Journal of Environmental Research And Development

Vol. 6 No. 1, July-September 2011

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF WARANGAL CITY, INDIA Shashidhar* and Ajit Kumar O.M. Department of Civil Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering Division, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh (INDIA)

Received April 29, 2011

Accepted July 16, 2011

ABSTRACT The Warangal city generates about 300 tons of garbage daily which is dumped at Urusgutta by Warangal Municipal Corporation (WMC), India. From the physical analysis of waste it was found that about 40% can be composted and 20% can be recycled or reused and remaining may be landfilled. A sanitary landfill with single liner system was recommended for unsegregated and segregated waste dumping as per the specifications given in the Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management, Government of India. Groundwater modeling was also developed by using MODFLOW software. The results showed that the movement of pollutant is in the northern direction and the conservative pollutant spread to a distance of 200m around the dump yard. It was also found that due to unscientific dumping at Urusgutta, groundwater around the dump yard was polluted and sanitary landfill may be the remedy for this problem.

Key Words : Solid waste, Sanitary landfill, Unsegregated dumping, Dumpyard, Groundwater

INTRODUCTION Solid waste management is gaining importance all over the developed and developing nations as the nuisance, pollution potential, unsightly, unhygienic conditions and the resources it is associated with are demanding more and more attention. In India increasing population levels, rapid economic growth and rise in community living standard accelerates the generation rate of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)1. The inefficient and improper methods of disposal of solid waste create serious hazards to the public health, cause pollution of air and water resources, lead to accident hazards and increase in rodent and insect vectors of diseases which interfere with community life and development. The adverse effect of solid waste on environment emphasises the need to develop new and improved methods for proper and economic solid waste management, including studies directed towards the conservation of natural resources by reducing the amount of waste and unsalvageable materials and by utilisation of potential resources in solid waste *Author for correspondence

recover. In many developing countries, there is a lack of organization and planning in MSW management due to insufficient information about regulations and due to financial restrictions. In the short term, the best policy might be to leave disposal methods without any controls, and use the resources available to upgrade them with environmental protection systems. In the long term, the construction of new sanitary landfill areas, composting, and incineration facilities could be planned. Public participation and awareness are also important issues in achieving the goals of the suggested management system, but it is difficult and takes a long time to make people aware of the importance and of the principles of the proposed management system and to affect their participation2. Solid waste management practices in Kolkata, India showed that lack of suitable facilities and underestimates of waste generation rates, inadequate management and technical skills, improper bin collection, and route planning are responsible for poor collection and transportation

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of municipal solid wastes . Increase in population and changes in lifestyle, the quantity and quality of MSW, Lack of resources, infrastructure, suitable planning, leadership, and public awareness are the main challenges of MSW management4. Some of the most critical issues that must be dealt with to improve the solid waste services in these communities include: capacity building, continuity of personnel, adequate financial management, and public education5. The study on composition and quantity of solid waste generated by family typology and by socioeconomic stratum showed that the per capita and the average family waste generation varied according to the family typology and to the socioeconomic stratum where the family belongs. In contrast waste composition did not show any difference, except for some of the categories such as garden waste, newspaper, textiles and disposable diapers, these wastes explain the lifestyles of the generators6. The quality of groundwater around a municipal solid waste disposal site in Chennai was investigated and the effects of dumping activity on groundwater obser ved clearly as high concentrations of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness, chlorides, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates and sulphates. The study indicates that landfills in densely populated cities should have the groundwater monitored on regular basis. Indiscriminate dumping of wastes in developed areas without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped7. The compressible components of the MSW decreased with an increase in the fill age. The in situ void ratio of the MSW was shown to decrease with depth into the landfill. The compression index, Cc, was observed to decrease from 1.0 to 0.3 with depth into the landfill. Settlement analyses were performed on the existing landfill, demonstrating that the variation of MSW compressibility with fill age or depth should be taken into account in the settlement prediction8. Methane recovery data obtained on site as part of a research program being carried out at the Metropolitan Landfill, Salvador, Brazil, is analyzed and used to obtain field methane generation over time. It was demonstrated that despite the assumptions and the simplicity of the adopted laboratory procedures, the values methane

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generation potential and biodegradation rate obtained are very close to those measured in the field9. The contribution of existing municipal solid waste management to emission of greenhouse gases and the alternative scenarios to reduce emissions were analyzed for Data Ganj Bukhsh Town in Lahore, Pakistan using the life cycle assessment methodology. A life cycle inventory of the six scenarios along with the baseline scenario was completed; this helped to quantify the CO2 equivalents, emitted and avoided, for energy consumption, production, fuel consumption, and methane emission10. The water flow and the pollutant transport characteristics of the Ano Liosia Landfill site in Athens were simulated by creating a model of groundwater flows and contaminant transport. The model was then integrated into the Ecosim system which is a prototype funded by the EU. This integrated environmental monitoring and modeling system, which supports the management of environmental planning in urban areas 11 . Warangal Municipal Corporation dumping solid waste unscientifically at Ursugutta and needs urgent solid waste management. In this regard the study was carried out to characterize, quantify solid waste and design landfill.12

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The various objectives of this study are : i) To analyze the physical composition of the waste; ii) To design a sanitary landfill; and iii) To study the impacts on ground water at Urusgutta due to open dumping

STUDY AREA Warangal city is one of the historical places in India. The city was planned around Badhrakali tank as a central place in grid pattern. The city is situated at an altitude of +274.3 m above Mean Sea Level at latitude of 18° north and at longitude of 79°35´ east. Warangal was developed as a fifth city in Andhra Pradesh and second city in Telangana region. The Warangal city is growing at a rapid rate with a population of 2 lakhs in 1971 to 9 lakhs in 2009. Warangal city has become Municipal Corporation in 1995. The growth of the city reached its peak after the formation of selection grade municipality.

The city falls from West to East. It is surrounded with hillocks on the Southern, Eastern and 112

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Northern sides. An irrigation canal named Kakatiya canal skirts through Northern and Eastern parts of the city. The area of the city is 65km2. The city has general slope from West to East with level varying from 280.5 to 250 meters. The waste dumping site is at Urusgutta with an area of 8 acres on the way to Khammam between Hunter road and Jayaprakash Narayan road at latitude of 17°58´ and at longitude of 79°35´. The habitations are located nearly at a distance of more than half a kilometer from the site. This site has been chosen since there were no objections from the people living nearby. A field visit was carried out to study the site conditions and it was observed that the site was previously a quarry and right now its empty so waste dumping is done by Warangal Municipal Corporation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The design of landfill requires the data such as rainfall data, soil profile, groundwater level, solid waste generation and population details. The historical data was collected from the concern departments. Analysis of solid waste has been carried to understand the characteristics of solid waste and migration of leachate in groundwater due to open dumping was modeled by using Visual MODFLOW. Analysis of solid waste Following are the steps of physical analysis that are adopted in analysis the municipal solid waste: The solid waste collected was seen to weigh more than 50 kg as the literature shows that minimum solid waste that is to be analyzed is 49.2 kg. In fact in most of the cases, the waste was more than 70 kg, to be on safer side for accounting losses if any. The solid waste thus collected is spread and allowed for drying. The solid waste is then sieved through 8 mm sieve which is the size specified for the soil content of solid waste in IS 10158-198213,14. The material retained in the sieve is physically separated in to following 12 categories as glass, leather, metals, organic matter, paper, plastic, rubber, soil, stones, textiles, wood and miscellaneous. Each material thus separated is weighed for its dry weight and the same is

Vol. 6 No. 1, July-September 2011

expressed in terms of percentages. Micro balance was used for the constituents of solid waste that weigh very less while routine lab balance was used for other parameters. The material passing through the sieve is considered as soil and weight of this soil also is carried out as given in the previous step. After the physical analysis of the solid waste is complete in all these aspect, the waste is lifted up from the sites and is disposed off safely. This step is vital as the waste handled in total is considerable15,16. Migration of leachet in groundwater Currently Warangal Municipal Corporation is open dumping the daily generated waste of 300 tons (on an average) at the dump yard which is located at Urusgutta. Due to this ground water and air are polluted nearby areas. In this study ground water flow and chlorides were modeled by using MODFLOW, which is simulation software for modeling groundwater flow and transport processes. An essential pre-requisite for an accurate simulation of transport is an accurate description of the flow obtained by applying Darcy’s law and law of conservation of mass to a control volume. A unit volume of porous media is called an elemental control volume. The law of conservation of mass for steady state flow through porous medial requires that the rate of fluid mass flow into any elemental control volume be equal to the rate of fluid mass flow out of any elemental control volume. The equation of continuity that translates this in to mathematical form can be written as   h    h    h  h ky    kz  w( x , y , z ,t )  kx    Ss x  x  y  y  z  z  t

whereas, Ss is the specific storage [L-1], h is the hydraulic head [L], t is the time [T], kx, ky are the hydraulic conductivity in the principal horizontal directions [LT-1], kz is the hydraulic conductivity in the vertical directions [LT-1], W (x, y, z, t) is the rate of ground water discharge/ recharge per unit area [LT-1], and x,y,z are the Cartesian coordinates directions.

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The satellite imagery of study area was imported to MODFLOW to fix the boundaries and input the data. The elevations of various locations as well as well locations were collected using Differential Global Positioning System and imported in the model. The groundwater levels in the field were measured and gave input as initial hydraulic head in the model development. Based on the lithology aquifer was conceptualized single layered unconfined aquifer. North, South, Southwest sides of the dump yard have lakes; hence these sides general head boundary was specified and other boundaries were specified as flow boundaries. The model was calibrated for transient state condition for one and a half years. The model parameter s such as hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were assumed based on Ground Water Estimation Committee1997 norms, Government of India. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity and specific yield were assumed as 1 m/day and 0.015 respectively. Rainfall data for the years 2008 and 2009 was collected from the nearest rain gauge at NIT Warangal Campus and used to estimate rainfall recharge by using rainfall infiltration factor. Based on the geology of the area rainfall infiltration factor was assumed as 0.12. Daily pumping rate was estimated based on the consumption of residents of the area and corresponding pumping rates were distributed spatially. The water samples collected in and around the dump yard were analysed for chlorides and used as input to forecast the migration of pollutant. After giving input relevant for the study the MODFLOW software was executed by implicit upstream finite difference method solver and output was obtained. The output for the ground water flow and the concentration of pollutant (chloride) near the observation wells were obtained.

300 tons is taken as the average quantity of MSW per day for the design of sanitary landfill in Fig.1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical analysis of solid waste was carried out for the study area and the results are discussed along with design of sanitary landfill. The quality of ground water is also depicted. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 shows the average quantity of municipal solid waste generated per day in Warangal city.

Fig. 3 to Fig. 9 shows the day wise physical composition of municipal solid waste and Table 1 shows the average physical composition of municipal solid waste. From Table 1, it is observed that about 40% of the waste is organic and can be composted. About 19% of the waste can be reused or recycled and the remaining 41% of waste can be dumped in a landfill. Landfill was designed based on Manual on MSW Management, published by Government of India and tabulated below in Table 2. From Table 3 of ground water quality analysis, it was observed that the chlorides concentration near dump yard showed higher than surrounding area. The migration of conservative pollutant (chloride) was forecasted for the years 2009, 2013 and 2018 and results were shown in Fig. 10 to Fig. 12 respectively. These figure shows spread of the conservative pollutant about 200 meters around dump yard for these three cases with change in pollutant concentration. The rainfall recharge by rainfall infiltration factor method was estimated as 105 mm/year. The chloride concentration of solid waste dump yard was found to be 800 mg/l. These value were given as input in the model and simulations were carried out for the year 2009, 2013 and 2018. Initial background concentration of chloride in the groundwater assumed as 185 mg/l, as the groundwater surrounding the dump yard had this value. The r esults of the movement of conservative pollutant in the observation wells are shown in Table 4. These values are low when compared to laboratory results because, the actually pumping rate of water at the site couldn’t be found and the initial chloride concentration was also not known. Finally it could be seen from the results that the movement of pollutant (chloride) is more towards well1 in northern direction as the ground water movement is also in the same northern direction.

114

309

304

AVG

309

14.3.09

295

300

12.3.09

10.3.09

299

11.3.09

314

09.3.09

Weight of MSW in tons

320 310 300 290 280

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13.3.09

Journal of Environmental Research And Development

MSW on various dates

Fig. 1 : Average quantity of MSW during March 2009

320

310

Weight of MSW in tons

302 300 280

293

300

294 282

278

260

MSW on various dates

Fig. 2 : Average quantity of MSW during April 2009

% of dry weight 43.87 36.63

2.28 5.54 2.33

5.38 1.77

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

So il St on e Te s xt ile s M eta l Le ath er W oo d O th er

G la ss O rg an ic Pa pe r Pl as ti Ru c bb er

2.30

Fig. 3 : Physical composition of MSW of Warangal city on 23.12.08

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% of dry weight 37.74 31.27

5.54

2.46

0.92

0.46 0.18 0.00 0.00

G la ss O rg an ic Pa pe r Pl as ti Ru c bb er

So il St on e Te s xt ile s M eta l Le ath er W oo d O th er

10.34 9.23

1.85

Fig. 4 : Physical composition of MSW of Warangal city on 26.12.08 % of dry weight

42.60 25.75 6.26 8.02

0.50 0.23 0.40 0.20

G la ss O rg an ic Pa pe r Pl as ti Ru c bb er

So il St on e Te s xt ile s M eta l Le ath er W oo d O th er

5.01 4.51 6.01

0.50

Fig. 5 : Physical composition of MSW of Warangal city on 31.12.08

% of dry weight

38.12 21.34 1.39

9.70

0.69

7.62

0.00 0.00

So il St on e Te s xt ile s M eta l Le ath er W oo d O th er

7.28 8.32 3.47

G la ss O rg an ic Pa pe r Pl as ti Ru c bb er

2.08

Fig. 6 : Physical composition of MSW of Warangal city on 25.02.09 116

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% of dry weight 37.96

34.51

1.13

G la ss O rg an ic Pa pe r Pl as ti Ru c bb er

3.15

0.45

3.00 1.05 3.38 1.88 0.00

So il St on e Te s xt ile s M eta l Le ath er W oo d O th er

10.50 3.00

Fig. 7 : Physical composition of MSW of Warangal city on 07.03.09 % of dry weight

33.99

35.32

15.86 1.42

3.21 2.64

1.32 0.00 0.00

0.94

G la ss O rg an ic Pa pe r Pl as ti Ru c bb er

So il St on e Te s xt ile s M eta l Le ath er W oo d O th er

4.34

0.94

Fig. 8 : Physical composition of MSW of Warangal city on 25.03.09 % of dry weight

4061

2.20 0.00

0.51

5.92

0.17 0.85 0.00

1.35

So il St on e Te s xt ile s M eta l Le ath er W oo d O th er

7.61

G la ss O rg an ic Pa pe r Pl as ti Ru c bb er

2.88

37.90

Fig. 9 : Physical composition of MSW of Warangal city on 07.04.09 117

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Table 1 : Physical characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste S/N 1

Item Organic matter

Average % (dry weight) 39.46

2

Soil

31.61

3

Paper

8.41

4

Plastic

5.33

5

Textiles

4.57

6

Stones

3.25

7

Rubber

2.40

8

Glass

1.93

9

Leather

1.75

10

Metal

0.60

11

Other

0.36

12

Wood

0.33

Table 2 : Landfill design details S/N Landfillings

Area required

% Landfilled

Life of landfill

1.

All waste without segregation

26 Hectares

100 % of 300 tons

15 years

2.

Non-Decomposable waste

11 Hectares

42% of 300 tons

15 years

Table 3 : Water quality of surface and groundwater Parameter Mineral acidity

Openwell W1 (mg/l) Openwell W2 (mg/l)

Surface water (mg/l)

0

0

0

CO2 acidity

140

146

0

Bicarbonates alkalinity

320

360

68

0

0

48

Chlorides

650

379

185

Permanent hardness

1080

430

200

Temporary hardness

40

170

20

COD

160

216

200

Carbonates alkalinity

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Fig. 10 : Migration of conservative pollutant (chlorides) at Urusgutta for the year 2009

Fig. 11 : Movement of conservative pollutant (chloride) at Urusgutta for the year 2013 Table 4 : Results of conservative pollutant concentrations in wells S/N

Year

Well 1(mg/l)

Well 2 (mg/l)

1.

2009 (May)

375 - 380

400 – 420

2.

2013

400

380 – 400

3.

2018

420 – 440

380 - 385

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Fig. 12 : Migration of conservative pollutant (chloride) at Urusgutta for the year 2018

CONCLUSION The following conclusions were made based on the above results. Physical composition of solid waste shows that about 40% of waste can be used for biomethanization/compost preparing and about 20% can be recycled or reused. Currently Warangal Municipal Corporation dumps the waste without segregation at Urusgutta, for this case a sanitary landfill with single liner system is the best management tool. It is suggested to dump the waste after segregation, since segregated dumping reduces the load on landfill and the land requirement is only 11 hectares, whereas unsegregated dumping requires 26 hectares of land. The chemical analysis of groundwater shows that it has been polluted. The Modflow results show the migration of pollutant (chloride) in the groundwater. The forecasting of groundwater model shows that the movement of conservative pollutant (chloride) is in northern direction and the concentrations in observation well W1 was increasing with respect to time whereas in the observation well W2, is decreasing because of the direction of contaminant movement is towards W1. From this it can be concluded that the groundwater pollution is due to unscientific dumping of municipal solid waste and it is going to pollute further and will cause

pollution problems in the surrounding residential area if necessary action is not taken against solid waste management.

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