Klaus Sartor

MR Imaging of the Skull and Brain A Correlative Text-Atlas With Contributions by H.Gries, W.Loeffler, S. A. Mirowitz, U. Speck, H.-J.Weinmann With a Foreword by Mokhtar Gado With 690 Figures Containing 2455 Separate Illustrations

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

Contents

CHAPTER 1

Fundamental Physics and Chemistry Wilfried Loeffler; Hanns-Joachim Weinmann, Heinz Gries, Ulrich Speck

Introduction (W. Loeffler) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Image Formation Pulse Sequences and Image Contrast Gradient Echo Sequences Steady State Sequences Spin Echo Sequences Inversion Recovery Sequences Instrumentation Magnet System Gradient System RF Electronics RF Coils Computer System, Display System, and Software Potential Hazards Image Artifacts ' Chemical Shift Misregistration Edge Ringing (Truncation Artifact) Aliasing (Wrap-Around Artifact) Metal Artifacts Magnetic Susceptibility Gradient Nonlinearity and Magnet Inhomogeneity '... Motion and Flow Artifacts Flow Imaging and MR Angiography Phase-Sensitive Methods Inflow-Enhancement Methods Contrast Agents (H.-J. Weinmann, H. Gries, U. Speck) Mechanism of Contrast Enhancement Types of Contrast Agents Gd-DTPA/Dimeglumine References

1 1 3 7 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 19 19 19 20 20 21 23 23 26 28 30

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Contents

CHAPTER 2

Principles of Examination and Interpretation Scott Mirowitz, Klaus Sartor

Introduction Safety Considerations Patient Preparation and Monitoring Examination Techniques General Objectives Standard (Spin Echo) Pulse Sequences Special Pulse Sequences Imaging Protocols Imaging Strategies Image Analysis and Interpretation References

33 33 34 35 36 38 40 42 46 47 50

CHAPTER 3

Normal Anatomy Klaus Sartor

Introduction Brain and Skull Maturation General Features of the Adult Brain Normal Aging Of the Brain " Cerebral Hemispheres Deep and Midline Cerebral Structures Brainstem and Cerebellum Cranial Nerves and Sellar Region Cerebral Blood Vessels and Meninges Orbit and Cranium References

53 53 55 (with assistance of S. A. Mirowitz) 56 57 66 74 , 83 94 102 112

CHAPTER 4

Developmental Anomalies Klaus Sartor

Introduction Gross Morphology Differentiation of Gray and White Matter and Myelination Neoplastic Degeneration Other Structural Abnormalities Functional Anatomy Associated Extracranial Anomalies Disorders of Dorsal Induction Encephaloceles Chiari I and II Malformations Syringohydromyelia and Syringobulbia Disorders of Ventral Induction Holoprosencephaly Neuroepithelial Cysts Dandy-Walker Malformation

117 118 118 119 119 120 120 120 120 123 130 134 134 137 141

Contents

Disorders of Gray and White Matter Formation Anomalies of Neuronal Proliferation and Migration Dysgenesis of the Corpus Callosum Anomalous Myelination Neurocutaneous Syndromes Neurofibromatosis Tuberous Sclerosis Von Hippel-Lindau Disease Sturge-Weber Disease Ataxia-Telangiectasia Syndrome Hydrocephalus Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus Communicating Hydrocephalus Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Other Developmental Disorders Porencephalic and Arachnoid Cysts Ectopia of Posterior Pituitary Lobe Ocular Anomalies Malformations of the Skull and Craniovertebral Junction References

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145 145 154 158 161 161 166 171 172 175 175 177 183 185 187 187 195 196 199 201

CHAPTER 5

Mechanical Trauma Klaus Sartor

Introduction Hemorrhage Edema Other Structural Abnormalities Functional Anatomy Craniocerebral Trauma Epidural Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Cerebral Injuries Skull Injuries Facial Trauma References