Name: ____________________ 7th Grade Science: Final Review Packet, 2011 Purpose: Your final exam is cumulative, which means it covers material from the whole year. This is not to torture you, it is to reinforce the main ideas, many of which you’ll need next year, and give you a chance to demonstrate that you meet all the standards. We’ll go over everything in this review packet together, and your exam questions will only come from this review packet. If you pay attention in class & complete the packet assignments, you’ll be right as rain. Suggestion: You can write your answers/notes in your notebook, or if you want, you can get a copy from the website, save it to your own jump drive or home computer, put in a bunch of spaces and then print a copy you can write on as we go.  PS: The answer key is also on the web! Inquiry, Unifying Concepts & Processes: These are the fancy words on your report card that basically mean making observations, graphing data, and drawing conclusions about the data. In other words, do you get the “big picture” about science? Do you understand the scientific method? 1. Define & give at least 1 example for each of the following: a. Observation: something you can see, count, measure (quantify). Example: That tree is on fire. b. Inference: A conclusion you reach based on your observations (may or may not be correct). Example: That tree was hit by lightning. 2. Write an hypothesis for the following question (use your imagination): Which type of gas, neon or helium, is the most effective in the tires of the Super Hamster-mobile? a. Possible example: Neon gas is the most effective way to inflate SH-mobile tires. b. Another example: If helium gas is used to inflate the SH-mobile tires, then Super Hamster will get better milage. 3. What is the purpose of graphs? To show data quickly 4. Describe the difference between variables (things that change) & constants (things that stay the same). 5. Which type of graph would you use for each of the following sets of data? a. Your height every year from birth to age 12. Change over time = line graph b. Your 2nd quarter grades for science, math, social studies & religion. Comparing quantities = bar graph 6. What 3 labels should be included on every graph? Title, X-axis, Y-axis 7. Why should you test something more than once during experimentation? To make your results more reliable, to make sure your results weren’t affected by something unpredictable. 8. When is it ok to put things in your mouth during science lab? If Mrs. Maloney says ok. 9. Which would make an object under a microscope look bigger, 10X or 40X magnification? 10. What are the metric units for measuring the following? a. Length or distance meters (or mm, cm, km) i. How many mm in 1 cm? 10 b. Liquid volume liters i. How many ml in 1 liter? 1000 c. Mass grams (mg, kg) i. How many milligrams in 1 gram? 1000

Science in Personal & Social Perspectives: 1. Scientists must not just ask themselves “can we?” but also “should we?” Describe 2 reasons for this need for ethics in science, and include an example. a. We can’t always see all the possible outcomes of an action. Building a hydroelectric dam might damage a habitat and kill fish. b. We can’t control who might use science, and whether they use it for good or ill. Nuclear power brings efficient energy to millions of people. Nuclear bombs are deadly. 2. What is the difference between renewable (earth can regenerate in 100 years or less) & nonrenewable resources (takes the earth longer than 100 years to make more)? 3. Which alternative energy resource is nonrenewable? nuclear 4. What are fossil fuels? Organic, Nonrenewable resources a. Give 2 examples of fossil fuels. Coal, oil, natural gas 5. Give an example of an inexhaustible resource. Wind, solar 6. What are alternative energy resources? Non-fossil fuels a. Give 2 examples of alternative energy resources. Wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass, nuclear. 7. Describe the advantages & disadvantages of each energy resource. a. Fossil fuels: + cheap & plentiful, - pollution & limited (non-renewable) b. Wind: + inexhaustible & clean, - not available everywhere all the time c. Solar: + inexhaustible & clean, - not available everywhere all the time d. Hydroelectric: + renewable, clean, - habitat loss, not available everywhere e. Geothermal: + renewable, - not available everywhere, can be expensive to start f. Biomass: + renewable, - pollution & possible smell g. Nuclear: + efficient & clean (when it works), - nonrenewable, radiation danger 8. What are 3 ways you can help keep the environment clean? Reduce, reuse, recycle. 9. Why would you want to keep the environment clean? You have to live here. You need clean air, water and soil to continue to exist. 10. What is the difference between habitat conservation (keeping a healthy habitat healthy) and habitat restoration (returning a damaged habitat to a state of health)? 11. Define “recycle”: Reuse something (sometimes in a different way) a. Give an example of a recyclable material. (glass, paper, aluminum, cardboard, plastic, copper, steel, tin) Earth & Space Science: You know, properties of water, the water cycle, the solar system… 1. Water covers most of the planet. It is necessary for life! Give an example of water in each of the 3 states. Solid (iceberg, snow), Liquid (ocean, rain, stream), Gas (fog, steam) 2. List 5 ways we use water (fresh or salt): Transportation (shipping), sanitation (cleaning), recreation (playing), irrigation (watering crops), hydration (drinking). 3. How much of the earth’s water is in oceans? Less than 20%, about 50%, or more than 80%? 4. Without fresh, clean water, life on earth would suffer. What are some ways water gets polluted? Name or describe at least 3. Runoff from farms, roadways, yards. Acid rain. Pouring waste directly into the water supply (oil or soap into gutters, etc.) Fuel, trash, waste from boats. 5. What are 3 ways you can help to keep earth’s water supply clean? Apply fertilizers and pesticides according to package directions. Reclaim oil when servicing car/boat. Avoid pouring waste into street gutters. Conserve water supply by using resource wisely. 6. FYI: water molecules stick together because of cohesion.

7. Convection currents fuel ocean currents, the weather, and movement of tectonic plates. Describe and sketch a convection current. (see water cycle, below) 8. Where is water most warm and bright, near the bottom, or near the surface? Why? Near the surface, where it gets the most direct sunlight. 9. How does water change the shape of the land around it? Erosion AND deposition. 10. Why is the windward side of a mountain wet, and the leeward side dry? As the air rises to go over the mountain, it cools, condenses, rains. By the time it reaches the leeward side, most of the moisture has precipitated out. 11. What happens to air pressure as you go up a mountain? It decreases. Why? There is less air above you pressing down 12. What are 2 things that can affect the density of water? Temperature & salinity 13. Sketch and label an example of the water cycle. Warm water rises (evaporation), cools (condensation) and falls (precipitation). 14. The sun is the ultimate cause of all weather because: it heats different surfaces of the earth unevenly. Temperature difference = density difference = movement. 15. Name the planets in order from the sun out. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 16. List the inner planets & what they have in common. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars a. Small, rocky, relatively warm, close together, close to the sun 17. List the outer planets & what they have in common. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune a. Large, gaseous, cold, far apart & far from the sun 18. List the dwarf planets and describe where they are located. a. Ceres (largest asteroid in the asteroid belt) b. Pluto (elliptical orbit usually beyond Neptune) c. Eris (beyond Pluto in the Kuiper Belt) d. Makemake (kbo) e. Haumea (kbo) 19. What is the definition of ‘planet’ (how are planets different from dwarf planets) a. Spherical, orbit the sun (nothing else), orbit alone (cleared their path) 20. Where is the asteroid belt? Between Mars & Jupiter a. Where did the asteroid belt come from? Debris that might have formed a planet when the solar system formed except for the opposing gravities of Jupiter & the sun 21. Distinguish between meteor, meteoroid & meteorite. a. Meteoroid: rock hurtling through space b. Meteor: rock that enters earth’s atmosphere & burns up c. Meteorite: rock that does not completely burn up in the atmosphere & impacts Earth’s surface 22. List the 3 galaxy shapes. Spiral, elliptical, irregular a. What shape is our galaxy? spiral b. What is the name of our galaxy? Milky Way 23. Describe the different theories of the origin of the universe. a. Steady State: unchanging, It is the way it always has been & will continue to be. b. Oscillating: cycles of expanding and contracting. c. Big Bang: everything burst forth in an instant from a single point. Life Science: This is basically ecology 1. What is a symbiotic relationship? Any close relationship b/t 2 species. a. Mutualism: Both species benefit. b. Parasitism: One species benefits, the other is harmed. c. Commensalism: One species benefits, the other is unaffected.

2. Living things have adaptations that help them live successfully in certain environments. a. Describe the adaptations that would help a creature survive in a hot desert. b. Describe the adaptations that would help a creature survive in a very cold area. 3. Define “biotic” and “abiotic” Biotic = alive, abiotic = not alive. 4. Define & give an example of a carnivore (meat eater: wolf), omnivore (eats meat & veggies: pigs), & herbivore (plant eater: deer). 5. What is the difference between an endotherm (regulates own body temp: people, dogs, dolphin) & an exotherm (can’t regulate own temperature: frogs, snakes). 6. Define “climate” The average weather over a long time. 7. What is an ecosystem? The living & nonliving things in an area 8. What is a habitat? The place where an organism’s needs are met 9. Biomes are classified by what 2 factors? Temperature, precipitation 10. What are 3 things that limit population size? Food, water, shelter, mates, predators 11. Give an example of a producer (plants: daisy, apple, oak) and a consumer (horse, robin) a. How do they interact in the food web? Producers make their own food (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis) and Consumers eat food for energy. 12. What is the purpose of decomposers? Give an example. Decomposers break down other living things that have died (fungi like mushrooms) 13. Give an example of a predator/prey relationship. Wolf/rabbit. Eagle/fish. a. What happens when the ratio of predators to prey is unbalanced? Too many predators wipes out prey organisms, and then the predators starve. Too many prey organisms, and they eat all the food then starve to death, then the predators starve, too. 14. What is biodiversity? Having a lot of different types of living things. a. Why is biodiversity important? Increases resilience (ability to respond successfully to disease, disaster, etc.) b. What reduces biodiversity? Habitat loss or contamination, over-hunting. 15. What are the 3 types of wetland? Swamp, marsh, bog 16. Wetlands are important because they help reduce flooding and erosion. Explain how they do this. Roots hold soil in place, reducing erosion, and absorb extra water to release slowly over time, reducing flooding. 17. What is bioremediation? Using living things to clean up a mess. Give an example. Oileating bacteria to clean up an oil spill. Trees w/deep roots to clean soil. 18. FYI: every living thing respirates. 19. What is the difference between organic & inorganic? Organic: alive (or used to be). Inorganic (never alive) a. Give an example of each material: organic: puppy, pickle, leaf. Inorganic: rock, rain, sand Physical Science: 1. Isaac Newton is known for his 3 laws of motion. a. Newton’s first law (Inertia) states that: Bodies at rest stay at rest until moved, bodies in motion stay in motion until stopped. b. Newton’s 2nd law is summed up as what equation? F = ma c. Netwon’s 3rd law is that for every force there is an equal & opposite force. 2. The formula for work is: work = (force)(distance) a. The unit for work is: joules 3. You should also be able to solve for force = (mass)(acceleration) a. The unit for force is: Newtons 4. FYI: The formula for speed is distance/time. 5. Velocity is speed and direction?

6. What 2 things need to be present in order for “work” to be done? Force & motion in the same direction. a. The unit for work is: Joules 7. Compare & contrast potential & kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy. Kinetic energy is energy in motion. 8. What is the difference between mass & weight? Mass is amount of matter. Weight is gravity acting on mass. a. So, if you were to go to the moon, which would change? Weight! 9. FYI: a force is a push or a pull 10. FYI: there is always fiction 11. Name the 6 simple machines. Lever, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw, wheel & axle 12. Machines reduce your effort force by increasing the distance over which work is done. 13. What is a fulcrum? The point on which a lever pivots 14. The highest point of a projectile’s path: apex 15. FYI: increasing mass increases inertia. 16. What is the difference between distance and displacement? Give an example of each. Distance is the length traveled. Displacement is the difference b/t start & stop point, measured in a straight line. ,,,,