Muscular System Notes Outline 1. What is the connection between muscle and bone? a. Bone is a ___________________on which _______________ attach b. Muscles provide the _____________ to _________________ objects. 2. How many muscles are in the body? a. ________; about ____ for every bone 3. How many muscles are in your face? a. _____; _____ used to frown and _____ used to smile 4. What percent of your body mass is muscle? a. Males = ______%; Females = ______% 5. What are the main functions of the muscular system? a. 1) Produce ____________- both moving _______ and moving __________ & __________ b. 2) Maintain ____________ c. 3) Stabilize ____________ d. 4) Generate ____________- heat is a by-product of ___________ activity; helps maintain normal ____________________ 6. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? a. ___________: found in internal organs like the ___________ & ____________; involuntary & non-striated (striped) b. ___________: found in the ____________; _____________, rhythmic & _____________ c. ___________: ____________ (we can consciously control); ______________ 7. What are the main skeletal muscle structures? a. 1) __________; attaches ___________ to _________ b. 2) __________: sheet of _____________________ that encloses a _____________ c. 3) _____________: outer sheath of ____________________ surrounding a ____________ d. 4) _____________: sheath of ______________ that encloses a bundle of _____________ e. 5) _____________: sheath of connective tissue surrounding each ____________________ f. 6) __________: bundles of ___________________ inside the ________________ g. 7) _____________: skeletal muscle ____________________ h. 8) __________________: network of channels and _____________ in the _________fiber i. 9) __________: contractile _________ in muscle ___________ j. 10) _________: ___________ that acts with ____________ to contract muscle fibers k. 11) _________: ___________ that acts with ____________ to contract muscle fibers l. 12) ____________: unit from ___________ to Z-line in a ____________: contains ___________ and ____________ to contract muscles 8. What are the components of a sarcomere? a. Within _____________ are individual muscle _________ which are made of individual _________________ i. These myofibrils are made up of thin _________ filaments & thick _________ filaments stacked on top of each other to make a __________________ ii. Myofibrils look ___________ because they have alternating _________ (I) bands and __________ (A) bands of _____________ iii. In the middle of the ___- bands are _______________ (where _________ filaments come together) iv. In the middle of the ___-bands are ____________ with M-lines at the center v. The lighter ___- bands are made of mostly thin __________filaments; the darker ____bands are made of mostly thick _________filaments b. When muscles contract, the ____________ are pulled closer together! 9. Explain 8 clues to help name muscles. a. Like bones, muscles come in many ___________ and ___________ to suit the body’s needs. b. Muscles are names after their ______________, _____________, _____________ and/or _________________. c. 1) Direction of muscle fibers relative to the longitudinal axis of body:

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i. ________: straight, parallel ii. ___________: perpendicular iii. ___________: at a slant iv. ___________: toward the side v. ___________: toward the middle d. 2) Relative size of the muscle: i. ___________: largest ii. ___________: smallest iii. ___________: long e. 3) Location of the muscle- some muscles are named for the _______ they are attached to i. Ex. ___________ muscle attaches to the __________ bone f. 4) Number of origins i. ___________: muscle with ______ origins (heads) ii. ___________: muscle with ______ origins (heads) iii. ___________: muscle with ______ origins (heads) g. 5) Location of muscle’s origin and insertion i. Sometimes muscles are names for their _______________ sites 1. ex. _________________- attaches to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the skull h. 6) Shape of muscle i. ___________: means ___________ i. 7) Action of the muscle i. ____________: bends a joint ii. ____________: straightens a joint iii. ____________: lower iv. ____________: lifts v. ____________: moves away from the midline vi. ____________: moves toward the midline j. 8) Region of the body it is in i. _____________: abs vii. _____________: tongue ii. _____________: head viii. _____________: groin iii. _____________: wrist ix. _____________: anus iv. _____________: fingers/ x. _____________: ulna xi. _____________: tibia toes v. _____________: back xii. _____________: humerus vi. _____________: front Distinguish between origin and insertion. a. ______________: immoveable end of a muscle b. ______________: moveable end of a muscle c. When a muscle contracts the ______________ is pulled toward to the ______________. Distinguish between flexion and extension. a. ______________: bending a joint that _____________ the angle between the bones b. ______________: bending a joint that _____________ the angle between the bones Distinguish between supination and pronation. a. ______________: rotation of palm ___________ or foot ___________ (eversion) i. “More soup please!” b. ______________: rotation of palm ___________ or foot ___________ (inversion) Explain how muscles work together to produce movement. a. Muscles can’t ________, they can only ___________ as they contract b. Body movements are the result of ______ or more ___________ acting together or against each other. c. Muscles are arranged so the one muscle group ____________ the movement of the other muscle group Define prime mover (agonist), antagonist, and synergist. a. ___________________: muscle that is the major _______________ for _______________ b. ______________: muscles that ___________/___________ the movement

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c. ______________: muscles that help the ______________ produce the movement, reduce _____________ movement, or ___________ a joint during movement Name 2 special properties that allow muscles to do their job. a. 1) _______________: the ability to ____________ and ___________ to a stimulus b. 2) _______________: the ability to ___________ forcibly when a __________ is received Describe a motor unit. a. ____________ muscles must be ______________ by ____________________ to contract b. One ____________ neuron can stimulate a ________ or a hundred ___________________ c. ________________: one motor neuron and ________ the muscle ___________ it controls Describe a neuromuscular junction (NMJ). a. The _________ of a neuron reaches the ____________ and branches into lots of __________________ i. Each ____________________ forms a junction with the ________________ of a different muscle cell- _________________________ ii. The ____________ and _______________ DON’T touch and are separated by a ___________________ filled with fluid Describe what happens at a NMJ to cause muscle contraction. a. Neurons tell _____________ to ____________ by releasing a ____________________ b. An electrical _____________________ reaches the _________ terminals and releases _____________________(Ach) into the __________ c. 8 steps: i. 1) __________________________ reaches the distal end of the _______________ ii. 2) The ________________ (axon terminal) releases ____________________ into the ______________________ iii. 3) _______ binds to the _______________(cell membrane of a ___________ cell) stimulating a _________________________ (movement of Na+ and K+) across the membrane iv. 4) The muscle _____________ reaches the _________________________ (SR) and the _______ releases _______________ ions v. 5) ______________ binds to ______________ ( a big protein on the actin filament) and moves ______________ (protein band on the actin filament) to expose ___________ binding sites vi. 6) ____________ heads bind to _______________________________ forming a _________________ vii. 7) ____________ heads bend and ________ the _________________ past the myosin (power stroke) viii. 8) This process is repeated and _________________ continues as long as there is a __________________ and ________ is available for energy. ix. _______________ of a sarcomere are pulled together!! Thin __________ filaments are pulled closer to the _____________ by the thick _____________ filaments. Draw a myogram of a single muscle contraction. How do muscles relax? a. 1) The ________________________ stops. b. 2) ________ is removed from the ________ by the enzyme _____________________ c. 3) The _________ recaptures _______________ ions d. 4) ___________________ recovers the actin binding sites and ______________ holds it in place so _____________ can’t bind. e. 5) ____________ filaments slide back to their original position What else is required for muscle contraction? a. ______________!!- supplied by _________________ in the blood and ______________ in the muscle tissue b. ______________!!- supplies the _____________ for muscle contraction & relaxation c. _____________________!!- molecule that makes more quick ________ for the cell i. ATP can also be regenerated by ____________ and ________________ respiration, but it is not as quick Is energy needed to relax muscle? a. Yes!! _________ is needed to get the ____________ ions back into the ______________ b. It is also needed to recharge the _________________________ What are muscle twitches? What causes them?

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a. Aka ___________________________- uncontrollable ____________ of a single motor unit b. _____________ twitches (eyes, calves, thumb, etc…) are caused by stress or anxiety c. _____________ twitches can be the result of _________________, _________, or ________________ What is rigor mortis? a. _____________ contraction after death; can last for up to ________ hours b. Caused by too much _____________ and no ________ for muscle relaxation What is botox? a. Some ____________ produce ______________toxin that prevents the release of ______ which can stop muscle function b. _________________ toxin can kill by disability _______________, but a small amount of toxin (_____________) can be injected to ______________ over __________________ Name 3 ways in which muscles get energy to contract. a. As a ____________ contracts, _______ is ________________ to release ______________ b. ________ is the only ___________ source for _____________; muscles only store about _________ seconds worth c. Working muscles uses 3 pathways for _______ regeneration: i. 1) _________________________- transfers ___________________ from itself to _________ to make more __________ ii. 2) _________________________- oxidative phosphorylation in the ____________ 1. uses ____________ to make _________ 2. output = _____ ATP made per glucose molecule iii. 3) _________________________- glycolysis pathway in the ________________ 1. does NOT use _____________ 2. output = ______ ATP made per glucose molecule Compare aerobic with anaerobic exercise. a. _____________ i. Exercise with sufficient ____________ ii. No ________________________ build up iii. Little ______________ iv. _____ ATP made per ______________ b. _____________ i. Exercise without sufficient _____________ or with oxygen ___________ ii. __________________ build up iii. _________________ or cramping iv. _______ ATP made per ____________________ What is lactic acid? How is it produced and eliminated? a. A ____________ made during ___________________________ (exercise) in which _______________ is absent b. It’s what makes your muscles ____________ after a hard workout (= _______________ build up) c. ________________ - _______________ = __________________ (occurs in muscle cells) d. ________________ + _______________ = __________________ (occurs in the liver) e. It takes ______ minutes for your ____________ to convert _________________ back into ______________! What is oxygen debt? How long does it take your body to recover? a. Amount of ___________ needed by the ________ to convert ________________ to ____________ + amount muscles need to restore ________ and ___________________ levels. b. It takes ______ minutes for your ___________ to convert ________________ to _______ c. May takes __________ to fully recover What is muscle fatigue? a. Build up of __________________ that disables muscle ________________ b. Can lead to muscle ________________; muscles contract __________________ i. _________ send rapid signals for muscles to ___________, but the muscle can’t respond as quick so it _____________ ii. Can be caused by ______________ and/or __________________ imbalance (Na, K, or Ca) What is the difference between white and dark meat? a. ___________ meat- _________________ muscles used for ______________________

b. ___________ meat- _________________ muscles used for ______________________ 32. Describe muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. a. “ _________ it or ___________ it” b. Hypertrophy- _____________________________________ c. Atrophy- _________________________________________ 33. Do electric ab stimulators really work? a. Originally designed for _______________________ b. They only provide enough _________________ to keep muscles from _____________ c. They don’t provide enough ________________ to _____________ muscles fibers 34. What are anabolic steroids? What are some side effects? a. Synthetic (man-made) male hormone _______________ b. Taken to ____________/_________________ muscle growth c. Side effects: ______________ shrinkage, ______________ development, _____________, stunted ______________, ________________ and _____________ cancer, ________________, and acne 35. Describe 3 types of strains/sprains. a. Strain = ______________; Sprain = ___________________ b. 1st degree- ___________________________ of muscle, ligament, or tendon c. 2nd degree- ___________________ of muscle, ligament or tendon d. 3rd degree- ___________________ of muscle, ligament, or tendon 36. What is muscular dystrophy? a. A group of ________________ muscle-destroying diseases b. Types vary on ___________________________________________ c. Have _____________ or _______________ genes that don’t produce the ____________ needed for _____________________ and ______________________ d. Most use a ___________________ by age ____; some types can cause ________________ Animation Links: http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200006.htm http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/musculoskeletal/adam-200005.htm http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter10/animation__breakdown_of_atp_and_crossbridge_movement_during_muscle_contraction.html http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0010-swf_action_potenti.swf http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html