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Name Index
Coates, Albert (1882–1953), 280 Cools, Eugène (1877–1936), 236 Cortot, Alfred (1877–1962), 62, 186 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard Nikolaus (1874–1972), 82 Cuvillier, Charles (1877–1955), 234 Czyżewski, Tytus (1880–1945), 213 ww w.a sh ga te. co m
Dąbrowski, Florian (1913–2002), 163 Davydova, Natalia (1875–1933), 63, 185 Dean Paul, Lady (1879–1932), 262 Debussy, Claude (1862–1918), 167, 187 Dehmel, Richard (1863–1920), 73, 207 Dehn, Siegfried (1799–1858), 40 Diaghilev, Sergey (1872–1929), 8–10, 234 Dormann, Felix (1870–1928), 145–6, 225 Draper, Muriel (1886–1952), 227–8 Draper, Paul (1886–1925), 227, 279 Drziewiecki, Zbigniew (1890–1971), 62 Dubiański, Alexander (Sasha) (1900–21), 62, 186 Dubiska, Irena (1899–1989), 257–8
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Bacewicz, Grażyna (1909–69), 123, 126, 127 Baird, Tadeusz (1928–81), 126 Bartók, Béla (1881–1945), 88 Bartoszewicz, Alina (1911–25), 85 Bartoszewicz, Stefan (1870–1935), 85 Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827), 3, 18, 76–7, 199–200 Berent, Wacław (1873–1940), 207 Bierbaum, Otto Julius (1865–1910), 207 Bloch, Augustyn (1929–2006), 129 Blumenfeld, Feliks (1863–1931), 86, 136 Bodenstedt, Friedrich (1819–92), 170 Bolesławski, Ryszard (1889–1937), 38, 130 Bolm, Adolf (1884–1951), 119 Boy-Żeleński, Tadeusz (1874–1941), 66, 117, 146–7 Branicka, Countess Anna (1876–1953), 176 Briand, Aristide (1862–1932), 82 Bruzdowicz, Joanna (born in 1943), 130
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Allington, Captain Napier George Henry Sturt, 3rd Baron (1896–1940), 63 Aprahamian, Felix (1914–2005), 230–31 Asquith, Sir Henry Herbert (1852–1928), 191 Auerbach, Alfred (1873–1954), 200
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Cazalet, Victor (1896–1943), 63 Cellini, Benvenuto (1879–1968), 146 Chisholm, Erik (1904–65), 233 Chomiński, Józef (1906–94), 35, 62, 135 Chopin, Fryderyk/Frédéric (1810–49), 15–20, 21, 22–3, 24, 25–31, 88–9, 97, 138, 170, 176, 183, 184 Choromański, Michał (1904–72), 82 Chwiłek, Agnieszka, 101 Chybiński, Adolf (1880–1952), 22, 62, 89, 92, 117, 134, 137, 160, 166
Ekier, Jan (1913–2014), 124 Elsner, Józef (1769–1854), 87 Falke, Gustav (1853–1916), 132, 207 Fitelberg, Grzegorz (1879–1953), 43, 62, 137, 178, 179, 223, 240 Fitelberg, Jerzy (1903–51), 123, 145 Frantz, Colette (1903–2004), 239 Friedman, Ben ‘Daddy’, 180 Gaubert, Philippe (1879–1941), 237 Glaz, Dr André (1899–1969), 56, 237, 240 Glinka, Mikhail (1804–57) PM, 27 Gliński, Mateusz (1892–1976), 61 Godowski, Leopold (1870–1938), 225 Goldfeld, Viktor (1894–1982), 265 Goossens, Eugène (1893–1962), 228
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Hafiz of Shiraz (c.1325–90), 171 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 96, 98 Hempel, Maria (1882–1974), 181 Hertzka, Emil (1869–1932), 6, 63, 185, 224, 225 Høeberg, Georg (1872–1950), 241 Horowitz, Vladimir (1903–89), 236, 247 Hrabanus, Maurus (c.780–856), 35 Huberman, Bronisław (1882–1947), 82 Huch, Ricarda (1864–1947), 207 Idzikowski, Mieczysław (1864–1944), 25 Iłłakowiczówna, Kazimiera (1892–1983), 38, 213 Iwański, August (1881–1972), 63, 238 Iwaszkiewicz (née Lilpop), Anna (1897–1979), 63, 165 Iwaszkiewicz, Jaroslaw (1894–1980), 48, 63, 67–8, 75, 92, 134, 146–7, 153, 154, 160, 173, 185, 209, 240
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Jachimecki, Zdzisław (1882–1953), 18, 24–5, 62, 80, 100 Jacopone da Todi (c.1230–1306), 35 Jankowski, Józef (1865–1935), 160 Jaroszyński, Józef (1875–1948), 247 Jasieński–Manggha, Feliks (1861–1929), 269 Jordan-Robinson, Dorothy (1885–1976), 63, 180, 235, 237–8 Jordan, Eben Dyer (1857–1916), 180 Joteyko, Tadeusz (1872–1932), 269
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Kaden-Brandowski, Juliusz (1885–1944), 199 Kahn-Casella, Hélène (c.1877–1952), 63, 160, 165, 168, 235, 236, 237–8 Kalmus, Alfred A. (1889–1972), 236 Karłowicz, Mieczysław (1876–1909), 21, 22, 222, 269
Kasprowicz, Jan (1860–1926), 63, 124, 184, 207 Kassern, Tadeusz (1904–57), 124, 163 Kazuro, Stanisław (1881–1961), 62 Kiel, Friedrich (1821–85), 40 Kleczyński, Jan (1837–95), 89 Klisowski, Ryszard (born in 1937), 130 Kochańska (née Kohn), Zofia (1886–1960), 10, 61, 63, 252–3, 262 Kochański, Pawel (1887–1934), 11, 13, 62, 137, 166, 182, 215–17, 237–8, 247–52, 258–60, 267–8 Kochno, Boris (1904–90), 74, 221 Koffler, Józef (1896–c.1943/44), 123 Kolberg, Oskar (1814–90), 87, 89 Kołłątaj, Hugo (1750–1812), 87 Kondracki, Michał (1902–84), 124 Koprowski, Peter Paul (born in 1947), 130 Koussevitzky, Serge (1874–1951), 38, 253, 270 Kozłowska, Zofia (1871–1958), 85 Krzanowski, Andrzej (1951–90), 130 Krzewiński-Maszyński, Julian (1882–1943), 144
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Górecki, Henryk Mikołaj (1933–2010), 129, 130 Gradstein, Leonia (1904–85), 56–7, 60 Gram, Peder (1881–1956), 241 Gromadzki, Bronisław (1883–1944), 62, 256
Landowska, Wanda (1877–1959), 269 Landsberger (née Poznańska), Iza Maria (1902–78), 237 Lechoń, Jan (1899–1956), 8, 239 Lednicki, Aleksander (1866–1934), 82 Lefeld, Jerzy (1898–1980), 218, 258 Leśmian, Bolesław (1878?–1937), 214 Liebert, Jerzy (1904–31), 164 Lifar, Serge (1905–86), 10, 237 Lubomirski, Prince Władysław (1866–1934), 63, 137, 145, 178–9, 224, 269 Lutosławski, Witold (1913–94), 123, 125, 129 Machl, Tadeusz (1922–2003), 163 Maciejewski, Roman (1910–98), 60, 124, 163 McNamee, Ann K. (born in 1953), 113 Maklakiewicz, Jan (1899–1954), 123, 124 Malawski, Artur (1904–57), 126 Marek, Czesław (1891–1985), 123 Markevitch, Igor (1912–83), 10, 240
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Nahorny, Włodzimierz (born in 1941), 131 Nałkowska, Zofia (1884–1954), 38 Neuhaus, Gustaw (1847–1937), 65, 66, 67, 68, 86, 136, 181 Neuhaus, Henryk (Harry) (1888–1964), 62, 67, 86 Neuhaus, Natalia (1884–1960), 62, 67, 86 Neuhaus (née Blumenfeld), Olga (1859–1937), 67–8 Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900), 66, 115, 141, 143, 147, 152, 264 Niewiadomski, Stanisław (1859–1936), 1, 21, 47 Noskowski, Zygmunt (1846–1909), 16–17, 39–43, 62, 68, 100, 123, 136, 243–4, 246 Nowowiejski, Feliks (1877–1946), 60
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Obrochta, Bartłomiej (Bartek) (1850–1926), 89, 137 Olczak, Krzysztof (born in 1956), 130 Oleszkowicz, Jan (born in 1947), 163 Opieński, Henryk (1870–1942), 202 Ordyński, Ryszard (1878–1953), 181 Ozimiński, Józef (1877–1945), 62, 258
Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (1860–1941), 24 Palester, Roman (1907–89), 123, 124, 163 Panufnik, Andrzej (1914–91), 123, 127 Pater, Walter (1839–94), 1, 44, 116, 142, 153 Penderecki, Krzysztof (born in 1933), 129 Perkowski, Piotr (1901–90), 123, 124, 127, 129, 236 Pilecki, Ignacy (1867–1928), 269 Piłsudski, Marshal Józef Klemens (1867–1935), 191n8 Polignac (née Winnaretta Singer), Princesse Edmond de (1865–1943), 235 Poliński, Aleksander (1845–1916), 43, 137, 202 Pronaszko, Andrzej (1888–1961), 213 Pronaszko, Zbigniew (1885–1958), 213 Prunières, Henry (1886–1942), 62, 234, 235 Przybylski, Bronisław Kazimierz (born in 1941), 130 Przybyszewski, Stanislaw (1868–1927), 44
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Marx, Joseph (1882–1964), 38, 65n1 Matuszczak, Bernadetta (born in 1937), 130 Maynard, Patrick (born in 1939), 94–6 Merezhkovsky, Dmitri (1866–1941), 147, 152, 152–3n24 Meyer, Stanisław (1888–1968), 181 Michałowski, Aleksander (1851–1938), 85 Miciński, Tadeusz (1873–1918), 63, 74, 115–16, 119, 132, 139, 141, 143, 147, 184, 207, 249 Mierczyński, Stanisław (1894–1952), 89, 135, 195 Młynarski, Emil (1842–1905), 57, 68, 145 Młynarski, Emil (1870–1935), 235, 247 Mombert, Alfred (1872–1942), 207 Moniuszko, Stanisław (1819–72), 68 Monteux, Pierre (1875–1964), 237 Munclinger, Josef (1888–1954), 7 Muratov, Pavel (1881–1950), 66 Mycielski, Zygmunt (1907–87), 123, 252
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Rachmaninov, Sergei (1873–1943), 25 Ravel, Maurice (1875–1937), 4, 5, 96–7 Rodzińska (née Lilpop), Halina (1904–93), 56 Rogowski, Ludomir (1881–1954), 15, 23, 137, 179, 224, 269 Rościszewska, Eleonora (Lola) (1866–1950), 63 Rouché, Jacques (1862–1957), 234, 236 Różycki, Ludomir (1884–1953), 15, 137, 182, 270 Rubinstein, Artur/Arthur (1887–1982), 9, 62, 137, 178, 179, 182, 185, 220, 233, 237 Rumi, Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad (1207–73), 35 Rytard, Jerzy Mieczyslaw (1899–1970), 6, 46, 93 Rytel, Piotr (1884–1970), 1, 47, 126 Sabała (Jan Krzeptowski) (1809–94), 104 Sampigny, Hortense de (1896–1970), 239 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph (1775–1854), 142–3
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Tansman, Alexander (1897–1986), 123, 235 Tarnowski, Jan (1900–66), 181 Taube, Artur (1894–1979), 280 Taube (née Czekierska), Michalina (1824–1909), 86 Tetmajer, Kazimierz (1865–1940), 89, 141, 207 Toeplitz, Henryk (1872–1943), 63, 180 Totenberg, Roman (1911–2012), 236 Turski, Zbigniew (1908–79), 126 Tuwim, Julian (1894–1953), 38, 62, 91, 144, 212 Umińska, Eugenia (1910–80), 257–8 Uniłowski, Zbigniew (1909–37), 38 Urban, Henryk (1837–1901), 222 Waghalter, Ignacy (1882–1949), 180 Wagner, Richard (1813–83), 19, 68, 73, 109, 115, 136, 139, 148, 203 Walaciński, Adam (born in 1928), 130 Walska, Hanna (1892–1984), 236 Warden, Irena (1903–76), 63, 181 Wertheim, Juliusz (1880–1928), 269 Wiechowicz, Stanisław (1893–1963), 123, 124, 129–30, 163 Wieniawski, Henryk (1835–80), 256, 265 Wierzyńska-Heymanowa, Brysia (c.1890–1943), 181 Wilde, Oscar (1854–1900), 1, 44 Witkiewicz, Stanisław (1851–1915), 89 Witkiewicz, Stanisław Ignacy (Witkacy) (1885–1939), 63, 74, 94 Witkowski, Georges-Martin (1867–1943), 238–9 Woytowicz, Bolesław (1899–1980), 123, 126 Wyspiański, Stanisław (1869–1907), 116, 141, 164
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Schiller, Leon (1887–1954), 6, 118–19 Schiøler, Victor (1899–1967), 240–41 Scriabin, Alexander (1872–1915), 22–3 Sikorski, Kazimierz (1895–1986), 163 Siloti, Aleksander (1863–1946), 38, 247 Skierkowski, Władysław (1886–1941), 35, 93, 196 Skoczylas, Władysław (1883–1934), 213 Słowacki, Juliusz (1809–49), 61 Smertelin, Jan (1882–1967), 62, 230, 252 Sokolnicki, Michał (1880–1967), 240 Spiess, Stefan (1879–1968), 24, 63, 67, 171, 179, 185, 233 Spisak, Michał (1914–65), 123, 126 Stachowski, Marek (1936–2004), 130 Starczewski, Feliks (1868–1945), 269 Straram, Walther (1876–1933), 236 Strauss, Richard (1864–1949), 1, 109, 137, 145–6, 222 Stravinsky, Igor (1882–1971), 1, 4, 5, 9–10, 13–14, 91, 137–8, 139–40, 228 Szabelski, Bolesław (1896–1979), 123, 163 Szałowski, Antoni (1907–73), 123 Szeligowski, Tadeusz (1896–1963), 123, 124, 126, 163 Szeluta/Szeluto, Apolinary (1884–1966), 126, 137, 179 Szymanowska (née Taube), Baroness Domenika Teodora Anna (1853–1943), 83, 84, 136 Szymanowska (née Taube), Józefa (1856–1942), 85 Szymanowska, Anna (Nula) (1875–1951), 63, 84–5 Szymanowska, Zofia (1893–1946), 51, 63, 85, 117, 157–8, 159, 172 Szymanowska–Korwin, Stanisława (1884–1938), 57, 60, 62, 85 Szymanowski, Feliks (1879–1934), 24, 63, 85 Szymanowski, Marcin (1856–1905), 68, 85 Szymanowski, Stanislaw Bonawentura Maria (1842–1905), 67, 83, 107, 136, 175 Szymański, Paweł (born in 1954), 130
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Zalewski, Teodor (1897–1985), 119 Zbyszewski, Feliks (1881–1935), 63 Zegadłowicz, Emil (1888–1941), 214 Żeleński, Władysław (1837–1921), 16, 17 Żeromski, Stefan (1864–1925), 38, 233 Zieliński, Tadeusz (1859–1944), 66, 146–7
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Subject Index
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Note: All works listed are by Karol Szymanowski unless specified otherwise. The individual works are indexed under their title. Page numbers in bold refer to an article on the topic specified, italics refer to examples and tables.
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berceuse d’Aïtacho Enia, La, Op. 52, 238, 266–7 Berlin (Germany), 60, 222, 223 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 80, 81, 100, 189 Bunte Lieder für eine Singstimme und Klavier [Colourful Songs], Op. 22, 109–10
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aesthetics, 21, 129 anti-romantic, 1, 3, 200 and choral music, 32 and ethics, 3, 76–8 Germanic, 1–2, 9 primitivism, 2 and Ravel, 5 and socialist realism, 127 and Stravinsky, 4 Szymanowski’s views on, 1–5, 9, 88–9, 209 and Young Poland in music, 269 Africa, 66, 171, 209, 219, 225, 226 Agave, Op. 38, 85, 144, 158–9 Angst, see Sehnsucht Arab culture, 66 Arab music, 171–4, 210, 212 ajnās, 171–2 see also Orientalism archaism, 112, 122, 124, 130, 138, 163 ‘art music’, 49 Association of Young Polish Composers in Paris, 123, 236 Austria, 221, 222–3 Austro-German influences, 15, 109, 132, 185, 222
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Bacchae, The (Euripides), 6, 35, 117, 144, 147, 150, 159 ballet, 5–8, 9 choral music, 31, 35 see also Harnasie, Op. 55; Highland music Ballets Russes, 5, 8–10, 225 beauty (as theme), 116
cantatas, 159–62 censorship, 128, 129 chamber music, 11–14, 167 choirs, see choral music Chopin ‘Fryderyk Chopin’ (essay, 1923), 18 ‘Fryderyk Chopin and Contemporary Music’ (essay, 1930), 26 his influence on Poland’s musical traditions, 21–2, 26–7, 29–30 his influence on Szymanowski, 15–20, 138, 182–3 nationalism in Chopin’s music, 28–9, 89, 138 Noskowski on Chopin, 16–17 Sonata in B flat minor, Op. 35, 23–4, 25–6 in Szymanowski’s writings, 20–31, 97 choral music, 31–6, 129–30, 196 a cappella 32 and aesthetics, 32 in ballets, 31, 35 and religion, 35–6 see also oratorios and cantatas Christ, 74, 154 and Dionysus, 152, 154, 156, 159
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The Szymanowski Companion © Copyrighted Material
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dance, 48–55 as motif, 211 movements, 49–50 rhythms, 193, 195–6, 245, 260–61 see also ballet; Highland music
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death (of Szymanowski), 56–61, 176 death certificate (excerpt), 59 funeral (Warsaw), 60 mourning ceremony Berlin, 60 Kraków, 61 tombeaux, 125 ‘decadent culture’, 127–9 dedicatees, 62–4 ‘deformation’, 201, 206 Demeter, Op. 37bis, 144, 157–8 de-Stalinisation, 128–9 Dionysus, 117, 139, 142–4 and The Bacchae, 55, 150 and Christ, 152, 154, 156, 159 and eroticism, 73–4, 115 Hellenism, 115 in Król Roger, Op. 46, 51–2, 74–5, 91, 115–17, 134, 147–8
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Christianity, 81, 116, 160 chromaticism, see harmony Clinique du Signal (Lausanne, Switzerland), 57–9, 240 Collected Works (Szymanowski), 37 competitions composition, 11–12, 13 Karol Szymanowski Composition Competition, 130 music, 184, 185 Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia, 13 composition, 209 competitions, 11–12, 13 ‘deformation’, 201, 206 and form, 95–9 Formenlehre, 201 Höhepunkt [climax], 203, 204 sonata form, 201–6, 257 Concert Overture, Op. 12, 138, 166, 192, 202 concerts, 224, 228, 235, 237 in Copenhagen, 240–41 tours, 118, 221, 230 Young Poland in music, 43, 269 Copenhagen (Denmark), 240–41 correspondence, 37–9 counterpoint, 39–43, 68 and folk-art, 40–41 treatises, 39, 40–42, 100 criticism, 43–8 artistic, 44–8 of Szymanowski, 25, 43–7 cultural identity, 80–81 culture common artistic, 72 ‘decadent’, 127–9 European culture in Szymanowski’s writings, 80–82 ‘Future of Culture’ meeting (Madrid), 241–2 national, 72, 127–8, 175, 242, 270
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eclecticism, 138 education, 29–30, 64–8 music as educator, 70–72, 79 musical, 67–8, 72, 166 Neuhaus school, 67, 86, 136 school, 65 ‘Educational Role of Musical Culture in Society, The’ (essay, 1930), 34, 69–73, 78 Efebos (novel), 75–6, 151, 154, 156 dedication, 63–4 and eroticism, 74 influence of cultural identity, 80–81 Italian influences, 220 themes, 116 Elektra (opera, Strauss), 140–41 English (language), 65 Enlightenment, 139–40 Eros, 74, 75 eroticism, 73–5, 116, 134, 148, 150–52, 199 and Dionysus, 73–4, 115 essays ‘Educational Role of Musical Culture in Society, The’ (1930), 34, 69–73, 78 ‘Ethnic Question in Relation to Contemporary Music, The’ (1925), 1–2, 88
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and melody, 53–4, 134–6 music, 20, 30, 49, 53, 71, 87–93, 123–4, 166 and national identity, 87–8, 138 Podhale region (Poland), 26, 89–90, 214 Sabała motifs, 92, 93, 104–5, 135, 267 and socialist realism, 127–8 in Szymanowski’s work, 91–3, 104–5, 114–15, 134–6, 195–6 see also Harnasie, Op. 55; Highland music; mazurkas form abstract formalism, 98 and composition, 95–9, 201–6 and harmony, 98 Pure Form, 95 in texts, 94 and themes, 243–5 Szymanowski’s concept of form, 94–9 Formenlehre, 201 Formism, 94 Four Études, Op. 4, 23, 131, 132, 183–4 Four Polish Dances (1926), 188 France Grasse, 56, 239 influence of French impressionism, 166 Paris, 153, 221, 233–7, 239 Saint-Jean-de-Luz, 237–8 French (language), 64–5 ‘Fryderyk Chopin’ (essay, 1923), 18 ‘Fryderyk Chopin and Contemporary Music’ (essay, 1930), 26 fugue, 13, 42–3, 99–106, 245–6 evolution of, 100, 105 Fugue in C sharp minor, 68, 99 in Szymanowski’s works, 99–106 funeral (of Szymanowski), 60 see also death (of Szymanowski) ‘Future of Culture’ meeting (Madrid), 241–2
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‘Fryderyk Chopin’ (1923), 18 ‘Fryderyk Chopin and Contemporary Music’ (1930), 26 ‘Igor Stravinsky’ (1924), 4 ‘Maurice Ravel on the Occasion of his Fiftieth Birthday’ (1925), 5 ‘On Contemporary Musical Opinion in Poland’ (1920), 2, 17 ‘On Highland Music’ (1925), 2–3, 89–90 ‘On Romanticism in Music’ (1929), 4, 76, 197–200 ‘Rector’s Address on the Opening of the State Academy of Music in Warsaw, The’, 77–8 ‘Romanticism in the Present Era’ (1928), 3, 197–200 ‘Essence of Chopin’s Works, The’ (1899, Noskowski), 16–17 ethics, 75–9 and aesthetics, 3, 76–8 and music education, 71, 79 ‘Ethnic Question in Relation to Contemporary Music, The’ (essay, 1925), 1–2, 88 ethnosymbolism, 90 Euripides (The Bacchae), 6, 35, 147 Europe, 190 cultural identity, 80–82 ‘Pan-Europeanism’, 81–2, 93, 116, 121, 218 United States of Europe, 81–2
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family, 61–2, 65, 83–6 family tree, 106–8 and musical influences, 136–7 Fantasia, Op. 14, 184 festivals of Polish music, 235, 236, 238 Warsaw Autumn Festival (1956), 120, 128 finances, 178, 181, 183, 221, 230 see also patrons fin-de-siècle, 22, 23, 73, 223 First World War, 30, 259, 261 folk-art, 3, 87–93, 98, 213–14 artificial assimilation, 88 and counterpoint, 40–41
genealogy, 106–8 German (language), 64–5 Germany, 65, 123, 219 Berlin, 60, 222, 223–4 influence of German music, 2, 47–8, 95, 132, 166
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The Szymanowski Companion © Copyrighted Material ‘On Highland Music’ (essay, 1925), 2–3, 89–90 Pieśń Siuhajów [Song of the Highland Lads], 7 Polish Highlanders, 49, 54, 117, 123, 134, 138 rhythm and melodies, 80, 91–2, 112, 195–6 see also Harnasie, Op. 55; folk-art ‘Homage to Szymanowski’ (musical genre), 130 homeland (importance of ), 176–7 see also patriotism homes, 218–19 Orłowa Bałka, 83 Tymoszówka, 64, 80–86, 107 homosexuality, 74, 225 hymns, 31, 156, 157, 161, 162, 164
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Hafis Liebeslieder, Des [Love Songs of Hafiz] Op. 24, 25, 50, 109–10, 132, 171, 210 Op. 26, 50, 111, 137, 167, 171, 193, 210 Hagith, Op. 25 (opera), 110–11, 137, 145–6, 171, 225 harmony, 109–15 chromaticism, 109–10, 111, 208–9, 219 and form, 98 harmonic languages (differences in), 167 harmonics, 217 interval cycles, 113 perfect fifth, 151 see also tonality Harnasie, Op. 55 (ballet), 6–8, 138, 195 harmony, 113 importance of folk music (Highland music), 13, 54–5, 93, 105, 164 melody, 135–6 at the Paris Opera (1936), 237, 239 transcription, 215 health (of Szymanowski), 56–9, 69, 124, 178, 221, 230, 237 Clinique du Signal (Lausanne, Switzerland), 57–9, 240 final days, 239–40 sanatorium Hélios, 239 see also death Hellenism, 115–17 see also Greece (Ancient) Highland music, 112, 188, 213, 254–5 and dance, 53–5 importance of Zakopane (Poland), 89–90, 112, 138 influence of Szymanowski, 124, 126 in Król Roger, Op. 46, 91
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modernist poetry, 207 music tradition, 27 New German School, 202 Glasgow (United Kingdom), 233 gods (as theme), 116 Góralski [The Highlanders’ Dance], 55 Grasse (France), 56, 239 Greece (Ancient), 66, 115–17, 141–4 see also myths
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identity, 80–81 see also national identity ‘Igor Stravinsky’ (essay, 1924), 4 illustration (musical), 24, 118, 158 impressionism, 259–60 incidental music, 118–20 influences Arab music, 171–4 Chopin, 20–25, 138, 183 German versus French influences, 166, 185 musical influences on Szymanowski, 136–8 poetry, 207, 210–13, 249 Russian music, 166, 186 Stravinsky, 137–8 Szymanowski’s influence on Polish music, 120–31 travel, 66, 171–3 Wagner-Strauss style, 15, 43, 109, 137 see also family; Highland music; myths; rhythm interval cycles, 113 ‘Introduction to the Theory of Pure Form in Theatre’ (essay, S.I. Witkiewicz), 94–5 Islam (influence of ), see Orientalism Italy, 74, 90, 219–20 travels to, 219
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Subject Index © Copyrighted Material
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Latin (language), 36 L’Aube et Danse sauvage, 267–8 Lausanne (Switzerland), 57–9, 240 letters, see correspondence linguistic ability, 64–5 Litania do Marii Panny [Litany to the Virgin Mary], Op. 59, 93, 136, 164–5, 197 literature, 65–6 liturgical music, see choral music London (UK), 227–30 Loteria na mężów [Lottery for Husbands], 49, 144–5 love as motif, 116, 210–11, 210–13 nature of, 76 Lydian scale, 105, 148, 152, 154, 164
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Madrid (Spain), 236, 241–2 Mandragora, Op. 43, 6, 52, 118–19 Masques, Op. 34, 137, 182, 186 ‘Maurice Ravel on the Occasion of his Fiftieth Birthday’ (1925), 5 Max Eschig (music publisher), 236 mazurkas, 20, 30, 53, 93 Op. 50, 53, 113, 114, 138 Op. 62, 53, 54, 93, 188
melody, 131–6, 158 Arab music, 171–4 folk music influences, 134–6, 164 Germanic influence, 132 and Orientalism, 211–12 of the Shepherd’s Song (in Król Roger, Op. 46), 134, 135, 148 and text, 133, 160–62 see also Highland music mental health (of Szymanowski), 146 Métopes, Op. 29 (1915), 18, 116, 137, 143, 182, 185 Middle East (influence of ), see Orientalism Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs of Poland, 11 Młoda Polska, see Young Poland modernism, 208 music as educator, 70–72, 79 and ethics, 71, 79 popular, 71 role in society, 69–73, 78–9 theory, 201–6 music (studies in), 67–8, 166 musical comedy, 145, 200 Musical Fund Society of Philadelphia, 13 Mythes, Op. 30, 50, 261–5 melody, 133 mythology, 116, 143 Narcisse, 111, 149n12 violin writing, 251, 255 myths and mythology, 139–44, 226, 262 Elektra (opera, Strauss), 140–41 and romanticism, 141, 143 see also Dionysus
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‘Karol Szymanowski on Contemporary Music’ (interview), 46 Kniaź Patiomkin, Op. 51, 119–20 Korespondencja Karola Szymanowskiego, 37 Kraków (Poland), 61 Król Roger, Op. 46 ballet elements, 6 choral music, 32, 34–6 composition, 147–57 eroticism, 73, 74–5 and folk music, 91–2 influence of Dionysus, 51–2, 74–5 influences on, 139, 144, 174 melodic styles, 134, 135, 148 and Orientalism, 174 and rhythm, 193–4, 194 ex.2 tonality, 112–13 transformation of deities, 116–17 Kurier Warszawski, 43
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Na Skałce Monastery (Kraków), 61 Narcissus, 117 national identity, 81, 138 ethnosymbolism, 90 and folk-art, 87–8, 90 national culture, 72, 127–8, 175, 242, 270 nationalism, 81, 87, 121, 170 in Chopin’s music, 28–9, 89, 138 Polish, 21–2, 24, 25, 126 and racial features, 29 see also patriotism
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The Szymanowski Companion © Copyrighted Material lessons, 181–2 Piano Variations ‘Karol Szymanowski in Memoriam’ (Augustyn Bloch), 129 recordings, 188 talent of family, 83–5 see also fugue Piano Sonata no. 1, Op. 8, 101, 102, 105, 131, 184, 202 Piano Sonata no. 2, Op. 21, 49, 101, 102, 103, 105, 137, 185 and sonata form, 204 theme, 243–6 Piano Sonata no. 3, Op. 36, 101, 104, 105–6, 187 and sonata form, 204–5 Pięć pieśni do słów poetów niemieckich [Five Songs], Op. 13, 170, 170 ex.1 Pieśń Siuhajów [Song of the Highland Lads], 7 Pieśni japońskie [Japanese Songs, 1930], 124, 210 Pieśni księżniczki z baśni [Songs of a Fairy Tale Princess], Op. 31, 50–51, 85, 132, 133, 137, 172, 210 Pieśni muezina szalonego [Songs of the Infatuated Muezzin], Op. 42, 25–6, 117, 167, 168 Podhale (Poland), 89–90, 214 poetry (influence of ), 207, 210–13, 249 Poland, 177, 219 Eastern Borderlands, 80 exile of musicians, 123, 126 and the First World War, 30, 259 as homeland, 176–7, 220 independence, 175 Kraków, 61 music criticism, 45–8 musical tradition of, 131, 249–50, 264 influence of Chopin, 21–2, 26–7, 29–30 influence of Szymanowski, 120–23 nationalism, 21–2, 24, 25, 126, 175, 176 Podhale, 89–90, 214 Polish Highlanders, 49, 54, 89–90, 123 Polish Pan-European Association, 82 Polish Renaissance and Baroque, 124
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Odysseus, 139–40 Oedipus Rex (opera, Stravinsky), 140–41 ‘On the 50th Anniversary of Chopin’s Death’ (essay, 1899, Żeleński), 16 ‘On Contemporary Musical Opinion in Poland’ (essay, 1920), 2 ‘On Highland Music’ (essay, 1925), 2–3, 89–90 ‘On Romanticism in Music’ (essay, 1929), 4, 76, 197 opera, 6, 144–57 early works, 144–5 see also Hagith, Op. 25; Król Roger, Op. 46 oratorios and cantatas, 157–65 orchestration, 166–9, 169 t.1, 245, 249 and economic factors, 168–9 German versus French influences, 166, 167 symphony orchestras versus chamber ensembles, 167 Orientalism, 122, 127, 130, 133, 166, 170–74, 193, 227 and melody, 211–12 of music versus poetry, 211–12 songs, 209–11 Orpheus, 75
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neoclassicism, 128 Neuhaus school, 67, 86, 136 Nine Preludes, Op. 1, 15, 131–2, 183 Ninth Symphony (Beethoven), 76, 199–200 Notturno e Tarantella, Op. 28, 50, 259–61
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‘Pan-Europeanism’, 81–2, 93, 116, 218 Paris (France), 123, 221, 233–7 Festival of Polish Music, 235, 236, 238 Opera, 237, 239 patriotism, 30, 164, 174–7 patrons, 178–81, 235, 236, 247 Penthesilea, Op. 18, 143 perfect fifth, 151 Petrushka (ballet, Stravinsky), 9 piano, 132, 181–8 and dance movements, 49–50 importance of, 168, 182 influence of Chopin, 15, 18, 20–25, 182
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Subject Index © Copyrighted Material
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Quartet no. 1, Op. 37, 11–13, 14 see also chamber music Quartet no. 2, Op. 56, 13–14, 105 see also chamber music
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racial features (in music), 29 ‘Rector’s Address on the Opening of the State Academy of Music in Warsaw, The,’ 77–8 religion, 147, 153–4, 160 Christianity, 81, 116, 160 see also choral music rhythm, 191–7 dance rhythms, 193, 195–6 early songs, 192 later works, 193 patterns, 196 rhythmic diversity, 192 Romance in D major, Op. 23, 258–9 Romantic Waltz [Walc romantyczny] (1925), 188
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romanticism, 2, 4, 76–7, 138, 197–200, 203–4, 259 anti-romanticism, 1, 3, 200 and mythology, 141, 143 ‘On Romanticism in Music’ (essay, 1929), 4, 76, 197 post-romantic expressionism, 126 Romantic-national approach, 21–2, 24, 25 ‘Romanticism in the Present Era’ (essay, 1928), 3, 197 Rome (Ancient), 66 Russia, 269 influence of Russian music, 166, 186 music nationalism, 27, 170 social and political situation, 189–90 travels to, 219 Russian (language), 64, 65 Russo-Japanese War, 268 Ruthenian (language), 65
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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 80, 175 ‘Polishness’, 29, 48, 89, 121 post-First World War, 212 Poznań, 60 Warsaw, 60, 68, 69 Warsaw Autumn Festival (1956), 128 Zakopane, 2–3, 89, 90 see also folk-art; patriotism; political and social situation; Young Poland Polish (language), 31, 35, 41, 87, 124 political and social situation, 69, 80, 125, 127–8, 130–31, 168 effect on Szymanowski, 189–91 in Russia, 189–90 politics, 189–91 Poznań (Poland), 60 primitivism, 2 programme music, 262 Prometheus, 115–16 publishing (music) Max Eschig, 236 Universal Edition, 179, 236 Publishing Group of Young Polish Composers, 179, 223–4, 256, 269–70
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Sabała motifs, 53–4, 60–61, 91–3, 104–5, 135–6, 267 Saint-Jean-de-Luz (France), 237–8 Salome, 208 ‘Schéhérazade’ no. 1, Op. 34, 186, 186 ex.1 schooling, see education Second World War, 123 Sehnsucht, 1, 15, 185 serialism, 129 Shepherd’s Song (in Król Roger, Op. 46), 148, 149 ex.1 Sicily, 225–6, 262 Słopiewnie, Op. 46bis, 91, 112, 134–5, 137–8, 167 socialist realism, 125, 127–8 society and music, 69–73, 78–9 Sonata in B flat minor, Op. 35 (Chopin), 23–6, 28 sonata form, 201–6, 257 songs, 206–14 popular, 213 recurring motifs, 207–11, 213 ‘sonorism’, 127, 129 sorrow [żałość], 16, 20 Spain, 236, 241–2 Stabat Mater, Op. 53, 159–63 archaism, 124, 138
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The Szymanowski Companion © Copyrighted Material
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on Ravel, 5 on romanticism, 197–200 on Stravinsky, 4, 138 on Wagner, 19 ‘Year of Karol Szymanowski’, 131 Szymanowski Quartet, 14
Taniec Zbójnicki [The Highland Robbers’ Dance], 55 Tatra music, see Highland music theme and variations genre, see variations Three Fragments from the Poems of Jan Kasprowicz, Op. 5, 91, 208 Three Paganini Caprices (Thème varié), Op. 40, 243–6, 265–6 tonality, 109, 111–13, 146, 152, 205–6 superimpositions, 113 tonal progressions, 113 whole-tone, 109, 152 transcriptions, 215–18 travels outside Poland, 218–42 Africa (North), 66, 209, 219, 225, 226, 227 Austria, 221 concert tours, 221, 224, 228, 230, 237 Denmark, 240–41 embarkation to the USA, 231–2 France, 233–8 Germany, 219 Italy, 185, 219 Russia, 219 Sicily, 225–6 Spain, 236, 241–2 United Kingdom, 227–33 USA, 220, 221 Twelve Études, Op. 33, 185 Twelve Kurpian Songs for voice and piano, Op. 58, 93, 136, 216 The Twenty Mazurkas, Op. 50, 92, 187 Tymoszówka (family home), 64, 80–86, 107
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as choral work, 32, 36, 129–30 influence of, 163 melodies, 135 rhythms, 196 text, 35, 160–61 tonality, 113 State Academy of Music (Warsaw, Poland), 69, 163, 251 String Quartet no. 1, Op. 37, 205 theme of second movement, 243–6 see also chamber music String Quartet no. 2, Op. 56, 93, 101, 104, 114, 164, 176 see also chamber music string quartets, see chamber music superimpositions, 113 symphonic composition, see orchestration Symphonie Concertante, Op. 60, 169, 182–3 and folk music, 93, 115, 126, 138 orchestration, 168 performances, 178, 230, 231, 237, 238–9, 240–41 Symphony no. 1, Op. 15, 168, 202 Symphony no. 2, Op. 19, 202–3 fugue, 102–3, 110, 245 rhythm, 192–3 and sonata form, 205 variations, 49, 243–6 Symphony no. 3, Op. 27, 35, 51, 111, 112, 133, 137, 168, 172 symphony orchestras, 167, 168 Sześć pieśni ludowych (kurpiowskie) [Six Kurpian Songs], 32–3, 35, 36, 93, 196, 216 Szymanowski, Karol (1882–1937) on aesthetics, 1–5, 8, 88–9, 209 on artistic criticism, 44–8 on Chopin, 17–31, 97 collaborative violin writings with Kochański (1915–16), 217–18 Efebos (novel), 63–4, 74, 75–6, 80–81, 116, 151 Italian influences, 220 and folk music, 91–3, 114–15, 123–4, 126–8, 134–6 and form, 94–9, 201–6 harmonic structures, 109–13 ‘Pan-Europeanism’, 82, 93, 218
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Ukraine, 80, 177 Ukrainian (language), see Ruthenian (language) United Kingdom, 231 Glasgow, 233 London, 227–33
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Subject Index © Copyrighted Material Violin Sonata, Op. 9, 109, 256–8 Volksgeist, 87
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Universal Edition (music publisher), 179, 236 USA, 220, 221
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Wagner-Strauss style, influence of, 15, 43, 109, 133, 137 Warsaw (Poland), 60, 68 State Academy of Music, 69, 163, 251 Warsaw Autumn Festival (1956), 120, 128 Warsaw Philharmonic Hall, 269 Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, 178, 247, 252
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‘Year of Karol Szymanowski’, 131 Young Poland and aesthetics, 269 concerts, 43, 269 in music, 22, 49, 115, 121, 122, 125, 126, 137, 269–70 poetry, 207 themes, 139, 184 Zakopane (Poland), 2–3, 89, 90
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variations, 41, 49, 50, 243–6 cantus firmus, 244 with and without a theme, 243–4 Variations in B flat minor, Op. 3, 91, 131, 243–5 Variations on a Polish Folk Tune, Op. 10, 91, 243–6 Veni Creator, Op. 57, 93, 163–4 Vienna (Austria), 222–4 Violin Concerto no. 1, Op. 35, 137, 168–9, 172, 195, 238–9, 247–51 melody, 133 premiere, 247 Violin Concerto no. 2, Op. 61, 93, 138, 165, 168–9, 197, 251–5 folk music, 115, 126 performances, 247, 252–3 violin concertos, 247–55 violin solo music, 255–68
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