NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANO MATERIALS – APPLICATIONS AND GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS
Dr. Thomas Abraham Innovative Research and Products (iRAP), Inc. P.O. Box 16760, Stamford, CT 06905, USA Tel: 203-569-7909 E-mail:
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Organization of the Presentation • • • • • •
Introduction Next Gen Applications Material Types Commercial Products Applications Market Analysis: Background • Nanomaterials Markets • Nanoceramics Materials iRAP
• • • • • • •
Nanotubes Nanocomposites Nanoelectronics Nanophotonics Nanomagnetics Nanopatterning Nanotechnology for Life Sciences • Conclusions Innovative Research and Products, Inc. www.innoresearch.net
Nanoscience • Structures smaller than a length characteristic of a phenomenon exhibit new chemistry & physics • in the 1 to 100 nm range Conductivity, Electronic structure, Reactivity, Melting, Freezing, Color, Strength all change with great potential
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Nanotechnology • Working with these structures, one by one, or cluster by cluster to design and develop stronger & lighter materials, faster acting switches, drugs & cosmetics, more storage
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Definitions •
Nanotechnology is the ability to synthesize, characterize, and manipulate matter at the sub100 nm length scale.
•
Nanomateirals are characterized by structural features of sub-100 nm sizes
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Scope of the Challenge • Nanotechnology is evolving rapidly! • A $2.5 trillion business globally by 2014 • An estimated 1 million workers in R&D and production, or using nanomaterials or products. • The US leads the world in investing and in the number of “Nanotech Companies” • The global picture is changing! iRAP
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NANOTECH INVESTMENTS
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Examples of Next Generation Applications – Advanced Computing – Nanoelectronic devices based on quantum dots – Electronics – Carbon Nanotube Conductors or Semiconductors – Cancer Treatment – Nanoparticles for targeting breast cancer cells – Energy Storage – Cathodes fabricated from nanomaterials – Engineered Textiles – Nanofibers – Environment – Nanomaterial-based photocatalyst – Metalworking – Nanoengineered copper, nanophase titanium alloys – Packaging – Nanocomposite plastics – Pharmaceuticals – Antimicrobial nanocoatings on wound dressings – …And the list goes on.
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Material Types • • • • •
Carbon black Silica fumes Clay Metal/alloys Ceramics Used in tires and other rubber products, fillers, pigments, synthetic bone, polishing slurries, pharma additives, sunscreen lotion and polymer composites.
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Synthetic Strategies Top → Down Bulk particulate materials are broken down into smaller and smaller particles Process key – control energy input and contamination Example – high energy ball milling Typically performed on solids or dispersed solids
Source: Nanophase Technologies Corp.
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Synthetic Strategies •
Bottom → Up Nanoparticles are built up atom/molecule at a time Energy is required for promoting the reactions Process key – control nucleation and growth Example – flame synthesis of titanium dioxide Typically done in gas or liquid phases Vs. Top → Down approach, usually Bottom → Up products have higher purity, better particle size/surface chemistry control
Source: Nanophase Technologies Corp.
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Gas Phase Synthesis • Vapor Condensation Sublimation
• Vapor Reaction Flame synthesis
Source: Nanophase Technologies Corp.
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Gas Phase Synthesis
Physical Vapor Synthesis (PVS) NanoArc Synthesis (NAS™) Solid precursor (powder or metallic rod) Patented process, equipment, and materials Source: Nanophase Technologies Corp.
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Liquid Phase Synthesis • Precipitation – solvent removed by filtration or centrifuging Clear solutions Molecules are combined or reacted to form insoluble molecules Particles are built by nucleating and growing insoluble molecules Process key – control agglomeration Examples: - Hydrolysis (pH) - Co-precipitation add precipitation agents
- Homogeneous precipitation precipitation agents produced In-situ
- Redox reactions - Decomposition Source: Nanophase Technologies Corp.
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Liquid Phase Synthesis • Evaporation – solvent removed by evaporation Simple evaporation – dissolve and evaporate Aerosol – solvent evaporates form small liquid droplets in gas phase Microemulsion – solvent evaporated from emulsion droplets in liquid phase Freeze drying – solvent removed from frozen liquid
Source: Nanophase Technologies Corp.
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Nanoceramic Powders – Nanoceramic powders constitute an important segment of the whole nanostructured materials. – Constitute more than 50% of the total nanostructured materials.
Nanotubes – Conductors or semiconductors – Strong materials with good thermal conductivity
Nanocomposites – Generally polymer based with nanosized fillers
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Commercial Products • Nanoceramics are available commercially in the form of dry powders or liquid dispersions. • The most commercially important nanoceramic materials are simple metal oxides, silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), alumina (Al2O3), iron oxide (Fe3O4, Fe2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), ceria (CeO2) and zircona (ZrO2). • Silica and iron oxide nanoparticles have a commercial history spanning half a century or more • Of increasing importance are the mixed oxides and titanates – indium-tin oxide (In2O3-SnO2 or ITO) – antimony-tin oxide (ATO), – barium titanate (BaTiO3). • Nanocrystalline titania, zinc oxide, ceria, ITO, and other oxides have more recently entered the marketplace.
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Commercial Products Cont’d… • Nonoxide ceramics, such as tungsten carbide (WC) - Under development and available in small- or pilot-scale quantities • Except semiconducting oxides such as titania and ITO, semiconductor nanocrystals are not yet used in large-scale commercial applications; the technology to produce and utilize nanocrystalline semiconductors, often called quantum dots, is relatively new and rapidly developing. • Two main types of nanotubes: Single Wall Nanotubes (SWNT) and Multi Wall Nanotubes (MWNT) • SWNT – Research materials with limited applications, large future potential • MWNT – Used in thermoplastic nanocomposites iRAP
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What’s Now? What’s Next? An analysis of selected nanomaterial applications
What’s hot?
What’s Now?
What’s Next? iRAP
What’s not?
Magnetic recording CMP tapes Sunscreens Magnetic Sealing Biomagnetic Contrast Hard Disks Separations Agents Power and Heads Functional Transformer Coatings Cores Photocatalysts Propellants Biochips Memory Devices Drug delivery Transistor Technologies
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What’s Now? • • • • • • • • • •
CMP Magnetic fluid sealing Transparent functional coatings Magnetic recording tapes Hard disks and GMR heads Power transformer cores Sunscreens MRI contrast agents Biomagnetic separations… Sports Equipment
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Chemical-Mechanical Polishing (CMP) • Planarization of metal and dielectric layers on semiconductor wafers • Typical abrasives used: – Silica – Alumina – Ceria and others
Left: Unplanarized layers. Right: CMP-processed layers. Source: Peter Wolters AG
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Magnetic Fluid Sealing • Dispersions of superparamagnetic iron oxide (ferrofluids) • Current: Loudspeakers, hard disk drives, vacuum feedthroughs • Future: MEMS/NEMS and bioapplications
Source: Ferrotec Corp.
Source: MIT
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Transparent Conductive Coatings • Indium tin oxide (ITO) – – – –
CRTs Photographic films FPD electrodes Touch screens
• Films produced by: – Vapor deposition or – Nanoparticle technology iRAP
Source: 3M
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Magnetic Recording Tapes • Magnetic storage technology used for: – – – – –
Audio cassettes Videocassettes Data storage tapes Floppy disks Hard disks, etc.
• High aspect ratio magnetic particles basis for magnetic layer of tapes – Iron oxide or Co-iron oxide – Iron and iron-cobalt
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Source: S. Onodera, MRS Bulletin [21, 9, 1996]
300 nm
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Power Transformer Cores • Toroidal tape-wound cores for power transformers • Vacuumschmelze Vitroperm • Advantages: – – – –
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Lower weight Reduced volume Higher efficiency Expanded temp range
Source: Vacuumschmelze
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Sunscreens: Background • UVB exposure
sunburn, carcinomas
• UVA exposure
melanoma, premature aging
• Nanoscale TiO2 and ZnO particles provide broadspectrum UV protection in a transparent formulation • Opportunities in sensitive skin and baby • sunscreens, also daily wear products
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MRI Contrast Agents Agent Type
Signal Intensity Impact
Examples
Paramagnetic
Positive
Ionic chelated gadolinium, iron or manganese, such as MnCl2 or Gd-DTPA; oil emulsions
Superparamagnetic
Negative
Nanoscale iron oxide
Diamagnetic
Negative
(Experimental) barium sulfate suspensions; clay minerals
Perfluorochemicals
Negative
Perfluoroctylbromide
Source: BCC, Inc.
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Contrast-Enhanced MRI Image
Source: Advanced Magnetics & Steven E. Harms, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Gadolinium-based contrast agents • First to gain regulatory approval • Believed to have 60% of world market • Usage extends beyond approved indications Innovative Research and Products, Inc. www.innoresearch.net
Biomagnetic Separations • Superparamagnetic iron oxide in the form of particle aggregates or composite beads • Major applications – Cell sorting – Nucleic acid extraction/purification – Bacterial detection
Source: Dynal Biotech
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Applications of Carbon Nanotubes for composites and displays in the market
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Imaging and diagnostics NanoPlex biomarker detection. These silica-coated, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active metal nanoparticles allow robust, ultrasensitive, highly-multiplexed biomarker quantitation in any biological matrix, including whole blood
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What’s Next? • • • • • • • • •
Photocatalysis Propellants Drug delivery Disease treatment Biochips Magnetic RAM Silicon nanocrystal memory Nanotube or nanowire memory Logic technologies…
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Photocatalysis • Photocatalytic reactions can purify water, air, surfaces, and fabrics • “Self-cleaning” or “anti-fogging” properties • TiO2 nanocrystals / films • Large interest in Japan • Potential impact in number of market segments: – – – –
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Automotive Lighting Medical Construction, etc.
Right half of mirror only coated with photocatalytic film. Source: TOTO, Ltd.
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Propellants • Of the 502,126 kg of propellant used in the solid rocket boosters of the Space Shuttle, 16% (80,340 kg) is atomized aluminum powder • Nanoscale aluminum powder higher burn rates? Source: NASA
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Drug Delivery and Disease Treatment • Potential to revolutionize cancer treatment • Nanocrystals: Effective agents for selective targeting and destruction of cancer cells? – Small particle size – Surface functionalization possible – Unique properties (magnetic, optical) iRAP
Source: FeRx, Inc.
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Biochips • Magnetic particle targeting combined with sensitive magnetometers • OR SEMICONDUCTOR PARTICLES…. • Goal: specific, sensitive, quantitative and rapid detection of biological targets • Impact: Protein or nucleic acid assays for complex biological media and point-of-care testing
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Source: Quantum Design, Inc.
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Magnetic RAM • Spintronic device; exploits spin of e- for information storage • Touted as “universal memory”
Source: IBM Research
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Silicon Nanocrystal Memory • Flash memory alternative • Silicon nanocrystals or quantum dots replace continuous silicon film
Source: Edwin C. Kan, Cornell University
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Nanotube or Nanowire Memory • Near term: nanotube “ribbons” • Longer term: single nanotubes or nanowires and ultrahigh density • Trailblazer: Nantero, Inc.
Source: U.S. Patent 6,574,130, issued to Nantero, Inc.
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Logic Technologies • Carbon nanotube FETs • Semiconductor nanowire FETs • Single electron transistors • Near-term: Hybrid nano/ microelectronic architecture • Long-term: New logic architectures • • • • •
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Bottom-up fabrication Ultrahigh device density Fault tolerance Reprogrammability High speed
Source: L. Lauhon, et al., Nature, 420 (November, 2002) 57-61.
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Practical applications: Hemostasis Hemostasis can be achieved in less than 15 seconds, in multiple tissues, as well as a variety of different wounds, using a self-assembling peptide Source: Rutledge Ellis-Behnke, MIT
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GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS IN SELECT SEGMENTS, 2006 $ MILLION
Current Growth Rate (%)
14,000
9.3
Nanoceramics
700
9.0
Nanotubes (SWCNT & MWCNT)
150
20
Nanocomposites
150
18
For Nanoelectronics
30
>40
For Energy/Catalysis/Structural
325
30
Nanofibers
40
36
For Electronic/Magnetic/Optoelectronic
500
16
For Bioned/Pharma/Cosmetics
170
27
Nanomaterials (includes carbon black, polycrystalline calcium carbonate and silica fumes)
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GLOBAL NANOTECHNOLOGY MARKET IN SELECT SEGMENTS, 2006
CATEGORY Nanophotonics Nanomagnetics Nanopatterning Nano for Life Sciences Nanofiltration Membranes iRAP
$ MILLION >1,000 6,000 65 1,200 90
Current Growth Rate (%) >50 20 40 30 26
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Conclusions • Nanoscale materials engineering will have an increasingly important impact on a number of sectors, including biotechnology, electronics, energy, and industrial products • Nano-sized ceramic powder market is likely to grow with a healthy growth rate of about 10% per year in the next five years • SWNT are likely to see some exciting applications such as microscope probe tips (already commercially available), field emission devices (one device, an X-ray fluorometer which makes use of a cold cathode nanotube is commercially available) and some membrane applications. MWNT filled polymers are successful commercial products in automotive applications. • Nanocomposites have found niche applications such as automotive (under the hood and exterior) and beverage packaging.
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Conclusions Cont’d… • More companies will enter the nanomaterials market. At the same time, there will be increasing number of business relations such as technology licensing and joint marketing to achieve faster commercialization of the new products • The research and development funding for nanotechnology and nanomaterials will continue to increase in this decade. • Numerous technological and market hurdles to commercialization exist. Success can be achieved only with a keen understanding of the basic science as applied to actual production requirements and market needs.
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HOW TO MAKE AN EARLY MARKET ENTRY • Consider developing a nanoenabled product in your current product line. • Instead of getting into synthesis technology to product nanomaterials, use currently available nanomaterials to make value added products. • Consider technology licensing and/or joint venture as a way for an early entry.
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HOW TO MAKE AN EARLY MARKET ENTRY (Cont’d) • Participate in a university or national lab based cooperative research program • Try acquisition as a route to make an early entry into the field • Use the service of a technology and market research consultant who could evaluate your current technologies and products and make suggestions on what nanotechnology products should be pursued iRAP
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EXAMPLES NANO COMPANIES SUPPORTED BY ANGELS • NANOPHASE TECHNOLOGIES INC. • NANODYANAMICS • SUPERIOR MICRO PRODUCTS, Part of Cabot now • NANOVIRICIDES • NANOSYS INC. • EVIDENT TECHNOLOGIES • ZYVEX iRAP
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COMPANIES WITH BAD EXPERIENCE FOR ANGELS • NANO OPTO • NANOMAT • QUANTUM DOT CORP.
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IMPORTANT OF MARKET RESEARCH • BEFORE ANY ANGELS INVEST THEIR CAPITAL, MUST HAVE AN INDEPENDENT INDUSTRY AND MARKET ANALSYIS • HELPS THE BROKERS, CONSULTANTS AND THE ANGELS • SHOULD MAKE SURE THE MARKET RESEARCH FIRM HAS AN ANALYST WHO KNOWS ABOUT THE INDSUTRY AND TECHNOLOGY iRAP
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NANOTECH CAFÉ RECENT HEADLINES • N ANOTECH INDUSTRY MOVING FROM R&D TO PRODUCTION WITH OVER 500 CONSUMER ITEMS ALREADY AVAILAB LE • NANO PET PRODUCTS – DOG GONE SAMRT™ WEAR BRAND DOG APPAREL • NANO FIBER MEDIA FILTRATION USING NANOSPIDER TECHNOLOGY For Motor Vehicles and Filtration iRAP
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RECENT HEADLINES FROM NANOTECH CAFÉ NEWS • CALUTECH UV LIGHTS INTRODUCES AIR DUCT UV PURIFIERS FOR STERILIZING AIR WHILE HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING • INDUSTRIAL NANOTECH SUPPLIES NANSULATE NANOTECHNOLOGY ENERGY SAVING AND CORRSION PROTECTION COATINGS FOR TEXTILE DYEING AND FINISHING iRAP
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Dr. Thomas Abraham • Ph.D. - Materials Science (Columbia Univ.) • 27 years of industry experience • 23 years experience in market research and industry analysis • Advanced materials, nanomaterials & nanotechnology iRAP
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iRAP Reports Reports Completed • Nanomatrerials, Nanoceramics, CMP •Ultracapacitors •Thin Film Batteries •Auto Electric Products •Piezoelectric Operated Motors and Actuators •MEMS Microphones •Micro Fuel Cells for Flexible Handheld Devices •Electroactive Polymer Devices iRAP
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THANK YOU Dr. Thomas Abraham President Innovative Research and Products (iRAP) P.O. Box 16760, Stamford, CT 06905, USA Tel: 203-569-7909 E-mail:
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