreign policy, transatlantic relations and security in Asia-Pacific. Sean Kay is Professor of Politics and Government, Chair of International Studies, Ohio Weslean University, and Associate, Mershon Center for International Security Studies at the Ohio State University, USA. He specializes in international politics, international security, globalization, international organizations and US foreign and defence policy. Tamás Magyarics is Hungarian Ambassador to Ireland. He is currently on leave from Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, where he is an ix

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Notes on Contributors

associate professor, and the Hungarian Institute of International Affairs, Hungary, where he was Director and Senior Research Fellow. His major fields of interest are transatlantic relations, US foreign affairs and international security. Øyvind Østerud is Professor at the Department of Political Science at the University of Oslo, Norway, and Adjunct Professor at the Norwegian Defence University College. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. He was Head of Department during 1993–1996 and 2007–2012, and President of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters during 2008–2011. His latest books include Denationalisation of Defence (2007) and Hva er krig [What is War] (2009). Marek Pietra´s is Professor of International Relations at the Maria CurieSkłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. He is the author of 135 publications on contemporary international relations, with a particular focus on non-traditional security threats and the impact on international security of systemic factors including globalization processes. Patrick Porter is Reader in Strategic Studies at the University of Reading, UK. He is also a Fellow of the UK Chief of the Defence Staff’s Strategic Forum, and a contributing editor to Infinity, a new online strategy journal. His areas of interest include strategic studies, geopolitics, war and orientalism and US grand strategy in the Asia-Pacific. Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen is Professor of Political Science at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, where he is the Director of the Centre for Military Studies. Previously, he worked at the Danish Institute for Military Studies and the Danish Institute for International Affairs. He is a regular lecturer at the Royal Danish Defence College, Denmark, and the NATO Defence College, Italy. Benjamin Schreer is Deputy Head of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre (SDSC) and Senior Lecturer at the Australian National University, Australia. Previous positions included Deputy Director of the Aspen Institute, Germany, and Deputy Head of the research unit ‘European and Atlantic Security’ at the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) in Berlin. Asle Toje is Lecturer at the Political Science Department, University of Oslo, Norway. He is also Research Director at the Norwegian Nobel

Notes on Contributors

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Institute in Oslo. He holds a PhD in international relations from Pembroke College, Cambridge, UK. He has authored several books, including America, the EU and Strategic Culture: Renegotiating the Transatlantic Bargain (2008) and The European Union as a Small Power: After the Post Cold War (2010).