MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The FDA is so short of staff that it inspects the average U.S. food company just once every 10 years. b. The FDA inspects less than 1 percent of all food imports. c. Congress is typically very enthusiastic about creating a single food safety agency to target inspections, streamline safety programs, and use resources more efficiently. d. The House Energy and Commerce Committee has oversight over the FDC. e. The House Agriculture Committee has oversight over the USDA. 2. Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? a. Bureaucratic power extends to every corner of American economic and social life. b. Bureaucracies are scarcely hinted at in the Constitution. c. Nothing better illustrates the complexity of modern government than its massive bureaucracies. d. Each bureaucratic agency is created by the president. e. How to manage and control bureaucracies is a central problem of democratic government. 3. Studies have found that this is how most Americans feel towards the bureaucratic system a. They dislike bureaucrats. b. They are indifferent about bureaucracies and bureaucrats. c. They are satisfied with the help received from bureaucrats. d. They actually like bureaucracies. e. They want the government bureaucracy dismantled. 4. Most Americans a. are generally satisfied with the help they receive from bureaucrats. b. dislike bureaucrats. c. actually like bureaucracies. d. would like to work for a bureaucracy. e. describe most bureaucrats as unwilling to serve their clients’ interests. 5. In addition to a hierarchical authority structure, Max Weber argued that a bureaucracy involves all of the following EXCEPT a. extensive rules. b. an incentive system. c. task specialization. d. the merit principle. e. a hierarchical authority structure. 6. The Weberian theory of bureaucracies views them in the most positive light as a. acquisitive. b. inefficient. c. monopolistic. d. hierarchical. e. democratic.

7. The Weberian model depicts a bureaucracy as a. fundamentally dangerous to a democratic society. b. inefficient, primarily concerned with maximizing its budget, and largely responsible for the growth of modern government. c. wasteful, bloated, over-staffed, over-paid, and arrogant. d. a well-organized machine with plenty of working, hierarchical parts. e. ambling and groping, affected by chance, and largely operating by a loosely run style of trial and error. 8. Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is FALSE? a. Bureaucracies are simply a way of organizing people to perform work. b. The vast majority of tasks carried out by governments are noncontroversial. c. Bureaucracies receive very little credit when they function well. d. The number of government employees and federal employees is growing. e. Only 12 percent of bureaucrats work out of DC. 9. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Jimmy Carter complained about America’s “complicated and confused and overlapping and wasteful” bureaucracies. b. Almost all the growth in the number of public employees has been at the national level. c. Almost all the growth in the number of public employees has been at the state and local level. d. There are approximately 19.5 million state and local public employees. e. There are approximately 2.7 million federal public employees. 10. As a percentage of America’s total workforce, federal government employment has a. been shrinking not growing. b. been growing not shrinking. c. been relatively stable. d. eliminated private sector jobs. e. created private sector jobs. 11. Federal government employment accounts for about ___ percent of all civilian jobs. a. 3 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 30 12. As a whole, the permanent federal bureaucracy is a. less diverse in terms of the type of jobs than the private sector. b. dominated by white males. c. more broadly representative of the American people than the rest of the federal government. d. composed of an American elite. e. now employing 15 percent of the American work force. 13. Which president claimed, “to the victors belong the spoils”? a. Abraham Lincoln b. Andrew Jackson c. Andrew Johnson d. Franklin D. Roosevelt e. John F. Kennedy

14. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Charles Guiteau shot and killed President Garfield because the president did not give him a federal appointment. b. President Arthur, a former customs clerk of New York, encouraged passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883. c. Andrew Jackson opposed the patronage system. d. President Arthur was called “the Prince of Patronage” before working to pass the Pendleton Act. e. None of the above; all are true 15. Patronage is a hiring and promotion system based on a. knowing the right people. b. civil service exams. c. talent and skill. d. the Pendleton Act. e. the merit principle. 16. Until the late-nineteenth century, most government employees got their jobs through a. the patronage system. b. the merit principle. c. hereditary preferences. d. civil service testing. e. a lottery system. 17. The ________ Act was passed partly as a memorial to the memory of President James Garfield, who was assassinated in 1881. a. Pendleton Civil Service b. Treason c. Voting Rights d. Hatch e. Interstate Commerce 18. ____ systems are designed to hire and promote members of the bureaucracy on the basis of merit and to create a nonpartisan government service. a. Patronage b. Civil service c. Hatch d. Civilian e. Military 19. All civil service systems are designed to a. create a nonpartisan government service with promotion on the basis of merit. b. create job replacements when a new party comes to power. c. ensure the General Schedule rating system for patronage appointments. d. centralize government employment at the federal level. e. create a system that ranks and rewards employees by their time spent in government.

20. The Hatch Act, passed in 1940, a. established the patronage system for federal employment. b. prohibited the president from firing the heads of independent executive agencies. c. prohibits federal civil service employees from active participation in partisan politics. d. required the publication of the plum book. e. established the federal civil service. 21. Which of the following requirements resulted from the Hatch Act? a. Civil service employees cannot actively engage in partisan politics while on duty. b. Civil service employees in sensitive positions, such as those in the area of national security, cannot engage in political activities on or off duty. c. No civil servants are permitted to make individual contributions to political campaigns. d. All of the above e. Both a and b. 22. The schedule for federal employees ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries are keyed to rating and experience is called the a. Federal Register b. Hatch Register c. General Schedule d. Merit Schedule e. Spoils System 23. The elite cadre of approximately 9,000 federal government managers established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, including primarily career officials and some political appointees who do not require Senate confirmation is called the a. Civil Service b. Senior Executive Service c. General Schedule Service d. Civil Executive Service e. Civil General Service 24. The federal civil service was created by a. Article IV of the Constitution. b. an executive order of President Arthur. c. the Office of Management and Budget. d. the merit principle. e. the Pendleton Act. 25. Federal employees are prohibited from active participation in partisan politics through the a. Twenty-fifth Amendment. b. Pendleton Act. c. Supreme Court ruling in Democratic National Committee v. Hayes. d. Hatch Act. e. merit system.

26. According to Government in America, which of the following is a legitimate criticism of the federal civil service? a. Firing incompetents is extremely difficult. b. Workers are not protected against political firings. c. It does not operate on the merit principle. d. Too many federal civil servants are actively involved in partisan politics. e. All of the above 27. Which of the following statements about the hiring and firing of civil servants is FALSE? a. The Office of Personnel Management has elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, and firing of civil servants. b. The top of the civil service is composed of about 9,000 members of the Senior Executive Service. c. Once hired, civil servants are assigned a General Schedule ranging from GS 1 to GS 18. d. Due to the merit system, it is easy to fire incompetent civil servants. e. none of the above 28. Which of the following statements about plum book appointees is FALSE? a. Most presidents seek appointees with sympathy for similar policy positions. b. Ambassadorship appointments often go to large campaign contributors. c. Plum book appointees are often instrumental in changing and reforming their agencies. d. Presidents often consider sex, religion, and race in making plum book appointments. e. none of the above 29. Which of the following is NOT true about presidential appointees to bureaucracies? a. They often do not know their own agency subordinates very well, much less people in other agencies. b. They must be recommended by the Office of Personnel Management's "rule of three.” c. As political appointees, they are often unaccustomed to the administrative routines, budget cycles, and legal complexities of their agencies or departments. d. They tend to spend fewer years in their positions than those in the civil service. e. none of the above

30. According to Hugh Heclo, the plum book system of recruiting federal employees tends to result in the appointment of a. talented experts with proven party loyalty. b. people with access to the Internet, but not necessarily the most qualified people. c. senior civil servants to sensitive posts. d. administrators who do not stay long enough in their appointed position to be effective. e. large numbers of women and minorities, just as it was intended to do. 31. Which cabinet department is charged with overseeing the nation's national resources? a. Homeland Security b. Environmental Protection Agency c. Defense d. State e. Interior 32. There are ____ cabinet departments headed by a secretary chosen by the president and approved by the Senate. a. five b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 25 33. The largest federal agency based on dollars spent until 1995 is the a. Department of Defense. b. Department of Justice. c. State Department. d. Department of Health and Human Services. e. Social Security Administration. 34. The agency created to police the stock market is the a. Securities and Exchange Commission. b. Federal Trade Commission. c. Federal Communications Commission. d. National Labor Relations Board. e. Federal Reserve Board. 35. What is known as the “granddaddy” of the government corporations? a. The Tennessee Valley Authority b. The U.S. Postal Service c. Amtrak d. General Services Administration e. National Science Foundation 36. The General Services Administration and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration are examples of a. government corporations. b. independent regulatory agencies. c. cabinet departments. d. presidential administrative agencies. e. independent executive agencies.

37. Independent regulatory agencies have a. complete independence from the president, but their policymakers are appointed by Congress. b. powerful rule-making, dispute-settling, and enforcement authority. c. no real enforcement power any more, and remain today as part of the federal government only in a ceremonial role. d. no formal ties to either the president or the Congress. e. governing commissions composed of long-time federal Civil Service employees. 38. Amtrak and the United States Postal Service are examples of a. government corporations. b. independent executive agencies. c. Cabinet departments. d. executive commercial agencies. e. independent regulatory agencies. 39. Government corporations a. operate an airline, manufacture steel, and provide health insurance. b. provide services and charge for them. c. tend to be captured by interest groups. d. are independent regulatory agencies. e. sell stock and pay dividends. 40. Once a policy decision has been made, such as by passing a legislative act or issuing an executive order, the bureaucracy is responsible for a. its ratification. b. its implementation. c. its deregulation. d. funding it. e. judging its merits. 41. Which of the following is an independent executive agency? a. National Aeronautics and Space Administration b. U.S. Postal Service c. National Science Foundation d. All of the above e. Both a and c. 42. The main job of federal bureaucrats is to a. advise the president and cabinet on internal affairs. b. countervail the power of private corporations, especially monopolies. c. compete with the private sector for monopoly power. d. protect the interests of their constituencies. e. implement and regulate government policies. 43. Creating new agencies, developing guidelines, and coordinating resources to achieve a policy goal is called a. bureaucratization. b. regulation. c. implementation. d. actualization. e. policymaking.

44. ________ is the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. a. Standard operating procedure b. Administrative discretion c. Administrators' disposition d. Executive power e. Deregulation 45. Standard operating procedures become frustrating to citizens and obstacles to action when they a. do not directly apply to a particular situation. b. slow bureaucratic responses to citizens' needs. c. are not specifically codified. d. transfer personnel to different posts. e. are not closely followed. 46. The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem is called a. policy implementation. b. selective management. c. the merit principle. d. the definition of alternatives. e. administrative discretion. 47. Administrative discretion is greatest when a. rules and regulations are not written down. b. standard operating procedures are used. c. an agency has elaborate rules and regulations. d. a particular agency is the subject of media coverage. e. rules do not fit a case. 48. Those civil service employees who are in constant contact with the public (often a hostile one) and have considerable discretion are known as a. street-level bureaucrats. b. routinizers. c. General Schedule foot soldiers. d. the Senior Executive Service. e. civil servants. 49. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Bureaucrats are often fired for using too much administrative discretion. b. Pay raises in the bureaucracy tend to be small and across-the-board. c. Removing appointed officials may be politically embarrassing to the president. d. A government agency cannot expand just because it is performing a service effectively and efficiently. e. none of the above 50. The creation of the new department of Homeland Security in 2002 is an example of a. reorganization. b. fragmentation. c. standard operating procedure. d. administrative discretion. e. decentralization.

51. The 96 agencies that are all involved in issues of nuclear proliferation constitute an example of ____ within the bureaucracy. a. standard operating procedures b. lack of resources c. fragmentation d. general schedule e. discretion 52. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was successful for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. its goal was clear. b. its implementation was straightforward. c. the authority of the implementers was plain. d. it was universally supported. e. none of the above 53. The use of government authority to control or change some practice in the private sector is known as a. socialism. b. regulation. c. oversight. d. executive review. e. public administration. 54. In the case of Munn v. Illinois, decided in 1877, the United States Supreme Court a. ruled that states could not impose corporate income taxes. b. ruled that the Civil Service System was constitutional. c. outlawed the patronage system. d. held that government had no right to regulate the business operations of a firm. e. upheld the right of government to regulate the business operations of a firm. 55. Whatever strategy Congress permits a regulatory agency to use, all regulation contains the following elements EXCEPT a. some means of enforcing compliance. b. a grant of power and set of directions from Congress. c. a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself. d. an incentive system to maximize performance by those regulated. e. none of the above 56. All regulations contain each of the following elements EXCEPT a. a grant of power and set of directions from Congress b. some means of enforcing compliance with congressional goals and agency regulations c. presidential oversight and control of enforcement d. a set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself e. All of these are elements of the regulatory process. 57. One proposed solution to the "problem" of the proliferation of regulatory agencies and policies has been a. deregulation. b. deproliferation. c. budget cuts. d. standard operating procedures. e. the incentive system.

58. The deterioration of the national parks is primarily a bureaucratic problem of a. lack of adequate resources. b. lack of clarity. c. poor program design. d. poor use of administrative routine. e. fragmentation. 59. When U.S. troops in Iraq have insufficient body armor and too few armored Humvees to protect them against roadside bombs, this is an example of a. a lack of resources. b. a bloated bureaucracy. c. too many bureaucrats. d. a lack of managers. e. a lack of personnel. 60. Which is a more effective and efficient policy than command-and-control, according to Charles Schultz? a. The incentive system b. The merit principle c. The spoils system d. The patronage system e. None of the above. 61. A regulation originating from the executive branch is called a(n) a. law. b. bill. c. executive order. d. veto. e. pocket veto. 62. The _____ is the president’s own final authority on any agency’s budget. a. Congressional Budget Office b. Department of Treasury c. Securities and Exchange Commission d. Office of Management and Budget e. Office of the Vice President 63. Congress tries to control the bureaucracy through each of the following EXCEPT a. rewriting legislation. b. influencing the appointment of agency heads. c. holding hearings. d. issuing congressional orders. e. both A and B 64. Decisions made by these tend to bind Congress and the White House. a. the plum book. b. Supreme Court rulings curbing the scope of their oversight. c. "iron triangles.” d. standard operating procedures. e. the incentive system.

65. An "iron triangle" consists of a. representatives of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. b. the president, the head of a relevant congressional committee, and the head of any regulatory agency. c. a bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee or subcommittee. d. the metal stamp used to certify that the president has approved a new regulation and it now takes legal effect. e. those favoring regulation X, those opposing regulation X, and the regulatory agency in charge of overseeing X. 66. "Iron triangles" face challenges from a growing number of a. street-level bureaucrats. b. subgovernments. c. plastics and softer metals. d. administrative discretions. e. issue networks. 67. Issue networks are a. a growing participatory force in bureaucratic decision making whose members' interest in issues is intellectual or emotional rather than material. b. the same as "iron triangles.” c. the relatively new television stations that specialize in political coverage. d. subject to standard operating procedures. e. two or more agencies that share regulatory power when a policy or regulation affects more than one regulatory body. 68. Which of the following is NOT true about "iron triangles"? a. They present tremendous difficulties for Congress and the president when they attempt to control the bureaucracy. b. They add a strong decentralizing and fragmenting element to the government's policymaking process. c. They are also known as subgovernments. d. They are indestructible. e. none of the above

ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. How does the American public feel about bureaucrats and bureaucracy? What are the most prevalent myths about bureaucracy? 2. Compare and contrast the different theories of bureaucracy. Which one best reflects the reality of the federal bureaucracy? How and why? 3. Describe some of the more prevalent myths about the federal bureaucracy, and why they are only myths. What has your experience been with government bureaucrats? Would you recommend any changes based on your experience? Explain. 4. How were most federal jobs obtained up until the late-nineteenth century? What was the key event that prompted the federal government to start the civil service? What is the civil service based upon, and what are its strengths and weaknesses? Explain. 5. Who are the bureaucrats and how do they become government workers? Compare and contrast the theories on what bureaucrats do and how they behave. 6. Why is policy implementation left to the bureaucracy? What are some of the principal causes of implementation breakdown? What improvements do you think could be made to lessen the likelihood of such breakdowns? Explain. 7. Explain why the implementation process sometimes fails. What are the obstacles to successful implementation? As an example, compare and contrast the implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Why was one more successfully implemented than the other? 8. Discuss the various methods used by the president and Congress to control the bureaucracy. Who is generally more successful in getting the bureaucracy to do what it wants? 9. Explain the methods that presidents and Congress use to try to control the bureaucracy. Why is it difficult to control and reform the bureaucracy in the United States? 10. What is the role of bureaucracies in the federal system? Is the federal bureaucracy too big? What are the pros and cons of a large bureaucracy? 11. How does politics permeate bureaucracies? What factors make it difficult to control bureaucracies?