MOTOR PERFORMANCE OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION INMATES, by TERRMCE. R... PELT ON 3.P..E., UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA,

A. T h e s i s Submitted

In P a r t i a l

Fulfilment

Of The Requirements F o r The Degree Of Master o f P h y s i c a l

Education

i n the School of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n

We accept t h i s

t h e s i s as conforming t o

the r e q u i r e d standard

The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia A p r i l , . 1965

1961

In p r e s e n t i n g the

t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of

requirements f o r an advanced degree; at

the

U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the

Library

s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e

study...

and

I f u r t h e r agree t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e copying o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may the Head o f my

be granted

Department or by h i s representatives..

by It

i s understood that

copying or p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s

f o r f i n a n c i a l gain

s h a l l not

written

be allowed without

permission..

Department o f P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and

The

U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia,

Vancouver 8, Canada*

Date

April.

, 1965 •

Recreation.:

my

ABSTRACT The problem o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n

-was t o t e s t the

motor performances o f Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

Institution

inmates, compare t h e i r performances t o v a r i o u s norm p o p u l a t i o n s , f i n d out i f t h e i r motor performances improved a f t e r they stayed f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d o f time i n the I n s t i t u t i o n ,

determine whether

t h e i r motor

performances were t y p i c a l f o r the dominant

physique

type o f d e l i n q u e n t s and decide whether f a c t o r s

such

as s i z e , m a t u r i t y and mental performance had any relationship

t o t h e i r motor performances..

o f the i n v e s t i g a t i o n

The purpose

was t o a r r i v e at some k i n d o f a

"motor performance p i c t u r e "

o f d e l i n q u e n t s , as compared

to the "normal p o p u l a t i o n . "

I t was h y p o t h e s i z e d that:,

(a)

inmate motor performances and mental performances

would be lower than those o f the norm p o p u l a t i o n ; (b) inmate motor performance would not be t y p i c a l o f t h e i r dominant

physique type;; (c) inmates would

improve

motor performances a f t e r a short s t a y at the I n s t i t u t i o n ; and

(d) r e l a t i o n s h i p s

would be-found between s i z e , .

m a t u r i t y , mental performance and motor performance. The s u b j e c t s were 670, male inmates o f the Haney Correctional

I n s t i t u t i o n , B r i t i s h Columbia, ranging i n

age from lh t o HO, but w i t h the m a j o r i t y between 17 and

23; years o f age..

Of t h i s p o p u l a t i o n o f 6 7 0 ,

o n l y 280

were given the Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t , one o f the motor performance items.

T e s t s were given to inmates oh

their

a r r i v a l and again a f t e r f o u r months and the p e r t i n e n t data recorded.

The

r e - t e s t p o p u l a t i o n decreased

from 670 to 255 and from 280 to 129 b i l i t y test.

f o r the Motor Educa-

T r a n s f e r s , d i s c h a r g e s , medical and

other reasons not

r e d u c t i o n s and

and

reductions.

some m i s s i n g data f u r t h e r reduced

s i z e o f the p o p u l a t i o n to 111 matrix: o f a l l v a r i a b l e s was A computer was

various

connected w i t h p h y s i c a l education

out o f the investigator's c o n t r o l caused these The

i n size

when the

the

intercorrelation

c a l c u l a t e d by the computer.-

used f o r the m a j o r i t y o f the

statistical;

work to o b t a i n means, standard d e v i a t i o n s , i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x o f a l l v a r i a b l e s and ences between i n i t i a l and scores.,

t

s t a t i s t i c of d i f f e r -

r e - t e s t motor performance

Other c a l c u l a t i o n s , such as the

t

statistic

o f d i f f e r e n c e s between H.C.I.. inmates' scores and of the norm p o p u l a t i o n s , and p r e p a r a t i o n o f d i s t r i b u t i o n polygons, The

those

frequency

were done by the i n v e s t i g a t o r .

r e s u l t s , i n a l l but a few i n s t a n c e s ,

supported

s t a t i s t i c a l l y the hypotheses s t a t e d by the i n v e s t i g a t o r . I t was

concluded,

t h e r e f o r e , t h a t Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n inmates had lower motor performances

than

the v a r i o u s norm p o p u l a t i o n s , had motor performances that were not t y p i c a l f o r the dominant physique type

of

d e l i n q u e n t s , had i n f e r i o r mental performances, had h e i g h t s and weights t h a t were s h o r t e r and l i g h t e r

than

the norms and had t y p i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s between mental performance, s i z e , m a t u r i t y and motor performance..

2

TABLE.OP

CONTENTS

Chapter I II. Ill IV V VI

Introduction

Page 3;

Related L i t e r a t u r e

22!

Methodology

55

Results

75

Discussion

96-

Summary and C o n c l u s i o n s

10.6.

Bibliography

110.

Appendix.

117

L i s t of Tables I II III. IV

H.C.I.. and Norm P o p u l a t i o n Motor Performance Scores

80

F i r s t T r i a l and Re-Test Motor Performance Scores

86,

H.C.I... and Norm P o p u l a t i o n Mental Performance Scores I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n Matrix of a l l Variables

9 0 , 91 95>

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE.PROBLEM There has been a growing d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , , on the part of Correctional I n s t i t u t i o n Administrators,

with

institu-

t i o n a l programs as a s o l u t i o n t o the problem o f a c o n s t a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g delinquent made by experts

population..

Projections

f o r the C a l i f o r n i a Youth A u t h o r i t y , f o r

example, show t h a t the number o f wards i n i n s t i t u t i o n s w i l l double i n the next t e n years tinue.

trends

con-

I n s t i t u t i o n programs are becoming i n c r e a s i n g l y

expensive t o operate, provide

i f present

p a r t i c u l a r l y i f they attempt t o

e d u c a t i o n a l , v o c a t i o n a l , and c l i n i c a l

services.

treatment

In s p i t e o f t h i s expense, however, there has

been growing evidence t h a t the t r a d i t i o n a l c o r r e c t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n i s not p a r t i c u l a r l y e f f e c t i v e i n a l t e r i n g delinquent

behavior

patterns.

R e c i d i v i s m r a t e s remain

h i g h i n the best-managed c o r r e c t i o n a l systems.. also considerable

evidence t h a t many o f f e n d e r s

r e l a t i v e l y low delinquency

There i s with

o r i e n t a t i o n may be a d v e r s e l y

a f f e c t e d by t h e i r c o r r e c t i o n a l experiences.

Correctional

a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , t h e r e f o r e , are now, more than ever,

look-

i n g f o r more e f f e c t i v e ways o f meeting the above problems (1).

Recent t r e n d s .

One

way

t h a t a u t h o r i t i e s have found

to ensure t h a t e f f e c t i v e p r a c t i c e s are used i s to demand that new

p r a c t i c e s and

s c r u t i n y of research ance o f new

procedures he s u b j e c t e d

i n order to be

to

justified-

the

Accept-

c o r r e c t i o n a l programs should depend on t h e i r

e f f e c t i v e n e s s proved through r e s e a r c h . a u t h o r i t i e s agree t h a t such r e s e a r c h

Correctional

should not

be

c a r r i e d out

i n u n i v e r s i t i e s and

t u t e s , but,

i n so f a r as i s f e a s i b l e , the c o r r e c t i o n a l

i n s t i t u t i o n s should c a r r y out P h y s i c a l education.,

s p e c i a l research

only

research

insti-

themselves (.1). .

Although programs o f

physical

e d u c a t i o n w i t h i n c o r r e c t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s are new, have begun to be accepted as a n e c e s s a r y part o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l t r a i n i n g f o r delinquents.

Little

the evidence

o f a s c i e n t i f i c nature e x i s t s , however, to support c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f these programs.. considered

they

the

They have o f t e n been

as merely a means f o r inmates to " l e t o f f

steam" i n harmless a c t i v i t y . confirmed, through r e s e a r c h ,

Men

l i k e Medve (.9) have

that t h e r e i s a r e h a b i l i t a -

t i v e q u a l i t y i n such programs.

He

found that a

signifi-

cant r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t e d between p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a t h l e t i c s and

r e h a b i l i t a t i o n , as expressed i n terms o f

i n s t i t u t i o n a l behavior and f a i l u r e o f the

subsequent p a r o l e

success or

subjects./

P h y s i c a l education i n the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u tion.

The

w r i t e r , from experience gained during

his.

5 a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h inmates o f the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n , was aware that many s u f f e r e d from f e e l i n g s o f inadequacy when p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n activities..

They expressed f e a r s o f i n a b i l i t y when

approaching new s i t u a t i o n s i n a t h l e t i c s and demonstrated a l a c k o f a b i l i t y t o perform many b a s i c motor s k i l l s . , < Outstanding performances were r a r e and c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h community teams was one-sided, w i t h t h e i n s t i t u t i o n teams l o s i n g repeatedly.

I t was suspected, t h e r e f o r e , that

inmates had a lower motor performance l e v e l than young men i n the community^ A d i f f e r e n c e i n motor s k i l l a b i l i t i e s between new a r r i v a l s and those a l r e a d y i n the i n s t i t u t i o n f o r some time was a l s o demonstrated.

New inmates were extremely

awkward and clumsy i n a t h l e t i c s , r e q u i r i n g

considerable

c o n d i t i o n i n g and i n s t r u c t i o n i n o r d e r t o l e a r n b a s i c motor s k i l l s .

D i f f e r e n c e s i n a b i l i t y were most pro-

nounced i n i n t r a m u r a l c o m p e t i t i o n .

New inmates

living

i n the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n u n i t were no match f o r o t h e r u n i t teams.

The i n f e r e n c e from these o b s e r v a t i o n s was t h a t

inmates who had been exposed to the i n s t i t u t i o n

physical

e d u c a t i o n had a h i g h e r l e v e l o f motor performance than those d e l i n q u e n t s who had not been exposed to i t .

This

also, i m p l i e d that inmates who were exposed to t h e p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n program a c q u i r e d new motor or e l s e markedly improved s k i l l s they had.

skills

6 P h y s i c a l s t a t u s o f .juvenile d e l i n q u e n t s . Sheldon (11) and the Gluecks

S t u d i e s by-

(3>S5) r e v e a l e d t h a t over

60% o f a l l the j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s they examined were o f mesomorphic body b u i l d . t y p i c a l f o r t h a t physique

On a n a l y s i s o f the t r a i t s type, i t was found t h a t meso-

morphic j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s had t r a i t s

significantly

d i f f e r e n t from those u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h mesomorphic physique.. physique

T r a i t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h ectomorphy and o t h e r types being found i n the d e l i n q u e n t mesomorphs

l e d the Gluecks

to surmise

t h a t those mesomorphs, i n

whom t r a i t s . f o r e i g n to t h e i r physique

type were

present,

were the ones most l i k e l y to become delinquents,. S i n c e P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n r e s e a r c h people have d i s covered that mesomorphic body b u i l d i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h above average motor performance, one would expect, on the s u r f a c e , t h a t most j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s would be above average i n motor performance.

Personal observation

o f the j u v e n i l e delinquents'- motor performance d i d not, however, support

this notion.

delinquents.were

suspected o f having i n f e r i o r motor

performance a b i l i t i e s . .

On the c o n t r a r y ,

juvenile

I t i s p o s s i b l e , therefore, that

mesomorphic j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s do not have motor performance t r a i t s u s u a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h a t

physique

typeThompson (12) and J e r s i l d

(6). found that boys, i n

g e n e r a l , v a l u e d motor performance s k i l l s above a l l other

f a c t o r s , such as academic performance and s t u d i o u s n e s s , and l i n k e d motor performance v e r y c l o s e l y w i t h p o p u l a r i t y . Sheldon (11) added that d e l i n q u e n t boys Improved behavior when brought t o a r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r

their potentials

i n motor performance.. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n leads one t o surmise that the p r e s t i g e o f motor performance and i t s c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h p o p u l a r i t y c o u l d combine w i t h a d e l i n q u e n t ' s p r e disposition for activity

( t y p i c a l o f mesomorphic physique)

to make an u n u s u a l l y s t r o n g d e s i r e f o r a c t i v i t y , o n l y t o be f r u s t r a t e d by l a c k o f r e a l i z a t i o n o f these motor

;

performances., THE. PROBLEM Statement o f the problem.

The g e n e r a l problem o f t h i s

i n v e s t i g a t i o n was t o a n a l y z e . t h e motor performances o f young men c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

Institu-

t i o n , compare t h e i r performances t o those o f the test.; norms, determine whether t h e i r motor performance t r a i t s were a l i e n t o the dominant

physique type o f d e l i n q u e n t s ,

determine t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f the I n s t i t u t i o n

Physical

E d u c a t i o n program t o t h e i r motor performances and f i n d out whether f a c t o r s such as mental a b i l i t y ,

scholastic

attainment, age, h e i g h t and weight were r e l a t e d t o the; motor performance scores i n any way..

8 The purpose o f the a n a l y s i s was to a r r i v e at some k i n d o f a "motor picrture" of the motor performance o f these :;

young men,

i n terms o f what the t e s t r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e or

t e l l about them.. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n would supplement what i s a l r e a d y known about d e l i n q u e n t s and, perhaps, be o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i n g a i n i n g i n s i g h t i n t o t h e i r t o t a l make-up. Some i n d i c a t i o n s as to the reasons why they are i n t h e

;

i n s t i t u t i o n and what may be done through p h y s i c a l educat i o n to c o r r e c t or change t h e i r behavior p a t t e r n s might be p r o v i d e d through t h i s

investigation..

In a more expanded and p r e c i s e form, the purpose o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was to:; 1* F i n d the motor performance l e v e l s o f young

men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n by a n a l y z i n g t h e i r i n i t i a l and r e - t e s t scores on the Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index. I , Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y T e s t , McCloy General Motor C a p a c i t y T e s t , MeCloy Motor Quotient, and Twenty-Second Squat Thrust T e s t , and to compare

their

performances w i t h the norms e s t a b l i s h e d f o r these t e s t s . I t would be o f value to c o r r e c t i o n a l

institution

p h y s i c a l educators t o know the l e v e l o f motor performance o f new

inmates, as compared w i t h young men o f comparable

s i z e and m a t u r i t y found i n the community.

Knowledge o f

performance s t r e n g t h s and weaknesses would make f o r more e f f e c t i v e p h y s i c a l education program p l a n n i n g and i n s t r u c tion..

S i m i l a r work has been done i n the academic

9 education areas where performance r e v e a l e d by comprehensive

weaknesses have been

t e s t s , then f o l l o w e d up

by

concentrated i n s t r u c t i o n i n these areas to b r i n g students up to community standards. 2., F i n d out whether motor performance

t r a i t s foreign to,

or t y p i c a l o f , mesomorphic physique were dominant i n the young men,

as r e v e a l e d by a lower or h i g h e r motor p e r f o r -

mance l e v e l than the norm pppulation.. Based on the f i n d i n g s o f Sheldon (h), i t was

(11). and the Gluecks

assumed that approximately s i x t y percent o f

the p o p u l a t i o n i n the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n were mesomorphic i n body build.. f i n d t h e i r motor performance performance

An i n v e s t i g a t i o n to

l e v e l might

r e v e a l motor

t r a i t s a l i e n t o mesomorphy, as was

the case

w i t h the Gluecks' study (.*+). when they found t r a i t s i n mesomorphic d e l i n q u e n t s t h a t are f o r e i g n t o that p a r t i c u l a r physique type. 3.. F i n d the c o n t r i b u t i o n o f the e x i s t i n g

institutional

p h y s i c a l , education program to the inmates' motor p e r f o r mance.,

T h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n was

comparing

to be determined

i n i t i a l motor performances

performances,

by

with re-test

a f t e r f o u r months' exposure to the i n s t i t u -

t i o n program.. Just as academic education s u p e r v i s o r s use f o l l o w - u p t e s t i n g procedures to determine academic progress and.

10 effectiveness supervisors

of i n s t r u c t i o n , so c o u l d

within

physical

education

c o r r e c t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s use

re-test

procedures to determine motor performance improvement the h..

effectiveness Find,

of i n s t r u c t i o n i n physical

in addition,

the

height and

weight to motor

performance, by a c o r r e l a t i o n a l analysis.. Grade 6 - 9 Mental A b i l i t y s c o r e s , h e i g h t , weight and

to be i n c l u d e d

Henmon Nelson

grade-last-completed,

McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index were

i n an i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x o f a l l motor

performance v a r i a b l e s

to d i s c o v e r

these

relationships..

Where f a c t o r s such as s i z e , m a t u r i t y and are t e s t e d

and

activities.

r e l a t i o n s h i p of mental a b i l i t y ,

s c h o l a s t i c attainment, age,

age,

r e s u l t s used i n a n a l y s i s

mental a b i l i t y

i n order to

determine t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p to performance i n academic a r e a s , so a l s o c o u l d tested

and

these and

the

other f a c t o r s

i n order to determine t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p to

motor performance of inmates i n a c o r r e c t i o n a l I f such f a c t o r s have any

be

the

institution..

r e l a t i o n s h i p to motor performance,

a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of these r e l a t i o n s h i p s would a i d physical

education i n s t r u c t i o n and

program p l a n n i n g .

HYPOTHESES. To

give d i r e c t i o n to the

study, the

following

hypothe-

ses were formed.1.. Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney

Correctional

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l have lower scores on the Brace Motor

11 E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t , I n d i a n a Motor F i t n e s s Index: I , TwentySecond Squat Thrust t e s t , McCloy General Motor

Capacity

t e s t and McCloy Motor Quotient t e s t , than the norm p o p u l a t i o n s f o r these tests., 2 . , Young men c l a s s i f i e d t o the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l have lower than average motor performance s c o r e s , a t r a i t not a s s o c i a t e d w i t h mesomorphy, the assumed dominant Institution

physique type o f the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

inmates..

3 „ Young men c l a s s i f i e d to t h e Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l improve t h e i r motor performance s c o r e s , a f t e r f o u r months' exposure to the I n s t i t u t i o n E d u c a t i o n program,

Physical

as r e v e a l e d by d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n i t i a l

and r e - t e s t mean motor performance scores.. h„ Young men c l a s s i f i e d t o the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l have a lower mean score on the Henmon Nelson Grade 6-9 Mental A b i l i t y t e s t , than the norm population f o r t h i s

test..

•5; Young men c l a s s i f i e d t o t h e Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l have completed fewer grades i n s c h o o l than the norm p o p u l a t i o n , the Vancouver S c h o o l D i s t r i c t ^ i n B r i t i s h Columbia. 6.. Young men c l a s s i f i e d t o t h e Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l be s h o r t e r i n h e i g h t , and l i g h t e r i n weight than t h e norm population.,

12 7.. Mental a b i l i t y and s c h o l a s t i c attainment o f young

men

c l a s s i f i e d t o the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l be p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d to t h e i r motor performance s c o r e s , as revealed

on an i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n matrix o f a l l v a r i a b l e s .

8. Age, h e i g h t , weight and the McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index o f young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l be r e l a t e d to motor performance s c o r e s , as r e v e a l e d

on an i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x o f a l l variables.,

In conducting t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , the f o l l o w i n g

null

hypotheses were examined:. 1. Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l r e v e a l no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r scores on the Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y test', IndianaMotor F i t n e s s Index I , Twenty-Second Squat

Thrust.test,

McCloy General Motor C a p a c i t y t e s t and McCloy Motor Quotient t e s t , as compared w i t h the norm p o p u l a t i o n s f o r these t e s t s . 2. - Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l r e v e a l motor performance t r a i t s are not s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from those

that

associated

w i t h mesomorphy, the assumed dominant physique type o f the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n inmates.. 3;. Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l , not d i s p l a y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n motor performances a f t e r f o u r months' exposure to the

13 i Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n program, as r e v e a l e d

on i n i t i a l and

r e - t e s t motor performance

comparisons. h» Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l not t h e i r scores

reveal s i g n i f i c a n t differences i n

on the Henmon Kelson Grade 6-9

Mental A b i l i t y

t e s t , as compared w i t h norms e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h i s test.. 5- Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l not

reveal s i g n i f i c a n t differences i n

t h e i r s c h o l a s t i c attainment, as compared w i t h norms f o r the Vancouver S c h o o l D i s t r i c t , i n B r i t i s h Columbia., 6.. Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l not t h e i r height

and

reveal s i g n i f i c a n t differences i n

weight, as compared to the norm

population. 7.

Mental a b i l i t y and

s c h o l a s t i c attainment of young

men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l

not

show a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e i r motor p e r f o r mance scores., as r e v e a l e d

on a c o r r e l a t i o n matrix of a l l

variables.. 8.. Age,

height,

young men w i l l , not

weight and

McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index o f

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n show a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h motor

performance scores., as r e v e a l e d matrix of a l l v a r i a b l e s .

on an i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n

Assumption..

J u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s , as a group., are

predominantly mesomorphic i n body b u i l d . ,

A, s i x t y percent

appearance o f t h i s physique type can be expected i n a correctional institution,

such as the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l

Institution.. S i n c e somatotypihg i s a v e r y complicated procedure, r e q u i r i n g a great d e a l of. time and experience t o make accurate a p p r a i s a l o f physique types, no attempt was made to conduct such a study on the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n inmates.

The comprehensive

study o f t h e

Gluecks (*+) and Sheldon (.11), however, made the assumpt i o n appear w e l l founded. Delimitations.

The C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n sees o n l y

a segment o f the d e l i n q u e n t p o p u l a t i o n .

These are, f o r

the most p a r t , the c h r o n i c d e l i n q u e n t s - those whom community s e r v i c e s , both p r o t e c t i v e and c o r r e c t i v e , have been unable t o h e l p .

T h i s group can be thought o f as a

r e s i d u a l group that has been s t r a i n e d through the s i e v e s o f many s o c i a l a g e n c i e s .

Coupled w i t h t h i s

selection

process i s the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n procedure a t Oakalla. P r i s o n Farm.

Inmates at Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n a r e

s e l e c t e d from those at O a k a l l a by the C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Board because the Board " b e l i e v e s

,l;

b e n e f i t from- the program a t Haney.

these inmates may S i n c e t h e r e i s no way,

as y e t , t o determine e x a c t l y which inmates a r e able to b e n e f i t from t h i s program, we can assume that some

1

15 t r a i n e e s at H.C.I., should not be t h e r e , and some at O a k a l l a P r i s o n Farm should be a t H.C.I.. Some t r a i n e e s who were m e d i c a l l y i n c a p a b l e o f b e i n g t e s t e d f o r motor performance as determined by a medical d o c t o r ' s examination, were excused from t a k i n g part i n the t e s t i n g program. Ages o f t r a i n e e s t a k i n g part i n the t e s t i n g

program

ranged from 1*+ years t o ho y e a r s , w i t h the vast m a j o r i t y between 17 and 2 3 years o f age. Limitations. would

1.

I t was expected t h a t "new a r r i v a l s "

experience some a n x i e t y and be r a t h e r conscious o f

t h e i r movements i n f r o n t o f o t h e r inmates.

D e s p i t e the

i s o l a t i o n o f the t e s t group from o t h e r inmates, some inmates may not have p a r t i c i p a t e d " a l l - o u t " on some items, to a v o i d embarrassment.

Motivation to p a r t i c i p a t e

out" may have v a r i e d from group t o group,

"all-

creating

discrepancies i n results. 2.

The i n s t r u c t o r judged each performance and i n d i c a t e d

to an a s s i s t a n t whether the s u b j e c t "passed" or " f a i l e d " so t h a t r e s u l t s c o u l d be r e c o r d e d q u i c k l y . .

Individuals

t e s t e d f i r s t would have somewhat o f a "disadvantage" over those t e s t e d l a s t , e s p e c i a l l y i n the Brace t e s t ,

because

those t e s t e d l a s t would have a g r e a t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f what was expected o f them when i t came time t o perform.,

16 l

3*. A f t e r f o u r months i n the I n s t i t u t i o n , and accompanying " i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n , " • s o m e inmates took exception to "being r e - t e s t e d .

Some were so " h o s t i l e " t h a t t h e i r

r e s u l t s were b i a s e d and " d i s r e g a r d e d . "

What e f f e c t

such

compulsory t e s t i n g had on the m a j o r i t y i s d i f f i c u l t to estimate.

Some i n h i b i t i n g e f f e c t , however, was

expected.

h. I n d i v i d u a l s who experienced repeated f a i l u r e , on some of

the Brace t e s t items were expected

t o become"rather

d i s c o u r a g e d i n the l a t t e r p a r t o f the t e s t - e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e items i n t h i s area tended

to be more d i f f i c u l t t o

perform. 5.- In computing

t,

t o f i n d the s i g n i f i c a n c e o f the

d i f f e r e n c e s between the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n motor performance scores and those o f the norm p o p u l a t i o n s for the

the t e s t s , a l l the d a t a needed was a v a i l a b l e

except

N (number o f s u b j e c t s t e s t e d ) f o r s o m e o f the norm :

populations.

S i n c e i t was i n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t the norms

were e s t a b l i s h e d and p u b l i s h e d without one hundred persons,

an

N

c a l c u l a t i o n s where the norm

t e s t i n g at l e a s t

o f 100. was used i n a l l N

was m i s s i n g .

6.. S i n c e the computer c o u l d not c o n s i d e r m i s s i n g data: i n a s a t i s f a c t o r y manner f o r t h i s study, the 111 observations^ to

( o f the t o t a l 670.) w i t h no m i s s i n g data were used

c o n s t r u c t the i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n matrix o f a l l v a r i a b l e s .

T h i s sample o f 111 o b s e r v a t i o n s , t h e r e f o r e , was not

17 randomly s e l e c t e d u s i n g any of the u s u a l methods..

S i n c e m i s s i n g data o c c u r r e d when inmates were

not a v a i l a b l e f o r the r e - t e s t to

another

(discharged or t r a n s f e r r e d

i n s t i t u t i o n ) or had missed the mental

t e s t - both reasons tor

statistical

ability

out o f the c o n t r o l o f the i n v e s t i g a -

- a minimum o f e r r o r due

to sampling

was

expected.

DEFINITIONS I

Motor E d u c a b i l i t y . . (HE)

McCloy (.7). i n t r o d u c e d

the

term i n t o the l i t e r a t u r e i n 193*+ and d e f i n e d i t as

"the

ability

French

to develop h i g h s k i l l q u i c k l y . "

S c o t t and

(10). sum up the l i t e r a t u r e on the s u b j e c t by s t a t i n g t h a t motor e d u c a b i l i t y i s the i n h e r e n t a p t i t u d e (motor mental) f o r l e a r n i n g new

s k i l l s q u i c k l y and

and

effectively.

T e s t s d e v i s e d to measure t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n v o l v e motor problems new

to the s u b j e c t ; they are

presented

through the u s u a l media o f i n s t r u c t i o n , v e r b a l d e s c r i p t i o n , and demonstration;

they p r o h i b i t p r e l i m i n a r y

p r a c t i c e and a l l o w v e r y few t r i a l s ; they are of a success, or f a i l u r e type. for

Most o f the t e s t s which are proposed

measuring e d u c a b i l i t y are o f a s t u n t type and u s u a l l y

i n c l u d e s e v e r a l s t u n t s i n order to secure

satisfactory;

reliability., I I Motor F i t n e s s . . (MF)

Mathews (8) d e f i n e s motor

ness as c a p a c i t y f o r vigorous work.

The

fit-

aspects

s e l e c t e d f o r emphasis are endurance, power, s t r e n g t h ,

18 a g i l i t y , f l e x i b i l i t y and balance. III

General-Motor Capacity., (GMO

McCloy

(.7). s t a t e s

•that j u s t as t h e r e are tests,.for measuring

intelligence,

which i s l a r g e l y i n n a t e , so t h e r e are t e s t s f o r measuring

general-motor c a p a c i t y , which i s l a r g e l y i n n a t e .

"General" i s used to i n d i c a t e the type o f motor c a p a c i t y t h a t i s b a s i c to a l l motor performance that

involves

l a r g e ranges o f movement; i t i s used i n c o n t r a s t

to.the

above t e s t s which t e s t more s p e c i f i c a b i l i t i e s . .

"Motor"

i s used f o r r e f e r r i n g t o the neuromuscular and psychomotor a s p e c t s .

" C a p a c i t y " i s used to i n d i c a t e

potenti-

a l i t y i n c o n t r a s t to achievement. McCloy

(7) r e f e r s to GMC

as i n b o r n , h e r e d i t a r y

p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r g e n e r a l motor performance.

His test

i n c l u d e s motor f i t n e s s items, motor e d u c a b i l i t y items, c l a s s i f i c a t i o n index, speed and a g i l i t y ' i t e m s .

Hence,

whereas the above two t e s t s measure more s p e c i f i c , abilities, IV for

the GMC

measures.a much broader concept.

Motor Quotient. (MQ.)

The GMC, when d i v i d e d by the norm

the s u b j e c t and m u l t i p l i e d by 100, expresses h i s

c a p a c i t y as a percentage o f the norm o r Motor Q u o t i e n t . T h i s q u o t i e n t i s the motor analogue o f the IQ, score used i n the measurement o f i n t e l l i g e n c e . how

The MQ

indicates

the i n d i v i d u a l ranks when compared w i t h o t h e r s o f

equal s i z e and m a t u r i t y .

A\ boy a c h i e v i n g an MQ; o f 100

19 would be average f o r boys h i s age and s i z e , whereas

MQ;s

o f 120 and 80 would be above average and below average, respectively..

MQ 120 would i n d i c a t e s u p e r i o r a b i l i t y to

a c q u i r e new motor s k i l l s ,

and MQ; 80 would i n d i c a t e

d i f f i c u l t y i n l e a r n i n g new motor V

Juvenile delinquent.

skills..

The J u v e n i l e Delinquent

d e f i n e s a j u v e n i l e delinquent

Act

as "any c h i l d who v i o l a t e s

any p r o v i s i o n o f the C r i m i n a l Code or any Dominion or P r o v i n c i a l s t a t u t e o f any by-law o r ordinance o f any m u n i c i p a l i t y , o r who

i s g u i l t y o f sexual immorality

any s i m i l a r form o f v i c e , o r who

or

i s l i a b l e by reason o f

any other a c t to be committed to an i n d u s t r i a l s c h o o l or j u v e n i l e reformatory

under the p r o v i s i o n s o f any Dominion

or P r o v i n c i a l s t a t u t e ! " (.2). Young men

e n t e r i n g Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n

were c o n s i d e r e d

to b e , i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d d e l i n q u e n t s

young men w i t h delinquent

characteristics.

or

20

t

REFERENCES 1.. American

Correctional Association-

"Manual o f

C o r r e c t i o n a l Standards," Issued by the pp., 3-6:,

Correctional Association;

2*. Canadian C o r r e c t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n . .

American

1961+.,

"Towards a B e t t e r

Understanding o f our J u v e n i l e D e l i n q u e n t s ,

111

The

Canadian J o u r n a l o f C o r r e c t i o n s . -Vol. 1:. No.. 2:; 30-^O; Jan., 3... Glueck, S.,

1959.

The Problem o f Delinquency.

Houghton M i f l i n Co., h„ Glueck, S. and E.-

pp. 2 5 0 - 2 5 5 ,

1959.

The Role o f C o n s t i t u t i o n i n the

Problem o f Delinquency.

Boston:. Houghton M i f l i n -

•

Cambridge, Mass..: P u b l i s h e d by Harvard U n i v e r s i t y

•'

Co.,

pp. 2 1 5 - 2 2 5 , . 1959.-

5.. Glueck, S. and E.

:

Unraveling Juvenile

Press, pp.. 2 7 3 - 2 8 1 , 6.

Boston:

Delinquency.

1950-

J e r s i l d , A.-T... The: Psychology o f Adolescence.. New

York:: The Macmillan Co.., pp.. 3 6 3 - 3 6 7 ,

7 - McCloy, C..H... and Young, Dv

Tests, and Measurements .

i n H e a l t h and P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n .

New

York:: T h i r d

E d i t i o n , Appleton - Century - C r o f t s , Inc..; pp.. 8 3 r l 7 7 ,

195^-

1963.

21. 8... Mathews, D.K.,

Measurement i n P h y s i c a l Education..

P h i l a d e l p h i a and London:: W.B.., Saunders Co., 1963.. 9 * Medve, W.J..

"The R e h a h i l i t a t i v e Aspects o f Team

S p o r t s i n a Reformatory," Education.

V o l . 1 3 : . No.. 3 :

10.. S c o t t , M..G*. and French E* Education...

Journal of Correctional July, 1961.

Evaluation i n Physical

St., Louis:.. C..V.

Moshy Co.; pp.. 1 9 3 - 9 5 ?

1950..11.,

Sheldon, W..-H.., Stevens, S.S.. and Tucker, W.B., V a r i e t i e s o f Human Physique.

The

New York::.Harper

and B r o t h e r s , -p.. 7 2 8 , 1 9 ^ 0 . 12.. Thompson, G..G.. " D i s t o r t i o n o f S o c i a l R e a l i t y i n Delinquency,"'

E d u c a t i o n Psychology-

A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y - C r o f t s Inc., 1959.,

New York::

CHAPTER I I RELATED LITERATURE There i s v e r y l i t t l e : m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e on the motor performance and other a b i l i t i e s o f j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s , so the m a t e r i a l o f t h i s chapter i s n e c e s s a r i l y r e l a t e d mainly

t o f i n d i n g s i n the "normal" population.. ;

CHARACTERISTICS OF J U V E N I L E DELINQUENTS Mental a b i l i t y . ,

Most studies, agreed

that, i n general,

j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s showed scores on v e r b a l i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s t h a t were s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower than normal ( 1 0 , 1 2 , 15).~

Some s t u d i e s . p l a c e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n mental .

a b i l i t y scores t e n IQ p o i n t s below norm p o p u l a t i o n s 13,

12).

Mussen, Konger and Kagan

(1,

( 2 0 ) s t a t e d that,

although t h e r e was a somewhat l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f m e n t a l l y d e f i c i e n t c h i l d r e n among j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s than among t h e p o p u l a t i o n at l a r g e , there was a wide range o f i n t e l l i g e n c e i n the d e l i n q u e n t group.

The mean

d i f f e r e n c e between d e l i n q u e n t s and the norm p o p u l a t i o n was-.'hot l a r g e (about

ten IQ

p o i n t s ) , they s a i d , and

t h e r e was a great d e a l o f o v e r l a p between the d e l i n q u e n t and non-delinquent

groups.

Thus, they concluded., low

i n t e l l i g e n c e , i n and o f i t s e l f , a major f a c t o r i n determining

c o u l d not be c o n s i d e r e d

most cases o f d e l i n q u e n c y .

23,

The Gluecks which the two

(11) i n t h e i r comprehensive study i n groups under comparison were s i m i l a r ,

by

v i r t u e o f the manner i n which the boys were o r i g i n a l l y s e l e c t e d and matched, found c e r t a i n d i f f e r e n c e s i n the constituents of t h e i r i n t e l l i g e n c e s .

First,

the

d e l i n q u e n t s , as a group, were d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from

non-

d e l i n q u e n t s i n having a l e s s e r c a p a c i t y t o approach problems methodically..

The d e l i n q u e n t s had l e s s v e r b a l

i n t e l l i g e n c e , s c o r i n g lower than the c o n t r o l groups on the Vocabulary,

Information, Comprehension and D i g i t

Symbol s u b t e s t s o f the Wechsler - B e l l e v u e S c a l e .

,

On

the o t h e r hand, they a t t a i n e d a somewhat h i g h e r score: than the c o n t r o l group on two

out o f f i v e o f the p e r f o r -

mance s u b t e s t s , namely, Block Design and Object Assembly. The tendency toward d i r e c t and concrete ways o f mental e x p r e s s i o n , s a i d the Gluecks,

f i t i n t o the

general

p i c t u r e o f the d e l i n q u e n t s as more simply o r g a n i z e d than the

non-delinquents.

Other d i f f e r e n c e s between d e l i n q u e n t s and group, the Gluecks

control

found, were r e f l e c t e d i n scores on

c e r t a i n achievement t e s t s . . a r i t h m e t i c computation,

In a r i t h m e t i c reasoning,

and to a l e s s e r degree., i n

reading comprehension and word meaning, the d e l i n q u e n t s were i n f e r i o r to the c o n t r o l group. i n t e l l i g e n c e , however, was the Gluecks

found..

Low

verbal

the most s t r i k i n g d i f f e r e n c e

Mental a b i l i t y and stated

motor performance..

that at p r a c t i c a l l y a l l age

d u a l who

was

above average i n one

Jer.sild

l e v e l s , the

(13).

indivi-

major f e a t u r e

of h i s ;

makeup was

more l i k e l y to be above average i n other

features.

He

found p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s

mental a b i l i t y and

between

c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l measurements.

normal c h i l d r e n , however, the c o r r e l a t i o n s mental a b i l i t y and and

b o d i l y s i z e , and

between

between i n t e l l i g e n c e

motor a b i l i t y , w h i l e p o s i t i v e , were

low..

Although a r e l a t i o n s h i p between i n t e l l i g e n c e sensorimotor a b i l i t y was

found by Thompson

moderately h i g h i n i n f a n c y ,

Among

and

(25).- to be

i t decreased w i t h advancing

age..

M e n t a l l y r e t a r d e d c h i l d r e n as a group were shown

to be

somewhat r e t a r d e d i n motor development, w h i l e

intellectually

g i f t e d tended to be g e n e r a l l y

motor a c t i v i t i e s . the

the

superior

in

However, i n the o v e r a l l p o p u l a t i o n

r e l a t i o n s h i p between f a c t o r s of i n t e l l i g e n c e

motor achievement were so low

and

as to be u s e l e s s f o r

prediction. McCloy (17)

stated

that

almost no

relationship

found between i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t s and physical a b i l i t y .

measures o f

This lack of r e l a t i o n s h i p

he s a i d , even i f i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t s were w i t h motor q u o t i e n t s . physical

s k i l l s , he

For

was

existed, correlated

an i n d i c a t i o n o f a b i l i t y i n

concluded, i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t s

were u s e l e s s s c o r e s , at l e a s t w i t h i n the zone o f i n t e l l e c t u a l n o r m a l i t y maintained

i n p u b l i c schools..

W i t h i n the range o f "subnormality" i n i n t e l l i g e n c e , however, the h i g h e r the i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t , the more q u i c k l y he found motor s k i l l s l e a r n e d . Davis

(6). s t a t e d t h a t r e l a t i o n s h i p s between mental

a b i l i t y and motor a b i l i t y were low. an expert performer

The a b i l i t y to be

i n motor s k i l l s was

not dependent

upon h i g h l e v e l s o f i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t y or on an e x c e l l e n c e i n academic i n t e l l i g e n c e .

The

difficulties

that some a t h l e t i c coaches experienced when t h e i r

star

performers were d e c l a r e d i n e l i g i b l e i n midseason because of for

s c h o l a s t i c d i f f i c u l t i e s was

testimony to t h i s

fact

him. In

the e a r l y stages o f the a c q u i s i t i o n o f a complex

motor s k i l l , Davis

(6) stated, i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t y

a. great b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t .

had.

I n t e l l i g e n c e helped the

l e a r n e r grasp the meaning o f the i n s t r u c t i o n , and helped him t o see the point r a p i d l y .

The b r i g h t person

was

a b l e to s u s t a i n h i s c o n c e n t r a t i o n , f o l l o w d i r e c t i o n s , t h i n k the performance through,

formulate the

and to perform i t q u i c k l y and c o r r e c t l y .

concept,

Brightness

helped the l e a r n e r to see the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f the

skill,

t a o t h e r movements t h a t were a l r e a d y learned.. A c q u i r i n g v e r y complex movements i n v o l v e d more mental l e a r n i n g

26. than motor l e a r n i n g -

O v e r a l l , Davis concluded,

intelli-

gence appeared to he more important i n i n f l u e n c i n g r a p i d l e a r n i n g than i n having marked e f f e c t on u l t i m a t e performance.. Van Dalen

(261 t e s t e d

and found t h a t IQ

J u n i o r High S c h o o l students

c o r r e l a t e d p o s i t i v e l y with:;,

( i ) Rogers S t r e n g t h Index;: (r = . . 2 6 ) Motor C a p a c i t y ( r = .28) (r

= .23)

in

(r » . 3 0 ) . .

( i i ) McCloy General

( i i i ) McCloy Motor Quotient

( i v ) The number o f p l a y a c t i v i t i e s

participated

Academic attainment and s c h o l a s t i c a b i l i t y . . (7)

Ferguson

found that the p r o p o r t i o n o f young men c o n v i c t e d

rose as the l e v e l o f s c h o l a s t i c a b i l i t y d e c l i n e d . found the e d u c a t i o n a l achievement to t h a t o f non-delinquents.. Ferguson

(7)

He

of delinquents i n f e r i o r

The Gluecks

(11).

and

found evidence that d e l i n q u e n t s f a i l e d more

grades, reached a lower l e v e l and a lower p r o p o r t i o n f i n i s h e d s c h o o l than n o n - d e l i n q u e n t s . j u v e n i l e d e l i n q u e n t s , C o l e (1)

Out o f 977

found 8 5 percent were:

r e t a r d e d s c h o l a s t i c a l l y from one to f i v e years, 12

per-

cent were normal f o r t h e i r grade and two percent were accelerated. Louttit

(15)

and the Gluecks

(10,

11)

found that-

d e l i n q u e n t s showed c o n s i s t e n t n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e s school.

The Gluecks

(10,

11,

12)

toward

s t a t e d that f a r more

27 o f the d e l i n q u e n t s

than the non-delinquents markedly-

d i s l i k e d s c h o o l , and f a r fewer expressed any d e s i r e f o r education

beyond grade s c h o o l .

As a group, they were

l e s s i n t e r e s t e d , l e s s a t t e n t i v e , more o f t e n tardy, l e s s r e l i a b l e , more c a r e l e s s i n work, l a z i e r , more r e s t l e s s , l e s s t r u t h f u l , and they sought more a t t e n t i o n than the non-delinquents.

Achievement was, t h e r e f o r e , r e f l e c t e d

i n t h e i r a t t i t u d e toward

schooling..

Fleischman (9) observed t h a t the longer

and more,

i n t e n s i v e l y an i n d i v i d u a l was exposed t o a s c h o o l environment, the more the a b i l i t i e s developed there:-, c o n t r i b u t e d to h i s l a t e r achievements. .-> Academic attainment and motor performance . -

r

Fleisch-

man-, (,9) .implied t h a t the more prolonged the exposure t o p h y s i c a l education

programs i n s c h o o l s ,

the more

general

motor performance a b i l i t i e s would be t r a n s f e r r e d to the i n d i v i d u a l ' s l a t e r a t h l e t i c o r other

activities.

(6) s t a t e d t h a t w i t h the environment o f s c h o o l education duals

Davis

physical

c l a s s e s , and given adequate time, m o s t . i n d i v i -

could acquire

the body c o n t r o l s k i l l s

necessary

f o r ease, grace and e f f i c i e n c y o f movement needed f o r a c t i v i t i e s i n ordinary

life.

P h y s i c a l s t a t u s - anthropometric considerations., most s t r i k i n g f i n d i n g i n the a n t h r o p o l o g i c

The

analysis of

28 d e l i n q u e n t s and non-delinquents and the Gluecks

(11). was

.by both Sheldon

(220

the v e r y h i g h i n c i d e n c e o f

mesomorphic dominance ( s o l i d , muscular b u i l d ) i n the. body s t r u c t u r e o f the delinquents..

There was

a sixty

percent i n c i d e n c e o f mesomorphs among d e l i n q u e n t s i n comparison w i t h o n l y twelve to f o u r t e e n percent o f each o f the other t h r e e body t y p e s . evenly d i s t r i b u t e d f o r the The Gluecks

These percentages

nonedelinquents.

(ll.)„ p o s t u l a t e d some reasons

f o r the

excess o f mesomorphy among d e l i n q u e n t s - the main being that t h i s physique

were

type was

one

more h i g h l y charac-

t e r i z e d by t r a i t s p a r t i c u l a r l y s u i t e d to the

commission

o f a c t s o f a g g r e s s i o n ( p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h , energy, i n s e n s i t i v i t y , the tendency to express

tensions

and

f r u s t r a t i o n s i n action)... These t r a i t s were c h a r a c t e r i s e t i c o f a l l mesomorphs.

As f o r the q u e s t i o n o f which

boys among mesomorphs a c t u a l l y became d e l i n q u e n t , the f i n d i n g was impact

t h a t most o f the t r a i t s t h a t had a s p e c i a l

on the delinquency o f mesomorphs were not

u s u a l l y t y p i c a l o f that physique..

I t seemed

f o r the Gluecks, t h e r e f o r e , to surmise

reasonable

t h a t those meso-

morphs i n whom t r a i t s a l i e n to t h e i r physique

were

present were the ones most l i k e l y to become d e l i n q u e n t s . Endomorph d e l i n q u e n t s ( s o f t , roundness o f physique), were more markedly submissive to a u t h o r i t y , more sensuous-.

29 and more c o n v e n t i o n a l

than mesomorphs.. Endomorphs

presented a much lower d e l i n q u e n c y p o t e n t i a l than mesomorphs. The

Gluecks (111 and Sheldon (22 ) found t h a t e c t o - . ;

morphs ( l i n e a r i t y and f o r f r u s t r a t i o n , not

f r a g i l i t y o f b u i l d ) had

outlets

i n a c t i o n , but i n i n t e r n a l

emotional t e n s i o n w i t h r e s u l t a n t n e u r o t i c Ectomorphs, i n general

symptoms.,

(normal group)., were more o f t e n ;

than mesomorphs c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the v e r y t r a i t s contributed

that

so h e a v i l y to the delinquency o f mesomorphs.

Ectomorphs were more l i k e l y to be i n f l u e n c e d to d e l i n - ' quency through problems at. home* Mussen, Konger and Kagan (20) l i k e l y t h a t physique was

add

that i t was

not

a d i r e c t cause o f delinquency.

However, s i n c e mesomorphic, muscular boys were apt

to

be more p r o f i c i e n t at. masculine s k i l l s such as boxing and

a t h l e t i c s , i t was

more l i k e l y that these boys would

be accepted by the "gangs" that t y p i c a l l y value t i o n a l masculine s k i l l s .

I t could a l s o have been that

mesomorphs were more a c t i v e g e n e r a l l y and

hence more

l i k e l y to seek the types o f o u t l e t s f o r t h e i r energy t h a t gangs c o u l d p r o v i d e . such a gang i n c r e a s e d i n delinquent have played

tradi-

restless

S i n c e membership i n

the p r o b a b i l i t y o f being

involved

behavior, the i n d i v i d u a l ^ physique

a predisposing

role.,

could

39. Values a t t a c h e d to -physique and motor performance., A study hy Thompson (25)

i n which r e l a t i o n s h i p s between

motor performance and o t h e r t r a i t s , as shown by a group o f C a l i f o r n i a boys who

co-operated

i n a growth study i n

which v a r i o u s measurements were made at h a l f - y e a r l y i n t e r v a l s from age eleven to eighteen, p r o v i d e d some interesting information.

P o p u l a r i t y was

more c l o s e l y

l i n k e d w i t h p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h and s k i l l i n a t h l e t i c a c t i v i t i e s than w i t h i n t e l l i g e n c e , s c h o o l achievement, and socioeconomic

status.

Jersild

(13),

a l s o found t h a t

boys a t t a c h e d a h i g h v a l u e to p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , " especially strength.

He

s t a t e d f u r t h e r t h a t the

that p h y s i c a l s k i l l s have g r e a t ' p r e s t i g e v a l u e that t r o u b l e d and unaccepted

fact

suggested

a d o l e s c e n t s might b e n e f i t

from a s y s t e m a t i c program to improve motor performance, skills., From h i s i n t e r v i e w s w i t h delinquent boys and from h i s o b s e r v a t i o n s o f them, Sheldon (22) t h e i r d e l i n q u e n t behavior was

due

felt

that much o f

to a l a c k o f

t i o n o f t h e i r p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h and a t h l e t i c He

realiza-

ability..

s t a t e d that at l e a s t a dozen boys improved t h e i r

behavior p a t t e r n s more or l e s s a f t e r being shown t h e i r own

strengths'- and Physique

(3).,

abilities.

and motor performance.. Cozens ( 2 0 ,

Lindegaard

(1^),

Miller

(19),

Sills

(23),

Cureton Tappan (2h)

31and W i l l g o o s e

(27),, to mention o n l y a few,

have examined

the r e l a t i o n s h i p between body types and motor p e r f o r mance.. T h e i r s t u d i e s have i n d i c a t e d the f o l l o w i n g to be t r u e .

First,

the endomorphic i n d i v i d u a l (round

s o f t ) i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by an e x c e s s i v e

and

amount o f weight

which i s a l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i n the performance o f most skills. him

The

"dead" weight which he c a r r i e s around w i t h

i s a s e r i o u s handicap.

Second, the

ectomorphic

i n d i v i d u a l i s m u s c u l a r l y weak, r e l a t i v e l y speaking, s u b j e c t to i n j u r y so that the types o f c o n t e s t s sports, i n which he may

and

and

p a r t i c i p a t e at a h i g h l y competi-

t i v e l e v e l are l i m i t e d by h i s body type.

The

mesomorphic

i n d i v i d u a l i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by p h y s i c a l ruggedness s t r e n g t h t h a t , without q u e s t i o n ,

and

are conducive to e x c e l -

l e n t motor performance. Motor performance.-

Fleischman (8) s t a t e d t h a t i n the

case o f motor a b i l i t i e s ,

i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s depended

on the s e n s i t i v i t y o f sense organs i n muscles and on the composition o f muscular t i s s u e or on

differences

i n the s t r u c t u r e o f the c e n t r a l nervous system. p a r t i c u l a r genes t r a n s m i t t e d

joints,

The

through h e r e d i t y were a l s o

thought to p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i n determining one's basic a b i l i t i e s .

However, Fleischman f e l t these

genetic

f a c t o r s f i x e d o n l y l i m i t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , w i t h i n which a wide range o f v a r i a t i o n was. s t i l l p o s s i b l e .

Within

boundaries set by h e r e d i t y , environmental f a c t o r s

the and

32 l e a r n i n g experiences were thought to p l a y a major r o l e i n i n f l u e n c i n g motor a b i l i t y

development.

A c c o r d i n g to Fleischman's (8) c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n , , r a t e o f l e a r n i n g and

f i n a l l e v e l achieved by p a r t i c u l a r

i n d i v i d u a l s i n c e r t a i n motor s k i l l s was the b a s i c a b i l i t i e s

a l s o l i m i t e d by

o f these i n d i v i d u a l s .

S i n c e these

b a s i c a b i l i t i e s were themselves f a i r l y s t a b l e , he cluded

that he

con-

could make u s e f u l p r e d i c t i o n s about

< performances on s p e c i f i c t a s k s .

For

example, knowledge

about the r e l e v a n t motor f i t n e s s components should one

to p r e d i c t performance i n v i g o r o u s a t h l e t i c

(Knowledge o f other b a s i c a b i l i t i e s e d u c a b i l i t y and

The

had

v a r i e t y o f s p e c i f i c tasks

d u a l who

fewer b a s i c a b i l i t i e s maturity...

height,

weight and

mance.

He

a great many

could become p r o f i c i e n t

at a g r e a t e r

McCloy (17)

than the

indivi-

developed. stated that

age,

body b u i l d i n f l u e n c e d p h y s i c a l

f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t persons, young and

o f the same age No

activity.

such as motor

i n d i v i d u a l who

h i g h l y developed b a s i c a b i l i t i e s

S i z e and

help

motor c a p a c i t y , would f u r t h e r r e f i n e

this prediction.).

had

the

vary i n height,

weight and

perforadult,

body b u i l d . ,

one.of these f a c t o r s , t h e r e f o r e , were adequate f o r

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n purposes, a.combination o f these f a c t o r s was- needed.. T h e o r e t i c a l i n f l u e n c e o f weight.

In an a d u l t male o f

33 good muscular development, McCloy (17) muscles c o n s t i t u t e d approximately UO the weight o f the body.

stated,

to h5 percent

An i n c r e a s e , due

i n the weight o f the body o f a. person not i n height was

the

to

of

training,

increasing

not, however, so d i s t r i b u t e d to

the

muscles, f o r the muscles i n c r e a s e d i n weight f a s t e r than the bones and

the v i s c e r a .

more than Mo. percent lar

Hence the

muscles^,received

o f the i n c r e a s e i n weight..

s t r e n g t h , i f other p h y s i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s and

Muscupsycho-

l o g i c a l f a c t o r s were equal, v a r i e d about i n p r o p o r t i o n to the c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area o f the muscles.

Therefore,

the c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area o f the muscles i n c r e a s e d more r a p i d l y than the weight o f the body as a whole,

and

hence muscular s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e d f a s t e r than the l o a d ( i . e . . the weight o f the body as a whole). As a r e s u l t , an i n c r e a s e i n weight was

accompanied by an i n c r e a s e i n

performance a b i l i t y because; the i n c r e a s e i n muscular s t r e n g t h was

d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e to the i n c r e a s e o f the load*.

Theoretical influence of height.

McCloy C17X

t h a t when a person grew i n h e i g h t , he i n c r e a s e d

stated the

distances

(lengths o f limbs),, over which h i s muscular

f o r c e was

applied.

I f a person grew i n height

i n c r e a s i n g h i s l o a d and without d e c r e a s i n g

without

h i s muscular

strength,, h i s muscular s t r e n g t h then, would be more e f f e c t i v e w i t h the l o n g e r limbs limbs...

than w i t h the

shorter

P h y s i o l o g i c a l elements, as w e l l , McCloy (17). s t a t e d , may

cause height to have an important

p h y s i c a l performance. every person,

effect

on

S i n c e , he claims, t h e r e i s f o r

r e g a r d l e s s o f how

s t r o n g h i s muscles

may

be, a l i m i t to the speed w i t h which he can c o n t r a c t h i s muscles,; a person he can u t i l i z e . .

may

have more muscular s t r e n g t h than

I f a person w i t h an excess o f muscular

s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e d i n h e i g h t , he c o u l d then u t i l i z e some o f the excess

o f muscular s t r e n g t h , and hence i n c r e a s e

i n v e l o c i t y , f o r he then would have a g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e over which he c o u l d a p p l y h i s muscular s t r e n g t h .

The

l o n g e r the limb, the f a r t h e r the end o f the limb would move i n a given time w i t h a given angular v e l o c i t y ,

and

the f a r t h e r a limb moved i n a given time w i t h a given angular v e l o c i t y , the g r e a t e r the l i n e a r v e l o c i t y at. the end o f the limb.

I f there was

such an excess,

per-

formance would t h e o r e t i c a l l y v a r y d i r e c t l y w i t h height up to the p o i n t at which t h e r e was

no

such excess

of

force available.. T h e o r e t i c a l i n f l u e n c e o f age.. t h a t t h e r e was l o g i c a l age

McCloy (17). s t a t e d

a c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between chrono-

(up to a c e r t a i n maximum), and

o f a t h l e t i c performance.

There was,

i n c r e a s e d c h r o n o l o g i c a l age,

excellence

perhaps, w i t h

a g r e a t e r "muscular matu-

r i t y , " ' and a s t r o n g e r w i l l to use complete e f f o r t . f a c t o r s , however, were- d i f f i c u l t to analyze..

The

Such

35i n f l u e n c e o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l age on performance, on the ; other hand, was supported by much evidence.

In t r a c k -

a n d - f i e l d events, postpubescent boys were found t o exceed prepubescent boys o f the same age, h e i g h t , and weight.

In s t r e n g t h the postpubescent boys were found

to exceed the prepubescent boys by as much as 20 p e r c e n t . From the ages o f twelve t o s i x t e e n years i n c l u s i v e , McCloy (17) found almost a l i n e a r i n c r e a s e i n the- i n f l u ence o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l , age on performance.. to make a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o performance

Age ceased

at seventeen y e a r s .

L i m i t a t i o n s o f age, h e i g h t and weight as c l a s s i f i e r s . McCloy (17). s t a t e d t h a t age, h e i g h t , and weight were not e n t i r e l y adequate

as a bases f o r c l a s s i f y i n g pupils, f o r

p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n motor a c t i v i t i e s .

As he p o i n t e d o u t ,

c h r o n o l o g i c a l age was o n l y an approximation o f maturat i o n a l age.

Even though the c o r r e l a t i o n between weight

and s t r e n g t h was h i g h , weight d i d not n e c e s s a r i l y

denote

s t r e n g t h (wide d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e l a t i v e amounts o f muscle and f a t ) . . In s p i t e o f t h e i r l i m i t a t i o n s , age, h e i g h t and weight, were, because o f t h e i r convenience and because o f t h e i r high c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n with v a l i d

criteria,

d e c i d e d l y u s e f u l f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n purposes..

McCloy

c o n s t r u c t e d a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n index, u s i n g the t h r e e f a c t o r s i n a weighted formula.

H i s index o b t a i n e d a

36 c o r r e l a t i o n o f .579, w i t h High S c h o o l t r a c k and

field

t o t a l p o i n t s , and .,98 w i t h the N e i l s o n - Cozens C l a s s i f i c a t i o n index..

I t was

h e i g h t and weight

emphasized by McCloy that

c o u l d be used f o r purposes

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n only within limitations., t i o n s f o r motor performance

age,

of

Subclassifica-

needed to be made on the

b a s i s o f such items as motor e d u c a b i l i t y , motor f i t n e s s and motor capacity., Fleischman

(.9.) found that " s i z e " v a r i a b l e s were

r e l a t e d d i f f e r e n t l y t o the f o u r d i f f e r e n t s t r e n g t h factors.

S u b j e c t s who

were h e a v i e r and t a l l e r d i d not

do q u i t e as w e l l as o t h e r s u b j e c t s on the dynamic strength factor.. was

On t e s t s o f s t a t i c s t r e n g t h , weight

e s p e c i a l l y important.

r e l a t e d t o performance c o r r e l a t e d -.16

N e i t h e r weight nor height,

on e x p l o s i v e s t r e n g t h .

w i t h squat t h r u s t s , - . 1 9

jump,.-.^2 w i t h p u l l - u p s , and - . 3 3 Weight c o r r e l a t e d - . 1 7 vertical ups..

Age

jump, -J+5

Height

with v e r t i c a l

w i t h push-ups-

w i t h squat t h r u s t s , - . 2 1

with

w i t h p u l l - u p s and -..25. w i t h push- .

c o r r e l a t e d -».03 w i t h squat t h r u s t s , .OH- w i t h

v e r t i c a l jump, ..03 w i t h p u l l - u p s , and - . , 0 1 w i t h pushups.~ Van Dalen

(26)

i n a study o f 3H8 J u n i o r High S c h o o l

s t u d e n t s found the f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h the McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index, Age,

Height and Weight..

37 A. , The McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n cantly with:

Index: c o r r e l a t e d

( i ) Roger's S t r e n g t h Index:(r=

( i i ) General Motor C a p a c i t y ( r = ..77),; play a c t i v i t i e s (r = . 2 7 ) ; . ( i v ) (r-.32);

(v) I..Q

( v i i ) Height

(r=.H-3).;

,?h)y

( i i i ) No. o f

Time devoted

( v i ) Weight

(r=..M-3); ( v i i i ) Age

signifi-

to play

( r = ..81);

(r-.75).

B. . Weight c o r r e l a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y with:: ( i ) Roger's S t r e n g t h Index ( r = . , 8 2 ) ; (r = . ? 2 ) ;

( i i i ) Age

(ii),; General Motor C a p a c i t y

( r = .,63);

(iv) Classification

Index

(r = . 8 l ) . . C. ,. Height

c o r r e l a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y with:, ( i ) Roger's

S t r e n g t h Index ( r = . 7 D ; (r=.,65);

( i i ) General Motor C a p a c i t y

( i i i ) McCloy Motor Quotient

Classification

Index ( r = . V 3 ) ;

D. Age c o r r e l a t e d

( r - .37>; (iv).

(v) Weight

(r-.73)'

s i g n i f i c a n t l y with::, ( i ) Roger's

S t r e n g t h Index ( r = .71); ( i i ) General Motor C a p a c i t y (r = .70); ( i i i ) McCloy Motor Quotient IQ

(r = . W ; ( i v )

(r».,H-6); (v) C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index., (r - . 7 5 ) Motor e d u c a b i l i t y . .

McCloy (17) d e f i n e d motor educa-

b i l i t y as the a b i l i t y to l e a r n motor s k i l l s well.. skills,

I t corresponded,

i n the area o f

e a s i l y and

general-motor

t o i n t e l l i g e n c e i n the a r e a o f classroom

subjects.

B a s i c f a c t o r s that he found i n a f a c t o r

a n a l y s i s o f motor e d u c a b i l i t y were:., i n s i g h t i n t o the

38 n a t u r e o f the s k i l l ; adaptive decisions;

the a b i l i t y to make quick and sensory-motor

co-ordination

r e l a t i o n s o f eye t o hand, hand, o r f o o t , weight and force;

judgements o f the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f the subject

to e x t e r n a l

objects

i n r e l a t i o n to time,

distance,

d i r e c t i o n , accuracy o f d i r e c t i o n and s m a l l angle o f error; general k i n e s t h e t i c

s e n s i t i v i t y and c o n t r o l ;

a b i l i t y t o c o - o r d i n a t e a complex s e r i e s o r combination o f movements which f o l l o w one another i n r a p i d succes- ; s i o n ; arm c o n t r o l ; f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d balance; t i m i n g ,

i n the f u n c t i o n o f

motor rhythm; e s t h e t i c f e e l i n g .

He

i n d i c a t e d that a number o f these were p r o b a b l y r e l a t e d , . Some o f t h e f a c t o r s , he claimed, could

be c u l t i v a t e d o r

l e a r n e d , w h i l e o t h e r s were as i n n a t e as c o l o r He drew a t t e n t i o n

to the f a c t that

o f motor e d u c a b i l i t y could i n another f a c t o r . co-ordination, co-ordination

a b i l i t y i n one f a c t o r

be negated by l a c k o f a b i l i t y

The f i r s t

f a c t o r o f sensory-

f o r example - the.eye-hand type o f motor - may have been r e l a t e d t o the f a c t o r o f

general-kinesthetic

s e n s i t i v i t y and c o n t r o l , which

f a c t o r may have, i n t u r n ,

f a i l e d to function

a c t i v i t y as throwing at a t a r g e t i n basketball

blindness.

i n such an

o r throwing f r e e throws

i f t h e r e was a d e f i c i e n c y i n the f a c t o r

o f depth p e r c e p t i o n , o r i n t h e f a c t o r o f arm c o n t r o l . The

motor e d u c a b i l i t y t e s t s , Brace, and Iowa-Brace

r e f e r r e d to i n t h i s study, r e s u l t e d from attempts t o

39

design t e s t s p r i m a r i l y f o r the measurement o f motor educability., (for

McCloy s t u d i e d f o r t y s t u n t s , and r e t a i n e d ,

the Iowa-Brace t e s t ) , those t h a t met the f o l l o w i n g

criteria::.. (I)

The percentage o f persons who executed a stunt

c o r r e c t l y i n c r e a s e d w i t h each year o f age; f o r example, a stunt executed s u c c e s s f u l l y by 80 percent

o f the

t h i r t e e n - y e a r - o l d performers but o n l y h$ percent

o f the

f o u r t e e n - y e a r - o l d performers was eliminated., (2:).

Each stunt had a low c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

t e s t s , w i t h the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n index, Sargent Jump ( v e r t i c a l jump)...

strength

and w i t h the

In other words, each

stunt was not a s i g n i f i c a n t measurement o f strength,, s i z e and m a t u r i t y or power., (3)

Each stunt had a h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

track-and-

f i e l d a t h l e t i c s when the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n index,

vertical

jump and the s t r e n g t h score were h e l d constant

to the

a t h l e t i c events but not t o the s t u n t .

The assumption

upon which t h i s c r i t e r i o n was based was that persons who, in- t r a c k - a n d - f i e l d events were b e t t e r than the average o f those having

the same age, s i z e , speed and

s t r e n g t h , were "better p r i m a r i l y because they had g r e a t e r s k i l l s o r a g r e a t e r degree o f motor educability..Of t h e s t u n t s s e l e c t e d f o r the t e n - i t e m

Iowa-Brace

t e s t f o r High School and C o l l e g e students,

s i x o f the

o r i g i n a l Brace t e s t s t u n t s were r e t a i n e d .

The

remaining

ko f o u r s t u n t s were c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , In requirements, to other Brace t e s t s t u n t s , Fleischman (8)

s t a t e d that McCloy i n 1 9 3 8 ,

motor e d u c a b i l i t y as r e p r e s e n t i n g f i t n e s s - IQ,

general

co-ordination. he

says,

to tasks

High l o a d i n g s

on t h i s f a c t o r were found, Johnson t e s t . . I t seemed

that t h i s f a c t o r tapped some k i n d

"understanding o f what has motor performancecluded,

a kind of physical

r e q u i r i n g large-muscle

f o r the Brace t e s t and

p o s s i b l e to him

viewed,

of

to be done'" i n a complex:

However, i t was

more l i k e l y , he

con-

t h a t the motor e d u c a b i l i t y f a c t o r would break up

i n t o components, as McCloy i m p l i e d i n 195^«Motor f i t n e s s . .

Mathews (18)

s t a t e d that the

"motor f i t n e s s " ' became popular d u r i n g World War

term II..

He

d e f i n e d i t as a l i m i t e d phase o f motor a b i l i t y (capacity), emphasizing a b i l i t y to do vigorous

work..

The

.selected f o r emphasis were endurance,, power, agility, flexibility, he

and

balance.

aspects strength,

More s p e c i f i c a l l y , . ,

concluded, motor f i t n e s s c o u l d be r e f e r r e d to

efficient

as

performance In such b a s i c requirements as

running, jumping, dodging, f a l l i n g , c l i m b i n g ,

swimming,

l i f t i n g weights, c a r r y i n g l o a d s , and

sustained

e f f o r t i n a v a r i e t y of s i t u a t i o n s .

enduring T h i s was

the

kind

o f f i t n e s s r e q u i r e d o f most m i l i t a r y personnel., Cureton (3) c a r r i e d out a p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s a n a l y s i s

hi i n which he f a c t o r e d out o n l y the motor f i t n e s s Here he found (3),'

elements o f (1) balance

(!+), s t r e n g t h (5)

agility

(2)

power and

tests.

flexibility

(6) endurance...

A l l o f these were d i f f e r e n t by d e f i n i t i o n and were r e p r e s e n t e d by d i f f e r e n t The

tests.

Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index I i n c l u d e d chins,,

push-ups and v e r t i c a l jump.

Chin-ups and push-ups have

been used i n a number o f s t r e n g t h t e s t s , such as

the

Roger's S t r e n g t h t e s t and McCloy S t r e n g t h t e s t as w e l l as i n muscular endurance t e s t s . c o n s i d e r e d by Fleischman

The v e r t i c a l jump

was

(,9) to be a t e s t o f e x p l o s i v e

s t r e n g t h or power, by McCloy (17) to be a t e s t o f power and by Sargent

(21).., a t e s t o f power, as r e f l e c t e d i n h i s

famous "Sargent

P h y s i c a l Test o f a Man.." .

V e r t i c a l jump - or Sargent the Sargent

Jump.

McCloy (17) s t u d i e d

Jump u s i n g as c r i t e r i o n the

total-point

score f o r the f o l l o w i n g events:. (1). 100-yard dash, running h i g h jump, (3).

s t a n d i n g broad

eight-pound

The

shot-put.

track-and-field cases,

..890.

Jump was,

events was,

The

r

r

jump, and

of r e l i a b i l i t y

f o r . the

(h)

f o r the

on the b a s i s of one

of r e l i a b i l i t y

(2)

thousand

Sargent

on the b a s i s o f the best jump o f each o f

two

s e r i e s o f three jumps performed without

previous

tice,

between the best

.77.0; and on the b a s i s o f the

jump.of each o f two

r

prac-

s e r i e s o f three jumps performed on

d i f f e r e n t days and the best o f three

jump o f another two s e r i e s

jumps performed on d i f f e r e n t days,

J&5h..

McCloy (17). s t a t e d t h a t i n a number o f s t u d i e s the r's

between t h e Sargent Jump and t r a c k - a n d - f i e l d events

were, f o r boys, from . 6 5 t o ..86..

The

r ' s between .:

t r a c k - a n d - f i e l d events and a combination o f the Sargent Jump and the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n index were from ..72 to . . 9 3 * An

r

o f . 8 8 was o b t a i n e d

between t r a c k - a n d - f i e l d

events and a combination o f the Sargent Jump and arm strength. In a comprehensive study, Fleischman ( 9 ) s t u d i e d 2 0 1 Naval T r a i n i n g s u b j e c t s i n regard to a b i l i t y t o perform i n strength tests.

The average age was 18 years, 3

months (standard d e v i a t i o n = 1 year,, 3 months).. average h e i g h t was f i v e f e e t ? 10 inches t i o n = 2..8 inches)., pounds (standard

Their

(standard

devia-

T h e i r average weight was 150..6

d e v i a t i o n = 2 0 * 3 pounds)..

•"

;

Complete

frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n s were t a b u l a t e d f o r each t e s t , and

a l l approximated normal d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

v e r t i c a l jump score was 18..U-3 w i t h standard 2.66

and r e l i a b i l i t y - 9 0 . .

The mean deviation

The v e r t i c a l jump score

c o r r e l a t e d . 3 8 w i t h chins ..31 w i t h push-ups and ..18 w i t h squat t h r u s t s .

The v e r t i c a l

jump had . 3 0 f a c t o r l o a d -

ings on dynamic s t r e n g t h , . 1 8 on s t a t i c s t r e n g t h , ,.6h on e x p l o s i v e s t r e n g t h .

Dynamic s t r e n g t h was c h a r a c t e r -

i z e d by Fleischman as r e q u i r i n g muscular f o r c e

repeated

as many times as p o s s i b l e , w i t h a consequent decrement i n the f o r c e which c o u l d be exerted.

S t a t i c . strength

r e q u i r e d e x e r t i o n o f a maximum f o r c e f o r a b r i e f p e r i o d , t y p i c a l l y a g a i n s t a f a i r l y immovable o b j e c t , such as a dynamometer.,

T h i s was

contrasted with explosive

dynamic s t r e n g t h where t h e r e was o f the body or

and

s u b s t a n t i a l movement

limbs.,

Fleischman (,9)

s t a t e d t h a t the common f e a t u r e o f

E x p l o s i v e S t r e n g t h o r power t e s t s was

t h a t one

was

r e q u i r e d to jump, or to p r o j e c t o n e s e l f , or some o b j e c t , as f a r or as h i g h as p o s s i b l e .

The

factor distinguished

i t s e l f from s t r e n g t h f a c t o r s i n r e q u i r i n g one

short

burst o f e f f o r t , r a t h e r than continuous s t r e s s o r repeated

exertion.

The

study o f the f a c t o r l o a d i n g s

confirmed Fleischman^s s u s p i c i o n that f a c t o r s c a l l e d " V e l o c i t y " and

"Power" i n previous

the same as e x p l o s i v e Chins and man

C9)

strength.

push-ups - s t r e n g t h .

Chins had

.31

push-ups had

,7k

.Qh on e x p l o s i v e s t r e n g t h .

t e s t s measured dynamic s t r e n g t h p r i m a r i l y , the to support

-.05"

.,29 on e x p l o s i v e s t r e n g t h .

f a c t o r l o a d i n g s on dynamic s t r e n g t h ,

s t a t i c s t r e n g t h and

found

s i m i l a r f a c t o r loadings.-

f a c t o r l o a d i n g s on dynamic s t r e n g t h ,

on s t a t i c s t r e n g t h , and had

In the study F l e i s c h -

conducted on 201 Naval T r a i n i n g cadets, he

t h a t c h i n s and

ups

s t u d i e s were r e a l l y

the weight o f the body r e p e a t e d l y

-l^-

Pushon

Both ability

f o r as

H4:.

many times as possible.,

He concluded from h i s study

t h a t p u l l - u p s and push-ups were two o f the best t e s t s for

this factor-

w i t h standard

The mean score f o r p u l l - u p s was 5 - 9 6 ,

d e v i a t i o n 3 . 6 1 and r e l i a b i l i t y

. 9 3 - The

mean score f o r push-ups was 1 2 - 3 1 , w i t h standard t i o n 7.-99 and r e l i a b i l i t y

-88.

devia-

P u l l - u p s and push-ups

correlated - 5 8 McCloy ( 1 7 ) found c o r r e l a t i o n s o f . 9 5 between arm s t r e n g t h f o r boys as measured by a dynamometer and t h e McCloy P u l l - u p - d i p s t r e n g t h Scores.

He s t a t e d that the

formula f o r boys was q u i t e accurate w i t h i n l i m i t s o f "normality."

F o r boys o f e x c e p t i o n a l endurance, however,

i t was somewhat i n a c c u r a t e at the upper extreme.

It

a l s o rewarded the s m a l l boys and s l i g h t l y p e n a l i z e d the l a r g e ones. (or

I n a r e v i s e d v e r s i o n o f the McCloy P u l l - u p

d i p ) - s t r e n g t h score, a c o e f f i c i e n t o f c u r v i l i n e a r

c o r r e l a t i o n o f . 9 6 5 was o b t a i n e d

between arm s t r e n g t h

as measured by a dynamometerMcCloy ( 1 7 ) . s t a t e d that i n f a c t o r i a l analyses o f s t r e n g t h t e s t s , two elements were i d e n t i f i e d

( 1 ) "pure"

s t r e n g t h and ( 2 ) s t r e n g t h dependent upon the s i z e o f t h e body.

Pure s t r e n g t h he measured by u s i n g t h e sum o f

right grip, l e f t

grip, l e g l i f t ,

McCloy D i p - S t r e n g t h and

McCloy Pull-Up S t r e n g t h Score i n a weighted formula. s t a t e d t h a t p u l l - u p s t r e n g t h alone was v e r y h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h performance i n a t h l e t i c s p o r t s , and

He

h5 i n c l u d e d i t i n h i s two o f which v a l i d i t y and

A t h l e t i c S t r e n g t h Score

r's o f ,$lh

and

formulas:-

...911 between them

g e n e r a l - a t h l e t i c a b i l i t y were o b t a i n e d .

He

has:

a l s o c o n s t r u c t e d norms f o r h i s P u l l - u p S t r e n g t h

Quotient

formula. McCloy (17) and

commented on the use o f s t r e n g t h

tests,

s t a t e d t h a t o n l y the amount of s t r e n g t h possessed

by a person was

measured by a s t r e n g t h t e s t .

Neither

the p o t e n t i a l o f a person to develop s t r e n g t h nor motor e d u c a b i l i t y o f a person was tests.

He

the

measured by these

s a i d t h a t a l t h o u g h s t r e n g t h had

been shown

to be the most important item i n a l l motor performances, and on the average, to c o n t r i b u t e more than twice much to motor achievement as d i d v e l o c i t y , and

as

more•than

ten times as much as d i d motor e d u c a b i l i t y , motor p e r f o r mance was

not

measured by s t r e n g t h t e s t s except i n so

f a r as motor performance depended upon s t r e n g t h . McCloy (17) d i f f e r e n t i a t e d the value o f measurements o f s t r e n g t h and performance.

He

the c o n t r i b u t i o n o f s t r e n g t h to motor s a i d , v e l o c i t y was

a b l y by an i n c r e a s e i n s t r e n g t h .

Increased

consider-

This increase

was

e x p l a i n e d by the f a c t t h a t power i s f o r c e m u l t i p l i e d by v e l o c i t y , and hence an i n c r e a s e i n f o r c e r e s u l t e d i n an i n c r e a s e i n power, which i n c r e a s e r e s u l t e d i n an i n c r e a s e i n the speed o f muscular c o n t r a c t i o n . .

k6, Chins, and his it

study, found no d i d not

Fleischman ( . 9 ) i n

push-ups - endurance. separate

endurance f a c t o r .

seem n e c e s s a r y to provide

separate

o f muscle endurance i n the s t r e n g t h . a r e a .

No

To

measures such f a c t o r

d i s t i n g u i s h e d performances c a r r i e d to the " l i m i t " p u l l - u p s and

chin-ups,

these same tests.. ance and

him,

as i n

:

from s h o r t e r timed v e r s i o n s

of

I t appeared t h a t t h i s k i n d o f endur-

dynamic s t r e n g t h both depended on the same

underlying

a b i l i t y factor..

Mathews (18). d i f f e r e n t i a t e d endurance from s t r e n g t h . He

s t a t e d t h a t endurance was

the a b i l i t y o f a muscle t o

work a g a i n s t a moderate r e s i s t a n c e f o r l o n g p e r i o d s time.

of

I t d i f f e r e d from muscular s t r e n g t h i n t h a t i t

r e f l e c t e d the a b i l i t y o f muscles to c o n t r a c t and

relax:

c o n t i n u o u s l y over a p e r i o d o f time. McCloy C17X s t a t e d t h a t i n a d d i t i o n to being a s s o c i r ated w i t h the f a c t o r o f s t r e n g t h , muscular endurance a l s o probably

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h changes i n the

q u a l i t i e s o f muscles.

Thus i f two

r e s p e c t to s t r e n g t h , but l a r y supply and

men

chemical

were unequal i n

equal i n r e s p e c t to the

the chemical

was

:

capil-

c o n d i t i o n o f t h e i r muscles,

and

i f they were performing the same t a s k , the

man

would have more endurance than the weaker

stronger man..

McCloy (17). i n c l u d e d p u l l - u p s and push-ups w i t h popular The

endurance t e s t s and provided norms as well.,

Army Test of Endurance i n c l u d e d both push-ups

and

.

h7 p u l l - u p s i n i t s b a t t e r y o f endurance items, as d i d t h e Iowa H i g h S c h o o l Test o f Endurance, and the Navy Test o f Endurance.

The mean score on p u l l - u p s f o r Iowa H i g h

S c h o o l boys was 7.0,,

The mean score on push-ups f o r

Iowa H i g h S c h o o l boys was 2 5 . Sauat

thrust — a g i l i t v . ,

McCloy (17). s t a t e d t h a t

persons a p p a r e n t l y e q u a l l y e f f i c i e n t

i n s t r e n g t h and i n

v e l o c i t y v a r y i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o change p o s i t i o n rapidly.

The f a c t o r i n v o l v e d he c a l l e d a g i l i t y . ,

In a study by McCloy ( 1 7 ) on a group o f a d u l t males, an

r

o f -.O^+^fO was o b t a i n e d between squat t h r u s t s f o r

twenty seconds

and weight,

and an

r

o f - . 1 3 7 9 vas

o b t a i n e d between squat t h r u s t s and height.. An r e l i a b i l i t y o f - 9 2 1 was r e p o r t e d and an

r

r

of

of validity

( c r i t e r i o n = g e n e r a l - a t h l e t i c a b i l i t y ) o f . 5 5 3 : f o r High School,.boys..

The mean score f o r H i g h S c h o o l boys on 2 0 .

second squat t h r u s t s was 13-5.j and on 10. second t h r u s t s i t was Fleischman

7(.9), i n h i s study on Naval T r a i n i n g

found a squat t h r u s t f o r 30 seconds The

squat

standard d e v i a t i o n was h.h6

Cadets,

mean score o f 1 9 . 2 0 v

and t h e r e l i a b i l i t y . . 7 0 .

He found that squat t h r u s t s c o r r e l a t e d . 1 8 w i t h

vertical

jump, .3h w i t h p u l l - u p s and . 3 7 "with push-ups.

Factor

l o a d i n g s f o r squat t h r u s t s were .h-5 w i t h dynamic s t r e n g t h , .11. w i t h s t a t i c e x p l o s i v e strength..

s t r e n g t h , and . 1 1

with

General Motor Capacity...

McCloy (17) s t a t e d that

j u s t as t h e r e were t e s t s f o r measuring i n t e l l i g e n c e , which i s l a r g e l y i n n a t e ,

so there

should

be t e s t s f o r

measuring general-motor c a p a c i t y , which i s l a r g e l y innate...

"General"' was used t o i n d i c a t e the type o f 1

motor c a p a c i t y that was b a s i c t o a l l motor performance that i n v o l v e d l a r g e ranges o f movement; i t was t o be used i n c o n t r a s t to s p e c i f i c types o f motor c a p a c i t i e s r e q u i r e d f o r the execution

of specific s k i l l s .

"Motor"

was used p r i m a r i l y f o r neuromuscular, and s e c o n d a r i l y f o r psychomotor.

"Capacity"

p o t e n t i a l i t y i n Contrast As

was used t o i n d i c a t e

to achievement..

a b a s i s f o r the measurement o f general-motor

c a p a c i t y , the f o l l o w i n g items were e s t a b l i s h e d : : (1). items o f known v a l i d i t y ,

(2). items that had been un-

p r a c t i c e d so that equal o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r l e a r n i n g

could

be given t o a l l performers, and (.3) items w i t h p r o v i s i o n f o r standard

amounts o f p r a c t i c e .

Motor C a p a c i t y

(GMC). t e s t that was d e v i s e d was, i n the

absence o f any other

such t e s t s t h a t might have been

used as c r i t e r i a , v a l i d a t e d a g a i n s t t e s t s and against The

The McCloy General

a b a t t e r y o f motor

the r a t i n g s o f competent

teachers..

GMC: t e s t that was developed by McCloy (17).

i n c l u d e d the f o l l o w i n g items i n a m u l t i p l e

regression

equation:.

(1). McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index ( s i z e and

maturity),

(2:) Sargent Jump (power)., ( 3 ) ten-second

1*9

squat-thrust test

( a g i l i t y ) and

(h) Iowa-Brace Test

(motor educability)... An

of .512

r

was

o b t a i n e d between the b a t t e r y and

r a t i n g s made by competent teachers...

An

o f ..969

r

was

o b t a i n e d between t h i s b a t t e r y and c r i t e r i o n scores., This

r

was

h i g h because some o f the elements were

i n c l u d e d both i n the b a t t e r i e s and i n the c r i t e r i a . the o t h e r hand, he f e l t the c o e f f i c i e n t s o f of

On

correlation

the b a t t e r y and t e a c h e r s r a t i n g s were undoubtedly

low.

In one

between GMC Events

study he d i d he o b t a i n e d an

r

of

.,812

and teachers r a t i n g s o f a b i l i t y i n sports,,.

t h a t r e q u i r e d s p e c i a l i z e d a b i l i t y had a lov/er

c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the GMC

than d i d events t h a t r e q u i r e d

motor a b i l i t y o f a g e n e r a l n a t u r e .

Hence, i n c o n t r a s t

to

track-and-field

f o o t b a l l and b a s k e t b a l l a b i l i t y ,

a b i l i t y was The

h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h performance on the

GMC.

e f f e c t o f o v e r - and underweight upon performance

i n the GMC. was

shown by McCloy (17).

i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e *

Underweight Normal Weight Overweight (N = hO) N. = 87 (N =- ^1) C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index,

50 ..65

Sargent Jump_ Squat-thrust

893.8

test

Iowa-Brace score GMC Motor Quotient

905. 53.2:

5.-^9

5.55V

12-98

12..H-5

927.8 HS.73

5.-31 11.10

228.0.

236 .k

228 .,6

96.-3

98 ..0

91.-0

50, The range o f weights extended from 7 5 t o 120 percent o f normal weights.

A c c o r d i n g t o the f i n d i n g s , the

performers who were underweight and o f normal weight o b t a i n e d b e t t e r scores i n motor e d u c a b i l i t y as measured by the Iowa-Brace

t e s t and i n power as measured by t h e

Sargent Jump than d i d t h e performers who were o v e r weight.

The t h r e e groups d i d not v a r y g r e a t l y i n GMC

s c o r e s ; the l a r g e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n d i c e s o f t h e persons whco. were overweight compensated these persons i n the Iowa-Brace t e s t , and the Sargent Jump.,

f o r the lower scores o f t e s t , the s q u a t - t h r u s t

The performers who were:

overweight were, i n motor quotients,, seven percent under those who were o f normal weight. The motor quotient..

T h i s was the motor analogue o f

the i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t i n t h e mental f i e l d ,

I t was

the motor c a p a c i t y o f a person r e l a t i v e t o h i s s i z e and maturity.

The motor quotient f o r boys was the GMC score

d i v i d e d by the norm f o r GMC, which was i n terms o f the McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index.

Thus a boy w i t h a motor

q u o t i e n t o f 100 was average i n motor c a p a c i t y f o r his. age and s i z e , w h i l e a boy w i t h a motor q u o t i e n t o f 120/was s u p e r i o r and a boy w i t h a motor q u o t i e n t o f 8 0 was i n f e r i o r i n motor capacity...

;

51 REFERENCES. 1.

Cole,

L„

Psychology o f Adolescence..

Rinehart 2.

and

Cozens, F.W.

Company Inc.,

pp.

"A Study o f S t a t u r e

New

326-352,

York:: 1956..

in Relation

to Vol.1:

P h y s i c a l Performance," Research Q u a r t e r l y . 33-H-5; 1 9 3 0 . . 3»- Cureton, T.K..

"Improvement i n Motor F i t n e s s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and

Physical

F i t n e s s C l i n i c Work," Research Q u a r t e r l y , 1 5 H - 1 5 7 ; May, h,.

C u r e t o n , T.K. ance.

Vol..

19H-3.P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s Ap-praisa! and

Guid-

19h7.

S t . L o u i s : Moshy,

5» Cureton, T.K..

" P h y s i c a l T r a i n i n g Produces Important

Changes, P h y s i o l o g i c a l and

Psychological,"'Reprint

from the J o u r n a l o f S n o r t s Medicine, Vol., 17.:July 18,

1952.-'

6... D a v i s , E . C — a n d W a l l i s E.L. i n P h y s i c a l Education..

Toward B e t t e r

7.. Ferguson, T.. and

Cunnlson, J.,

Published

Teaching

Englewood C l i f f s ,

Jersey:; P r e n t i c e - H a l l , Inc.,

Twenties..

Ihi

New

19.61.. In T h e i r E a r l y

f o r the N u f f i e l d Foundation

by Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press,

1956...

52 8 . . Fleischman, E..A... "'Testing f o r Psychomotor A b i l i t i e s by Means o f Apparatus T e s t s , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l V o l . 5 0 : ; No., hi. 2 ^ 1 - 2 6 3 ; J u l y , 1 9 5 3 . .

Bulletin.

9. Fleischman, E.A..

The S t r u c t u r e and Measurement o f

Physical Fitness.

Englewood C l i f f s , New

Jersey:;

P r e n t i c e - H a l l , Inc., 196 *. 1

10.

Glueck, S.„

The Problem o f Delinquency. pp.. 2 5 0 - 2 5 5 ,

Houghton M i f l i n Co., 11.

Glueck, S. and E..

pp.. 2 1 5 - 2 2 5 ,

12.. Glueck, S„ and E..

1959.

The Role of C o n s t i t u t i o n i n the

Problem o f Delinquency.. Co.,

Boston:.

Boston: Houghton

Miflin

1950.

U n r a v e l i n g J u v e n i l e Delinquency..

Cambridge, Mass.:. P u b l i s h e d f o r the Commonwealth Fund by Harvard U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , pp.

273-281,

1950.. 13..

J e r s i l d , A.T..

The Psychology of Adolescence.

York:. The Macmillan Co., lh„ Lindegaard, B..

CM...

1963-.

Bodv-Build. Body F u n c t i o n and

Personality... 15.. L o u t t i t ,

pp.. 363.-367,

New

Lund:; C.-W.K. Gleerup,

1956.

C l i n i c a l Psychology and E x c e p t i o n a l

C h i l d r e n . New

York: T h i r d E d i t i o n , Harper

B r o t h e r s Pub.-, 1957...

and

5.3 16.. McCloy, C.H.. "Ah A n a l y t i c a l Study o f t h e Stunt Type Test as a Measure o f Motor E d u c a b i l i t y , "

;

Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. Q:i H-6-56.; Oct», 1937. 17- McCloy, C H - and Young, D... Tests and Measurements i n H e a l t h and P h y s i c a l Education..

New York::

T h i r d E d i t i o n , Appleton- C e n t u r y - C r o f t s , Inc.;

pp.. 83-177, 195^.18.. Mathews, D.K..

Measurement

i n P h y s i c a l Education.

P h i l a d e l p h i a and London:: W.,B... Saunders Co., 1963* 19.. M i l l e r , K.D.,

"A C r i t i q u e on the Use o f H e i g h t -

Weight F a c t o r s i n the Performance C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f C o l l e g e Men," Research Q u a r t e r l y , V o l . 23:: M02r-1+16;

1952.

20... Mussen, P..H..., Konger, J.J.,, and Kagan, J . Development and Personality..

Child

New York, Evans ton,

and London: Second E d i t i o n , Harper and Row, P u b l i s h e r s , 1963. 21. Sargent, D.A. American

"The P h y s i c a l Test o f a Man,"

Phvfil n g l F.rhmati o n Review. A p r i l ,

22... Sheldon, W..H.., Stevens, S.S... and Tucker, W..B.

1921.. The

V a r i e t i e s o f Human Physique.. New York:, Harper and B r o t h e r s , pp.- 805-806,

19^0...

2 3 * S i l l s , F..D... and E v e r e t t , P.W.,

"The

Relationship

o f Extreme Somatotypes to Performance

i n Motor

and S t r e n g t h T e s t s , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y . Vol., 2\i 223-228; 2h„ Tappan, N.O..

1953. "An Anthropometric and

Constitutional.

Study o f Championship Weight L i f t e r s , " ' American J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y and Anthropology, Vol.. 8:;. h9-6h, 1950... 25.

:

Thompson, G.,G... " D i s t o r t i o n o f S o c i a l R e a l i t y i n Delinquency," E d u c a t i o n Psychology..

New

York::

A p p l e t o n - Century - C r o f t s , Inc., 1959.» 26., Van Dalen, D.B.„

"A Study o f C e r t a i n F a c t o r s i n

T h e i r R e l a t i o n t o the P l a y o f C h i l d r e n , " ' Research Q u a r t e r l y . V o l . 18:; 2 7 9 - 2 9 0 ; 27... W i l l goose, C E - , and Rogers, M.R.,

Dec.

19H-7.,

"Relationships of

Somatotype t o P h y s i c a l F l t n a s s . '" J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t i o n a l Research: pp., 7 0 H - 7 1 2 , May,

19^9..

CHAPTER I I I METHODOLOGY Introduction-

Data o b t a i n e d

from t e s t s and measure-

ments o f Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n inmates were used i n v a r i o u s s t a t i s t i c a l analyses

i n order t o t e s t

a number o f s p e c i f i c n u l l hypotheses. Subjects..

1

The s u b j e c t s were 670 inmates o f t h e

Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n . .

They ranged i n age

from Ih t o H O years, w i t h t h e m a j o r i t y between 17 and 2 3 3 y e a r s o f age.. Approximately 20 percent

o f the

p o p u l a t i o n were B..C... I n d i a n s , and the r e s t were White, but o f v a r i o u s r a c i a l o r i g i n s . . TESTING PROCEDURES. General C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Procedure.

Young men t r a n s -

f e r r e d t o the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n from O a k a l l a P r i s o n Farm spent L i v i n g Unit.

two weeks i n a C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

While i n t h i s l i v i n g u n i t ( f i f t y beds i n

a dormitory-type

l i v i n g a r e a ) , t h e men were

subjected

to v a r i o u s c o u n s e l l i n g , p s y c h o l o g i c a l and e d u c a t i o n a l t e s t s , as w e l l as an o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e program a v a i l able t o them-

When two weeks had passed, each man went

before a C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Board c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s 1

S.ee Appendix p.1227 f o r d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n -

56 Department man's f i l e ,

Heads.

These people had a copy o f the young

h i s t e s t r e s u l t s , background, e t c . , and from

t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n helped him t o choose a c o n s t r u c t i v e training

program*

Motor performance t e s t i n g pro-gram.

I t was decided

that t h r e e days a f t e r a r r i v a l a t Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n , a l l new inmates (except t h e m e d i c a l l y u n f i t ) would be given the motor performance t e s t s . .

The t e s t s

a d m i n i s t e r e d were the Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index I (2, 1 5 ) , Twenty-Second

Squat Thrust t e s t

Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t

(15)*

( 1 5 ) and the

From the data

o b t a i n e d from these t e s t s , t h e McCloy General Capacity

(15) and McCloy Motor Quotient

were computed..

Motor

(15) test

scores

A f t e r t h e scores were computed, the

P h y s i c a l Education D i r e c t o r i n t e r v i e w e d each man and helped him plan a c o n s t r u c t i v e P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n Information

o b t a i n e d was sent t o the C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Board

and the P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n

program i n c l u d e d i n the man's

t o t a l i n s t i t u t i o n a l t r a i n i n g program. man's f i l e

program.

In t h i s way, each

contained a l l a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n about him*

Before t h e t e s t s , each inmate, wearing s h o r t s o n l y , was weighed t o the n e a r e s t h e i g h t t o the nearest i . i n c h .

pound and measured i n A balance

scale with

a t t a c h e d measuring d e v i c e was used, and r e s u l t s Test scores

recorded.

(motor performances) were recorded on t h e

same data sheet, a s : w e l l as grade-last-completed and

57 Henmon Nelson Grade 6-9 Mental A b i l i t y s c o r e s .

The

l a t t e r were o b t a i n e d from the young men's f i l e s ,

after

the motor performance t e s t s were administered.. The t e s t b a t t e r y was given every Thursday, at the same time o f day, by the P h y s i c a l Education D i r e c t o r . The

procedure

was c o n s i s t e n t i n a l l r e s p e c t s , t o a v o i d

introducing procedural error. e x e r c i s e warm-up preceded

A t e n minute l i g h t -

the f i r s t

test.

The Brace

Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t was administered, a c c o r d i n g t o the procedure

i n McCloy (In-)..

T h i s was f o l l o w e d by;

the Indiana Motor F i t n e s s I n d e x ! t e s t items,

adminis-

t e r e d i n t h e same order each week.. The twenty-second Squat Thrust t e s t was l a s t .

S u b j e c t s were n o t h u r r i e d

i n t h e i r performances, but no r e s t p e r i o d s were given as i n d i v i d u a l - t e s t i n g and t u r n - t a k i n g p e r m i t t e d short r e s t s between turns., A l l marking was done by the P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n D i r e c t o r as groups were s m a l l ( 1 0 to 15). and c o n s i d e r a b l e time a v a i l a b l e .

The gymnasium atmosphere was

q u i e t and as r e l a x e d as the P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n D i r e c t o r c o u l d make i t . . . A p r e l i m i n a r y d i s c u s s i o n o f the purpose of

the t e s t i n g program, and t h e absence o f a l l o t h e r

inmates helped t o o b t a i n t h i s r e l a x e d , but a t t e n t i v e , atmosphere.

The knowledge that t e s t scores would be

d i s c u s s e d t h e same day t h a t t h e y were a d m i n i s t e r e d h e l p e d to motivate

inmates to perform

"all-out."

5« TEST.SELECTION.- JUSTIFICATION 1

The

had

Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y T e s t .

The Brace t e s t

the h i g h e s t v a l i d i t y o f the t e s t s designed

measure, motor e d u c a b i l i t y . .671

were o b t a i n e d

Correlations of .706

i n a study by McCloy (15)

s e n i o r - h i g h - s c h o o l g i r l s who

to and 155

on

were r a t e d on t h e i r s k i l l s

i n s p o r t s ( r e l i a b i l i t y , r = -95). and on " s p o r t s i n t e l l i g e n c e " ' (the quickness

w i t h which a p p r o p r i a t e

s t r a t e g y was

The

devised).

Iowa-Brace t e s t had

next h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s o f -682" and s k i l l s and

sports i n t e l l i g e n c e .

The

-618

r

the

f o r sports

findings i n a

study by McCloy ( 1 5 X on e i g h t h , n i n t h , and boys i n which 16 tumbling

sports

tenth-grade

s t u n t s were used r e v e a l e d -885

o f r e l i a b i l i t y (by the s p l i t - h a l f method) o f

obtained

f o r the Brace t e s t , and a c o e f f i c i e n t

an

of

v a l i d i t y o f -606.. between the records f o r the twelve best performances i n the s t u n t s and the sum scores f o r

o f the

T-

tumbling-

G i r e and Espenschade (12)

found t h a t the Brace t e s t

o f a l l the t e s t s o f " e d u c a b i l i t y , " c o r r e l a t e d h i g h e s t w i t h f i n a l achievement i n B a s k e t b a l l , V o l l e y b a l l Baseball, a b i l i t y .

The

and

Brace t e s t , they contended,

showed the highest r e l a t i o n s h i p s to the c r i t e r i a o f l e a r n i n g u t i l i z e d to study the " e d u c a b i l i t y " o f subjects.

Reliability,

computed on the

the

split-half

59 technique was .6111

±

„7k-21 +- . 0 2 3 0 f o r the Brace t e s t

. 0 3 2 0 f o r the Iowa-Brace t e s t .

The

and

Iowa-Brace

and Brace t e s t c o r r e l a t e d ...766I+.+ . 0 2 1 7 . (13),

Girolamo men

i n comparing n o n a t h l e t e s and

letter-

i n c o l l e g e , d i s c o v e r e d t h a t the a t h l e t e s c o u l d

jump h i g h e r , perform more s q u a t - t h r u s t s , and

score

h i g h e r on the Brace t e s t than the n o n a t h l e t e s . In s t u d y i n g the r a t e o f l e a r n i n g motor s k i l l s 2 7 5 h i g h s c h o o l g i r l s , Brace

(h) found

with

substantial

c o r r e l a t i o n s between the l e a r n i n g o f rhythms, hockey, t e n n i s , s t u n t s and v o l l e y b a l l w i t h h i s t e s t o f motor : educability. Carpenter

(7)

t e s t e d 100

g i r l s and found t h a t the

Iowa-Brace t e s t , when combined w i t h the v e r t i c a l

jump,

c o u l d be q u i t e a c c u r a t e i n p r e d i c t i n g success i n athletics. McCloy (15)

s t a t e d that the Brace t e s t was

the best

s c r e e n i n g device a v a i l a b l e i n P h y s i c a l Education f o r the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of d i f f i c u l t i e s i n gross motor co- < ordination.

McCloy s t a t e d t h a t the Brace t e s t

i s t e r e d i n d i v i d u a l l y o r to s m a l l groups was

admin-

considered

by experts to be a v a l u a b l e r e s e a r c h t o o l f o r the

study

o f gross motor a b i l i t y .

(-9+)

when f i r s t

R e l i a b i l i t i e s were h i g h

t r i a l r e s u l t s were c o r r e l a t e d w i t h second

60 t r i a l r e s u l t s on the

same day.

Re-test

correlations .72

at i n t e r v a l s o f s i x months were found to be

for

secondary s c h o o l boys. McCloy (15)

stated

that

the

t e s t was

o r i g i n a l l y a g a i n s t judgment r a t i n g s t i o n t e a c h e r s and

validated

of physical

a g a i n s t a b a t t e r y of a t h l e t i c events.

A t h l e t e s were found to score from o n e - h a l f to standard d e v i a t i o n

between the

a t h l e t i c a c t i v i t i e s performance.

correlations

.35,

individual activities

h a n d b a l l .k,

tap

Brace

The

were found i n the Brace t e s t and

such as f o o t b a l l J+3, basketball

one

above the mean.

Hoskins (1*+). found r e l a t i o n s h i p s t e s t and

educa-

dancing ,3h

highest activities

.*+2, and

track

.30. The

Iowa-Brace T e s t .

correlate

approximately . 7 5 *

Iowa-Brace t e s t was h a l f the

l e n g t h o f the

p a r t l y due

Brace and

Iowa-Brace t e s t

Buros (6)

stated

that

l e s s r e l i a b l e , b e c a u s e i t was

s i m i l a r i t y between the t e s t was

The

Brace t e s t .

The

Brace t e s t and

to the

f a c t that

only

h i g h degree

the

the

of

Iowa-Brace ',

s i x o f the

Brace

t e s t items were i n c l u d e d , i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l form, i n the

t e n - i t e m IowaL-Brace t e s t , and

p a r t l y because both

t e s t s use

s t u n t - t y p e t e s t s to measure motor

Buros (.6)

stated

the

Iowa-Brace t e s t was

used as a quick rough measure of motor

educability.

meant to

be

educability..

61 Philips

(18) i n a study o f 200 c o l l e g e women, found

that the Iowa-3race t e s t c o r r e l a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y and p o s i t i v e l y w i t h ( i ) A g i l i t y Run ( r - , . 3 5 ) . ( n ) O b s t a c l e Run

( r = .hi).; ( i i i ) Humiston Motor A b i l i t y t e s t

(iv)

S c o t t Motor A b i l i t y t e s t

Balance t e s t (vii)

(r = A 2 ) ;

in

( r = .l+3); (v) Bass

( v i ) V e r t i c a l Jump ( r = . M l ) ;

Broad Jump ( r = . - 3 7 ) ;

s t a t e d that the reasons

(r = .hh^

( v i i i ) Dips ( r . 3 0 ) . . =

She

r ' s were low w i t h o t h e r f a c t o r s

the a n a l y s i s was that there was probably a s p e c i f i c

f a c t o r i n the t e s t which was not present i n any o f t h e o t h e r t e s t s , and the f a c t o r was probably motor educability.. The Brace t o Iowa^-Brace Conversion.

Espenschade (10)

s t a t e d that s u b s t i t u t i o n o f the T - scores f o r e i t h e r the Brace, H i l l o r Johnson t e s t s , may be made f o r t h e Iowa-Brace t e s t scores i n computing McCloy's G e n e r a l Motor C a p a c i t y t e s t s c o r e s . . She based t h i s c o n c l u s i o n on t h e r e s u l t s o f a study o f c o l l e g e students i n which she computed McCloy's General Motor C a p a c i t y score u s i n g the r e s u l t s from the above motor e d u c a b i l i t y t e s t s interchangeably.. McCloy's t e x t

( 1 5 ) had norms f o r High S.chool. boys

in- T score form f o r both the Brace t e s t and t h e IowaBrace t e s t , so conversions were e a s i l y done.

62 Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index I.. developed

(2).

Bookwalter

the motor f i t n e s s t e s t f o r h i g h s c h o o l and

c o l l e g e students.

He v a l i d a t e d the t e s t a g a i n s t a 20

item c r i t e r i o n and e s t a b l i s h e d a v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t of

. , 8 3 1 . - . ..01.±

A v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f ..859 + . . 0 1 -

w i t h a more s e l e c t

c r i t e r i o n of 12

l a t e r i n an unpublished The

items was

obtained

study from the same source..

12. item c r i t e r i o n a g a i n s t which t h i s index

v a l i d a t e d i n v o l v e d two velocity,

was

or more measures each o f s t r e n g t h ,

motor a b i l i t y and

endurance..

Bookwalter c o n s t r u c t e d f o u r f i t n e s s i n d i c e s , a l l . o f which had h i g h c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v a l i d i t y , but had.the h i g h e s t and was preferable,

Indexcl

recommended by the author

as

to the others..

M o d i f i e d Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index I .

Bookwalter

weighted the t h i r d o f the three items o f the

Indiana

Motor F i t n e s s Index.I q u i t e h e a v i l y by m u l t i p l y i n g the sum

o f two

o f the s c a l e scores by the t h i r d . .

A

m o d i f i e d f i t n e s s index used i n t h i s study was to weight each s c a l e score e q u a l l y by simply

designed adding

them t o g e t h e r . McCloy's General Motor C a p a c i t y t e s t was

(GMC).

c o n s i d e r e d a measure o f all-encompassing

The

GMC

capacity

or p o t e n t i a l f o r g e n e r a l motor performance because i t

i n c l u d e d both motor f i t n e s s items, and motor as well, as g i v i n g

educability

c o n s i d e r a t i o n to s i z e and m a t u r i t y by

including

McCloy s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index?.. The t e s t was

validated

by McCloy ( 1 5 ) . a g a i n s t a b a t t e r y o f motor

1

t e s t s and!against teachers*' judgements.. Ehrlich

(.8). chose McCloy's GMC because i t r e p e a t e d l y

measured a general type o f p o t e n t i a l motor development.. He f e l t

i t suggested a t h e o r e t i c a l maximum that

to be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the maximum peak o f a

appeared

learning

curve. Ehrlich correlation

( 8 ) decided t h a t ,

c o e f f i c i e n t o f ..67H-, the McCloy t e s t

p r o v i d e d as good an i n s i g h t potentials

on the b a s i s o f a m u l t i p l e

i n t o maximum

learning

as d i d a combination o f three t e s t

batteries

(Rogers t e s t , Larson t e s t , and Johnson t e s t ) . , Brace (h) found c o r r e l a t i o n s the

o f ,6?k

and ..658

Brace t e s t and GMC and Motor Quotient,

He a l s o

between

respectively.

found a c o r r e l a t i o n o f . . 8 6 1 between GMC and

Motor Quotient.Van

Dalen (.19), gave t e s t s o f GMC t o 6 9 6 j u n i o r

high

s c h o o l boys and g i r l s and o b t a i n e d s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s between t e s t scores and p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n p l a y activity. and

He found that

GMC c o r r e l a t e d

significantly

p o s i t i v e l y with:.. ( 1 ) Rogers S t r e n g t h Index: (r = . 7 7 ) ;

6^ ( i i ) P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s Index: ( r = . 5 9 ) ; ( i i i ) McCloy Motor Quotient (r = .61+);

( r = . 7 3 ) ; ( i v ) Frequency o f p l a y

(v) Time a l l o t t e d t o p l a y ( r = - . M + ) . -

He

(GMC. -5- by

a l s o found that the McCloy Motor Quotient

norm f o r the i n d i v i d u a l ' s s i z e and m a t u r i t y )

correlated

s i g n i f i c a n t l y with:; ( i ) Rogers S t r e n g t h Index, ( r = . 2 5 ) ; ( i i ) P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s Index ( r = ..61+); ( i i i ) Frequency of

p l a y ( r - . 5 3 ) ; (iv). Time devoted McCloy ( 1 5 ) found an

r

to play (r = . 3 6 ) .

o f »512? between GMC and

r a t i n g s made by competent t e a c h e r s .

An

r

o f ..969 was

o b t a i n e d between these b a t t e r i e s and the c r i t e r i o n scores.

The c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n o f the b a t t e r i e s

w i t h the c r i t e r i o n scores were h i g h because some o f the same elements were i n c l u d e d both i n the b a t t e r i e s and i n the c r i t e r i a .

On the o t h e r hand, the c o e f f i c i e n t s o f

c o r r e l a t i o n o f the b a t t e r i e s w i t h the t e a c h e r s ' r a t i n g s were undoubtedly low, he f e l t . an

r

In another o f h i s s t u d i e s

o f ..812 was o b t a i n e d between GMC scores and

teachers '-ratings o f a b i l i t y i n sports. 1

S i n c e the

r a t i n g s were made b e f o r e the GMC t e s t was a d m i n i s t e r e d , the r a t e r s were not i n f l u e n c e d by performance i n the t e s t Norm populations..

The f o l l o w i n g norm p o p u l a t i o n s

were s e l e c t e d , f o r t e s t mean score comparisons w i t h H.C.I.. inmates, of

because the age ranges resembled

the H.C.I.. inmates.,

those

65 1-

Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index.I.

( 2 ) on 7 0 5 Indiana U n i v e r s i t y

l i s h e d by Bookwalter students..

He c o n s i d e r e d the scores t o be n o r m a l l y

distributed, scores.

Norms were estab-

w i t h equal p r o p o r t i o n s o f h i g h and low

Norms f o r the t e s t items, Chins, V e r t i c a l Jump,

and Push-Ups were a l s o p r o v i d e d . 2.

Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t .

by McCloy (15). on an undetermined

Norms were p r o v i d e d number o f High S c h o o l

boys..

These scores were p l a c e d i n a t a b l e i n T-score

form.

Iowa-Brace norms were a l s o p r o v i d e d i n T-score

form on High S c h o o l

boys.

3 . , McCloy General Motor C a p a c i t y and Motor Quotient Norms were p r o v i d e d by McCloy ( 1 5 ) on an undetermined . number o f High S c h o o l boys.

The formula was used to

machine c a l c u l a t e the General Motor C a p a c i t y and Motor Quotient s c o r e s . >+... Twenty-Second Squat

Thrust t e s t .

Norms were again

p r o v i d e d by McCloy (151. on an unknown number o f High School

boys.

5 . Henmon Nelson Grade 6 - 9 Mental A b i l i t y t e s t -

The

company p r o v i d i n g the t e s t has e s t a b l i s h e d norms on an unknown number o f people. 6 - Height and Weight.

Norms were e s t a b l i s h e d by E l b e l

66 and Canuteson (,9),

i n an e x t e n s i v e study i n v o l v i n g many

u n i v e r s i t i e s , on 8538 u n i v e r s i t y , s t u d e n t s .

T h i s set o f

norms seemed most a p p r o p r i a t e because i t was 1962

on 1 7 - 2 1

done i n

year o l d men.-. An u n p u b l i s h e d study by

Brown, U n i v e r s i t y of B.C.,

had almost i d e n t i c a l l y the

same s c o r e s , f o r the same age group, but the sample (850)

was smaller..

7.. Grade-last-completed.

R e t e n t i o n r a t e s f o r the

Vancouver S c h o o l D i s t r i c t were o b t a i n e d from Dr. N. who

helped compile the f i g u r e s .

w i t h these f i g u r e s was

Ko o f f i c i a l

a v a i l a b l e , nor was

number o f students c o n s i d e r e d a v a i l a b l e . number o f students was

Ellis,

publication

the exact S i n c e the

extremely l a r g e , w i t h break-downs

o f r e t e n t i o n at each grade l e v e l , they were used f o r comparison.

The r e t e n t i o n f i g u r e s werer.

Grade

8 . 99$ or more, f i n i s h Grade 8 . .

Grade

9 . 92$ f i n i s h Grade 9 .

Grade 10

. 88% f i n i s h Grade

10.

Grade 11

.. 82% f i n i s h Grade

11-

Grade 12

. 73% f i n i s h Grade

12.

The B.C.

r e t e n t i o n f i g u r e s were s l i g h t l y lower, w i t h 7 0 $

f i n i s h i n g Grade 1 2 . f i g u r e s was

A.break-down o f the B.C.

not a v a i l a b l e .

retention

The r e t e n t i o n f i g u r e s f o r

B.C., are p u b l i s h e d by the D i v i s i o n o f T e s t s and

Standards,

V i c t o r i a , B.C.,. Variables.

The f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e scores were:,

obtained, at the i n i t i a l t e s t i n g o f a l l new

inmates.

.67 1.- S i z e and Maturity:: (a) age

(,b) h e i g h t

(c). weight..

2... Mental performance:: (a) Grade-last-completed

(b) Henmon Nelson

Grade 6 - 9 . Mental A b i l i t y Test.. 3.- Motor performance:: (a) V e r t i c a l Jump

(b) Push-Ups

(,c) Chins

(d) Twenty-Second Squat Thrust Test;

(e) Brace

Motor E d u c a b i l i t y T e s t . Derived V a r i a b l e s .

From the above: s i n g l e v a r i a b l e s ,

d e r i v e d composite v a r i a b l e s were o b t a i n e d , u s i n g the s i n g l e v a r i a b l e s c o r e s i n formulas.

These d e r i v e d

v a r i a b l e s were:; (a) . Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index-1.-

Raw v a r i a b l e scores

were converted to s c a l e scores and p l a c e d i n the f o l l o w i n g formula,

(Chins + Push-Ups) V e r t i c a l Jump + 100...

(see Appendix) (b) . M o d i f i e d Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index I .

The above

s c a l e scores were p l a c e d i n the f o l l o w i n g formula t o o b t a i n a m o d i f i e d index Chins

+

valuet.

Push-Ups + V e r t i c a l Jump, (see: Appendix).

(c) McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index.

Age, height and weight

scores were converted i n t o one score, the McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index., (see Appendix) (,d). McCloy General Motor C a p a c i t y (GMC)...

By w e i g h t i n g

68 the f o l l o w i n g s c o r e s , the McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index score, the V e r t i c a l Jump score, t h e Squat Thrust

score

and u s i n g the Iowa-Brace conversion o f the Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t , -in a formula

(see Appendix), the GMC

was computed. (e) McCloy Motor Quotient

( , M Q ) B y d i v i d i n g each GMC

by the norms e s t a b l i s h e d f o r the i n d i v i d u a l s s i z e and m a t u r i t y , the MQ. was obtained., (see Appendix) Re-test V a r i a b l e s .

A f t e r f o u r months, each group o f

inmates t h a t had entered t h e Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l . I n s t i t u t i o n was r e - t e s t e d w i t h the same motor performance t e s t s used i n t h e i n i t i a l t e s t i n g program.

These scores were,

a l s o used t o o b t a i n d e r i v e d v a r i a b l e s . Computer program..

:

The mathematical and s t a t i s t i c a l

c a l c u l a t i o n s needed t o prepare the data f o r a n a l y s i s was e x t e n s i v e , so a computer was used..

The U n i v e r s i t y o f

;

B r i t i s h ' Columbia E n g i n e e r i n g F a c u l t y s F o r t r a n Computer I;

was used, and a l l programs f o r the computer were prepared

by e x p e r t s .

D e t a i l s o f t h e program stages-, t h e

experts f o l l o w e d i n programming f o r the computer a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e Appendix.

The purpose o f t h e c a l c u l a -

t i o n s by computer was to:; 1.. C a l c u l a t e composite t e s t scores f o r GMC; MQ;; and Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index-I, o r i g i n a l and m o d i f i e d , from t h e s i n g l e item s c o r e s .

2. C a l c u l a t e means and standard d e v i a t i o n s o f a l l s i n g l e item and composite t e s t v a r i a b l e s . 3.

C a l c u l a t e an i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n matrix o f a l l

v a r i a b l e s , o r i g i n a l and d e r i v e d . C a l c u l a t e the

t

statistics

f o r the d i f f e r e n c e s

between the mean scores o f i n i t i a l and r e - t e s t

single

item and composite t e s t v a r i a b l e s . Other c a l c u l a t i o n s .

The- t

statistics

f o r the

d i f f e r e n c e s between the H.C.I., mean scores and those o f the norm p o p u l a t i o n s f o r s i z e , m a t u r i t y , mental

perfor-

mance and motor performance were a l s o computed..

These

were done by the i n v e s t i g a t o r . prepared

Frequency polygons were

t o check the n o r m a l i t y o f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f

variables.. A n a l y s i s o f data..

The a n a l y s i s o f the r e s u l t s was

approached s t a t i s t i c a l l y by:; 1. Comparing

a l l o f t h e mean H.C.I.. inmate scores

with

those o f t h e norm p o p u l a t i o n s , by u s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t

statistic.

2- Comparing H.C.I.. inmate i n i t i a l motor performance scores w i t h r e - t e s t motor performance s c o r e s , a g a i n u s i n g the a p p r o p r i a t e

t

statistic

3 „ S t u d y i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between H.C.I., inmates mental performance, s i z e and m a t u r i t y w i t h t h e i r performances»

1

motor,

70 There was c o n s i d e r a b l e evidence, both i n t h e r e l a t e d l i t e r a t u r e and i n the i n v e s t i g a t o r ' s o b s e r v a t i o n s o f inmates, t o support hypotheses that d i f f e r e n c e s i n mean s c o r e s , o f the v a r i a b l e s the i n v e s t i g a t o r was concerned with, between H.C.I.,, inmates and the norm p o p u l a t i o n s , as w e l l as between the H.C.I, inmates' i n i t i a l and r e - t e s t motor performances, would l i e i n one d i r e c t i o n . .

On the

chance that these d i f f e r e n c e s would n o t a l l l i e i n one . d i r e c t i o n , however, a t w o - t a i l e d t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e was used t o measure the s i g n i f i c a n c e o f these d i f f e r e n c e s . . T h i s procedure was recommended by Ferguson ( 1 0 , p.. 1 3 6 ) « . Two forms o f the

t

s t a t i s t i c were used to t e s t the

s i g n i f i c a n c e o f these d i f f e r e n c e s . ,

One form, Ferguson

(.10, p. 1 3 7 ) , was used to t e s t the s i g n i f i c a n c e o f the d i f f e r e n c e s i n mean scores o f H.C.I.,, inmates and the norm p o p u l a t i o n s i n mental a b i l i t y and motor performance. Both the i n i t i a l and r e - t e s t H.C.I., motor performance mean scores were used i n the s i g n i f i c a n c e t e s t w i t h the mean scores o f the norm p o p u l a t i o n s . t

The other form o f

s t a t i s t i c , used by the computer, Ferguson (.10, p., 139)?

was used t o t e s t the s i g n i f i c a n c e o f the d i f f e r e n c e s i n mean scores between H.C.I.. inmates' i n i t i a l and r e - t e s t motor performances.. In

the event that d i f f e r e n c e s i n motor performances

were found, i t was c o n c e i v a b l e that H.C.I.. P h y s i c a l

71 E d u c a t i o n program changes and t r a i n i n g o f s t a f f would be n e c e s s a r y .

Such changes and t r a i n i n g would be

i n v o l v e d and c o s t l y , i n terms o f time and money, and c o u l d not be j u s t i f i e d u n l e s s the i n v e s t i g a t o r was c o n f i d e n t that d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t e d .

The ..01 l e v e l o f

confidence was chosen, t h e r e f o r e , because i t was c o n s i d ered, more important t o guard against making an e r r o r o f the f i r s t k i n d (alpha e r r o r ) i . e . t o a v o i d r e j e c t i n g a • n u l l h y p o t h e s i s that was t r u e , Mouly

(16, p.. 152.;

On

the b a s i s o f t h e t w o - t a i l e d t e s t , at a ..01 c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l , the n u l l h y p o t h e s i s would be accepted i f the t s t a t i s t i c was i n s i d e the range ± 2 „ 5 7 ° ,

and r e j e c t e d i f '

o u t s i d e t h i s range, Ferguson (.10, p- 308)...

The degrees

o f freedom i n t h i s t e s t were c o n s i d e r e d i n f i n i t e the number o f people t e s t e d . (% +

because

- 2 ) . exceeded the

t a b l e v a l u e s o f the number o f degrees o f freedom f o r t . In c o n s i d e r i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f mental

ability,

s c h o l a s t i c attainment, age, height and weight to motor performance, a t w o - t a i l e d t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e was used because c o r r e l a t i o n s were expected t o be both p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e .

The . 0 1 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e was a r b i t r a r y

i l y chosen, and the n u l l h y p o t h e s i s accepted i f r

was

w i t h i n + 2.-5H-, Ferguson ( 1 0 , p.. 3 1 5 ) , and r e j e c t e d i f o u t s i d e t h i s range...

72 REFERENCES 1.. Bookwalter, K.W..

"A C r i t i c a l A n a l y s i s o f Achievements

i n the P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s Program f o r Men a t Indiana U n i v e r s i t y . " Research Quarter! v 93;

T

V o l . ll+: pp. 18k-

May, 19*+3.-

2.. Bookwalter, K.W., "Test Manual f o r I n d i a n a U n i v e r s i t y Motor F i t n e s s I n d i c e s f o r H i g h S c h o o l and C o l l e g e Men," 3-

Research Q u a r t e r l y . D e c , 19 +3«5

Brace, D.K.. Measuring Motor A b i l i t y . .

New York:.

A.S. Barnes and Company; pp.. 105~2h, 1 9 2 7 .

h: Brace, D..K.

"S.tudies i n Motor L e a r n i n g o f Gross

B o d i l y Motor S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. 17A2M-2-53; Dec.

19k6„

5„ Brace, D..K... S t u d i e s i n the Rate o f L e a r n i n g Gross B o d i l y Motor S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. 12::. 1 8 1 - 8 5 ; May, 19*+1.6. Buros, O.K.. ( E d i t o r )

The F i f t h Mental Measurement

Yearbook. H i g h l a n d Park, N.J..r The Gryphen

Press,

19597... Carpenter, A.. " S t r e n g t h , Power and ' F e m i n i n i t y ' as F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g the A t h l e t i c Performance o f C o l l e g e Women," Research Q u a r t e r l y , Vol.. 9:.. 120-27;

May, 1 9 3 8 .

73 8 . E h r l i c h , G.,

"The R e l a t i o n Between the Learning-of]

a Motor S k i l l and Measures o f S t r e n g t h ,

Ability,

E d u c a b i l i t y , and C a p a c i t y , " Research Q u a r t e r l y , V o l . ihi

1

1+6-59; March, 1 9 H 3 .

9.. E l b e l , E.R... and Canuteson, R.I. o f C o l l e g e StudentsV o l . 1 2 : , Wo.

1:

10... Espenschade, A..

Heights and Weights

Kansas S t u d i e s i n E d u c a t i o n .

IH-; March, 1 9 6 2 .

"Motor Performance i n Adolescence,"

Monographs o f the S o c i e t y f o r Research i n C h i l d Development, V o l . 5:: No. 1: 11.

Ferguson, G.A..

19k0.

S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s i n Psychology

and E d u c a t i o n .

London, Toronto, New York::

McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., 1 9 5 9 . 1 2 . , G i r e , E. and Espenschade, A.,

"The R e l a t i o n s h i p

Between Measures o f Motor E d u c a b i l i t y and the L e a r n i n g o f S p e c i f i c Motor S k i l l s , " Quarterly. Vol. 13: 13.

Girolamo, C.G..

:

Research

U-3-56; March, 19h2..

"A Comparison o f the G e n e r a l Motor

C a p a c i t y o f A t h l e t e s and Non-Athletes." Masters Thesis..

Iowa City:; S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa, 1 9 5 6 .

l U v Hoskins, R..N., "The R e l a t i o n s h i p o f Measurements o f .-General Motor C a p a c i t y to the L e a r n i n g o f S p e c i a l Psycho-Motor S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y , V o l . 5» 6 3 - 7 2 ; March, 193 *. 1

15*

McCloy, C*H.,

and Young, D..

In H e a l t h and

T e s t s and

Measurements

P h y s i c a l Educatipn*. New

York:.

T h i r d E d i t i o n , Appleton - Century - C r o f t s ,

Inc.;

pp* 8 3 - 1 7 7 , 195*+.16*. Mathews, D..K.. Measurement i n P h y s i c a l P h i l a d e l p h i a and 17*.

Mouly, G.J.. New

18*

The

London:. W.B.,

Science

Saunders Co.,

of Educational

York: American Book Company,

P h i l i p s , M*

Education* 1963.

Research*

1963-

"S tudy o f a S e r i e s of P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n ;

T e s t s "by F a c t o r A n a l y s i s , " Research

Quarterly,

V o l * 2 0 : . 6 0 - 7 0 ; March, 19 +91

19*

Van

Dalen, D*B.». "A.Study o f C e r t a i n Fac'tbrss i n T h e i r R e l a t i o n to the P l a y o f C h i l d r e n , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. 18:. 2 7 9 - 9 0 ; D e c ,

19^7 •

CHAPTER. IV RESULTS The r e s u l t s o f the study are r e p o r t e d i n f o u r t a b l e s and i n e i g h t separate s e c t i o n s * l y related

to one o f the eight hypotheses,

together constitute The

Each s e c t i o n

investigator

the problem o f the

which

study..

d i d not c o n s i d e r i t necessary

i n c l u d e the frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n polygons twenty—four

i s direct-

to

o f the

v a r i a b l e s ? b e c a u s e . t h e number o f o b s e r v a t i o n s

i n each case was

extremely

large,

making a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n s

"hormalish " i n shape... 1

M u l l Hypothesis . 1. :

Correctional

Institution

cant d i f f e r e n c e s Educability

Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney

(H.C.I..) w i l l r e v e a l no

signifi-

i n t h e i r , scores on the Brace Motor

t e s t , Indiana Motor F i t n e s s . I n d e x : I, Twenty-

Second Squat Thrust t e s t , McCloy General Motor C a p a c i t y t e s t and McCloy Motor Quotient t e s t , as compared w i t h the norm p o p u l a t i o n s f o r these

tests.

(1), Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y

test.

The norms f o r t h i s

t e s t were presented i n t a b l e s i n the form o f T-scores.. In order f o r comparison to be done, the H.C.I., raw f o r t h i s t e s t were a l s o

put i n T-score form..

scores

The mean

76 T-score

f o r t h e norm p o p u l a t i o n was a T-score o f 50 and

standard d e v i a t i o n o f 1 0 . .

The H.C.I- mean T-score f o r

t h i s t e s t was 3 1 * 2 5 and standard d e v i a t i o n 5 . 8 5 on the first

trial

and 35...2 and standard d e v i a t i o n 6*35 on t h e

r e - t e s t , . f o u r months a f t e r the f i r s t

test.

Both H.C.I-.

t e s t scores were lov/er and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a t the ..01 l e v e l , from those o f t h e norm population.. t

s t a t i s t i c s were 22., + and 1^*65 f o r f i r s t 1

re-test

The

t r i a l and

comparisons.

The H.C..I*. mean raw score f o r the Brace Motor Educab i l i t y t e s t Wasj9 f o r the f i r s t group) (IQ 66.-76)

t r i a l low mental a b i l i t y

and 11. f o r t h e f i r s t

a b i l i t y group (IQ„ 110-13 *)., 1

t r i a l h i g h mental,

The h i g h mental a b i l i t y

group had a h i g h e r mean motor e d u c a b i l i t y raw s c o r e and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , at t h e * 0 1 l e v e l , from the mean motor e d u c a b i l i t y score o f t h e low mental a b i l i t y The

t

s t a t i s t i c was 8*2";

group-

F o r the second t r i a l o r r e -

t e s t , however, t h e low mental a b i l i t y group had a mean raw score o f 1 2 . 1 and the h i g h mental a b i l i t y group had a mean raw score o f 12*7•

The h i g h mental a b i l i t y group,

s t i l l had t h e h i g h e s t mean motor e d u c a b i l i t y raw s c o r e , but these mean raw scores d i d not d i f f e r . s i g n i f i c a n t l y , at

the . 0 1 l e v e l .

The

t

s t a t i s t i c was: *.+7 —

(23 Indiana: Motor F i t n e s s Index:..I.

1

The mean score f o r

the norm p o p u l a t i o n on t h e Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index.I

77

was H-5.,5 and standard d e v i a t i o n 2 5 .

The H..C..I.. mean

s c o r e on t h i s t e s t wasr> 3 6 * 2 9 . on t h e f i r s t standard d e v i a t i o n 2 3 . 9 »

with

and mean score.H-2..6. w i t h s t a n -

dard d e v i a t i o n 27«-3Jon t h e r e - t e s t . trial

trial

The f i r s t H*C.,I*.

scores were lower and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a t

the . . 0 1 l e v e l , from the norm p o p u l a t i o n .

The

s t a t i s t i c was 6 * 9 7 f o r the f i r s t

H.C.T.. r e - t e s t

s c o r e s were lower,

trial.,

t

but d i d not. d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y , . a t

the . . 0 1 l e v e l , w i t h the norm population..

The

t

s t a t i s t i c was l*5k f o r the r e - t e s t . . (3)

McCloy General Motor C a p a c i t y t e s t *

The mean score

f o r t h e norm p o p u l a t i o n on the McCloy General Motor C a p a c i t y t e s t was 2 3 9 * 1 3 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n o f H-6..Q. The H..C.I., mean s c o r e on t h i s t e s t was 187.8H- and standard d e v i a t i o n 2 3 * 0 on the f i r s t

t r i a l and mean score

1 9 5 * 8 8 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 2H-*28 on the r e - t e s t . H.C.,1... scores were lower on both t e s t s

The

and d i f f e r e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a t t h e . . 0 1 . l e v e l , w i t h scores o f the norm population.. first.trial

The

t

s t a t i s t i c s . , were 1 7 . 6 and 1 1 . 7 f o r

and r e - t e s t

comparisons*

(h)' McClov Motor Quotient test..

The mean score f o r t h e

norm p o p u l a t i o n on t h e McCloy Motor Quotient t e s t was 1 0 0 w i t h a standard d e v i a t i o n o f 1 0 .

The H.C.I.. mean score

on t h i s t e s t was.78*26 and standard d e v i a t i o n 8 * 8 9 , f o r the f i r s t

trial,

and mean score 8 1 . . 5 1 w i t h

standard.

78 d e v i a t i o n 9 . 2 1 on the r e - t e s t .

The H.C.I., scores; were:

l o v e r on both t e s t s and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , at the .01

l e v e l , w i t h scores o f t h e norm population..

s t a t i s t i c s were 22..k. and 16*5. f o r f i r s t test (5)

The

t

t r i a l and r e -

comparisons.. Twenty-Second Squat Thrust test...

The mean score f o r

the norm p o p u l a t i o n on the Twenty-Second Squat Thrust t e s t was 13*-5. w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 2.65.,-

The H.C..I...

mean score on t h i s t e s t was Q.hh w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 1*76 on the f i r s t

trial

and mean score 9-52' w i t h standard

d e v i a t i o n 1*7.6 on t h e r e - t e s t .

The H..C..I* scores on both

t e s t s d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , at the * 0 1 , l e v e l , scores o f t h e norm population*. The 25.3;and 20*0.for f i r s t

t

with

s t a t i s t i c s were

t r i a l and r e - t e s t

comparisons*

On t h e b a s i s o f the i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d i n t e s t i n g the n u l l h y p o t h e s i s 1 , and t h e h y p o t h e s i s

the n u l l h y p o t h e s i s was r e j e c t e d ,

accepted.

I n d i a n a Motor F i t n e s s Index: I

t e s t items.

(a:). Chins.

The mean score o f the norm p o p u l a t i o n f o r Chins was 7 w i t h a standard d e v i a t i o n o f 3 *

The H.C.I., mean score

.was 7*033 and standard d e v i a t i o n 3 * t e on t h e f i r s t

trial

and mean score 7 * 2 1 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 3,.1+6 on the re-test*

The H.C.I*, scores on both t e s t s were h i g h e r ,

but d i d not d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y , at the * 0 1 l e v e l ,

with

7.9 scores o f the norm population.. . 1 7 6 and ..91+5 f o r f i r s t CD), Push-Ups*

The

t

s t a t i s t i c s were

t r i a l and r e - t e s t

comparisons.

The mean score f o r the norm p o p u l a t i o n on

Push-Ups was 16 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 7.,

The H.C.I...

mean score on t h i s t e s t was 1 9 * 3 8 w i t h standard,, d e v i a t i o n 8 A 5 " on the f i r s t

t r i a l and mean score 23^8 w i t h

d e v i a t i o n 9 . 7 on the re-test..

standard

The:H.C..I... scores were

h i g h e r and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , at the ..0.1 l e v e l , w i t h scores o f the norm, population.. 8..O.7 and 1 3 . 7 0 . f o r f i r s t

The

t

s t a t i s t i c s were

trial-and re-test

comparisons.

Cc) V e r t i c a l Jump.. The mean score f o r t h e norm p o p u l a t i o n on t h e V e r t i c a l Jump was 20..75, w i t h a standard d e v i a t i o n o f 3>- The H.C.I... mean score on t h i s t e s t was 17.653 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 2.,72 on t h e f i r s t 18.03

t r i a l and mean score

w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 2..69 on t h e r e - t e s t .

The

H.C.I.. scores were lower on both t e s t s , and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a t the . 0 1 l e v e l , w i t h scores o f t h e norm population.. the f i r s t

The

t

s t a t i s t i c s were 20..00 and 13.OO f o r

t r i a l and r e - t e s t

comparisons.

On the b a s i s o f the above, information,, the n u l l , hypothesis was rejected..

80. TABLE I H.C.I. AND' NORM POPULATION MOTOR PERFORMANCE SCORES

Test

Norm Population

H.C.{. Scores

X

N

X

SD

N

5.85 6.35

280 129

22.4 14.65

23.9 27.3

666 254

6.97 1.54

SD

t test

Brace

A** B##

50

10

100*

31.25 35.21

IMP

A** B**

45.5

25

705

36.29 42.60

GMC

A** 239.13 46 B**

100*

187.84 195.88

23.0 24.28

669 255

17.6 11.7

MQ

A** 100 B#*

100*

78.26 81.51

8.89 9.21

669 255

22.4 16.50

ST

A** B**

2.65

100*

8.44 9.52

1.76 1.76

660 253

25.3 20.0

Ohins.

A** B**

7

3

705::

7.03 7.21

3.42 3.46

656 251

PU

A** B**

16

7

705

19.38 23.80

8.45 9.70

667 255

8.07 13.70

VJ

A** B**

20.75

3

705

17.65 18.03

2.72 2.69

668 254

20.00 1.3.00

70.06

2.73

8538

68.8

2.596

HI

4.85

157.72 22.68

8538

150.01 16.425

111

3.56

Height Weight * **

10

13.5

.176 .945

N was not known These s t a t i s t i c s were obtained from the total number of raw scores rather than from the sample scores used i n the correlation matrix, where only 111 observations for each variable were considered.

81 M u l l Hypothesis 2..

Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to

the

Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n w i l l r e v e a l motor p e r f o r mance t r a i t s that are not

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from

those a s s o c i a t e d w i t h mesomorphy, the assumed dominant physique type o f the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n (H.C.I..) inmates. The

Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index I r e - t e s t scores

the two

Chins t e s t s c o r e s , w i t h i n the I n d i a n a Motor

F i t n e s s Index I f i r s t

t r i a l and

r e - t e s t , were the

motor performance t e s t s t h a t d i d not d i f f e r from the norm p o p u l a t i o n trials), t e s t , was

scores.

The

only

significantly

Push-Up t e s t

(both

a l s o w i t h i n the I n d i a n a Motor F i t n e s s Index.I the o n l y t e s t i n which H.C.I.. scores were

s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher All

and

than the norm p o p u l a t i o n

scores.

other H.C.I, motor performance scores were s i g n i f i -

c a n t l y lower than motor performance scores o f the norm population.. On the b a s i s of the above i n f o r m a t i o n , h y p o t h e s i s was

the

null

rejected.

M u l l Hypothesis 3.

Young men

c l a s s i f i e d to the Haney

C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n (H.C.I.) w i l l not

display

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n motor performances, a f t e r f o u r months' exposure to the Haney C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n program, as r e v e a l e d on and

r e - t e s t motor performance comparisons.

initial

82 (1)

The Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y test:.. The H.C.I.. Brace

Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t mean T-score was. 3 1 * 2 5 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n

5 . 8 5 on t h e f i r s t

t r i a l and mean T —

score 3 5 * 2 1 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 6 * 3 5 on the r e - t e s t . The

r e - t e s t mean T-score was h i g h e r and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i -

c a n t l y , a t t h e ..01 l e v e l , w i t h the f i r s t score.

The

t

t r i a l mean T-

s t a t i s t i c was 6*18*.

. The h i g h mental a b i l i t y group (IQ,.. l l O - l S * ) had a. 1

mean raw score o f 11 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n first

3*0.2' on the

t r i a l o f the Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y test., and a

mean raw score o f 1 2 * 7 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n the r e - t e s t . did

2*37 on

The r e - t e s t mean raw score was h i g h e r , but

not d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y , at the .,01 l e v e l , w i t h the'

mean raw score; o f t h e f i r s t was l J + 3 .

trial.

The

t

statistic

The low mental a b i l i t y group (IQ. 66.-76). had

a mean raw s c o r e o f 9 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 1*23 on the f i r s t

t r i a l o f the Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t and

a mean raw s c o r e : o f 1 2 . 1 w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n on the r e - t e s t .

2. +1. 1

The r e - t e s t mean raw score was h i g h e r

and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a t the .,01. l e v e l , w i t h the mean raw score o f the f i r s t

trial*

The

t

statistic

was:. 1 1 * 9 . (2) . The I n d i a n a Motor F i t n e s s Index I .

The H.C..I*.

Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index--1 mean score was 36*29. w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n 2 3 * 9 on the f i r s t

t r i a l and mean 1+2*60

8 1

27.3 on the r e - t e s t .

w i t h standard d e v i a t i o n

The r e - t e s t

mean score was h i g h e r and d i f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y , a t the .,01. l e v e l , w i t h the f i r s t

t r i a l mean s c o r e .

The

t

s t a t i s t i c was 3* Crofts, 1959.

112: PERIODICALS. Aarons, Z.A.. "Some Problems o f Delinquency and. T h e i r Treatment by a. Casework Agency," S o c i a l Casework.-.

Vol.. 1+0, No.. 5, 251+-262", May, 19597

;

Anderson, T. and McCloy, C.H.. "The Measurement o f Sports A b i l i t y i n High S c h o o l G i r l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y .

Vol.. 18, 2-11, March, 19^7.-

Banay, R.S.. ".Problems o f Delinquency," C o r r e c t i v e P s y c h i a t r y and J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l Therapy. Vol.- 10, 8-16, January, l$6h,. B a r r e t t , D..R.. "A Study o f Academic Performance i n C o r r e c t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n , " The J o u r n a l o f C o r r e c t i o n a l

E d u c a t i o n.

Vol.. 1.6, No., h, 13*17> October 196*+..

B;enton, R.J.. "The Measurement o f C a p a c i t i e s f o r L e a r n i n g Dance Movement Techniques," Research Q u a r t e r l y . 1

Vol.. 15, 137- ^-, May, 1 9 ^ 1

Berger, R., "Report o f the Geneva J u v e n i l e Court f o r 1957} I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r i m i n a l Police- Review, No.. 122, 279282:, November 1958..

,:

B l e s h , T.E.. and Soholzr, A..E. "Ten-Year S u r v e y o f P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s T e s t s at Yiale U n i v e r s i t y , " ' Research Q u a r t e r l y ,

Vol., 2.8, 321-26, December 1957*

Bookwalter, K.W.. "A C r i t i c a l A n a l y s i s o f Achievements i n t h e P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s , Program f o r Men at I n d i a n a University," Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. 1*+, IS^-93,

May, 19^3.•

Bookwalter, K.W- "Test Manual f o r I n d i a n a . U n i v e r s i t y Motor F i t n e s s / I n d i c e s f o r High. S c h o o l and C o l l e g e Men," Research Q u a r t e r l y , December, 19^3.

!

Brace, D.K., . "Studies, i n Motor L e a r n i n g o f Gross B o d i l y Motor S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . V o l . 17, 2l+2-53> December, 19^-6. Brace, D.K.. " S t u d i e s i n the Rate o f L e a r n i n g Gross B o d i l y Motor S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y , Vol., 12, 1

l8lr-85, May, 19kl».

B r a i t h w a i t e , J.. " P r i s o n - Part o f the Community,"' American J o u r n a l o f C o r r e c t i o n s , V o l . 2*+, U-o, January, February, 1 9 6 2 -

113 B u r l e y , L.,R„ and Anderson,, R.L., " R e l a t i o n o f Jiimp and Reach Measures o f Power to I n t e l l i g e n c e Scores and A t h l e t i c Performance," Research Q u a r t e r l y . V o l . 26, 2 8 - 3 5 , March, 1 9 5 5 C a l i f o r n i a Department o f Correction., "Intramural Sports. I n t e r e s t Inmates," The C o r r e c t i o n a l Review. S p e c i a l E d i t i o n , 1963... Canadian C o r r e c t i o n a l Association.. "Towards a Better. Understanding o f our J u v e n i l e Delinquents," The Canadian J o u r n a l o f C o r r e c t i o n s . Vol.- 1, No.. 2 , 30-40, January 1959.1

Cane, F.E.. "Research Committee o f the Board o f C o r r e c tions," C a l i f o r n i a Youth A u t h o r i t y Q u a r t e r l y , Vol., 5» No.. 2 , 3 2 - 3 9 , 1952. Carpenter, A.. "Strength, Power and 'Femininity' As F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g the A t h l e t i c Performance .of C o l l e g e Women," Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.,, 9 , 1 2 0 - 2 7 , May, 1938. C o s t e l l o , J...B.-,. "Our Youth and Delinquency," C o r r e c t i o n , P u b l i s h e d by New York S t a t e Department of. C o r r e c t i o n , Vol.. 2 2 , 3 - 6 , January, 1957.-• Cozens, F.,W.. "A. Study of S t a t u r e i n R e l a t i o n to P h y s i c a l Performance," Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. 1, 3 8 - 4 5 , 1930. Cureton, T.,K.. "Improvement i n Motor F i t n e s s A s s o c i a t e d with Physical.Educationand Physical Fitness C l i n i c Work," Research Q u a r t e r l y , Vol.. 14-, 1 5 4 - 1 5 7 , May, 1943Cureton, T.IC. " P h y s i c a l T r a i n i n g Produces Important Changes, P h y s i o l o g i c a l and P s y c h o l o g i c a l , " - R e p r i n t from the J o u r n a l o f Sports Medicine, Vol., 1 7 , J u l y , 1952.. De Berker, P., "State o f Mind Reports," The B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f C r i m i n o l o g y . Delinquency and Deviant S o c i a l Behavior, V o l . 1, No... 1, 6-20., J u l y , I960. D i r e c t o r of Correction. " R e c r e a t i o n Program," Annual Report of the (B.C..) D i r e c t o r o f C o r r e c t i o n f o r the , F i s c a l Year Ended March 31j, 1963. :

E h r l i c h , G„ "The R e l a t i o n Between the Learning o f a < Motor S k i l l and Measures o f S t r e n g t h , A g i l i t y , Educab i l i t y , and C a p a c i t y , " Research Q u a r t e r l y , Vol.. 14-, 4 6 - 5 9 , March, 1 9 4 3 .

E l b e l , E.R* and Canuteson, R..I. "Heights and Weights: o f C o l l e g e Students," Kansas S t u d i e s i n E d u c a t i o n . V o l . 12, No*. 1, March 1962Espenschade, A.. " P r a c t i c e : E f f e c t s i n the Stunt-Type Test," Research Q u a r t e r l y , V o l . 16, 37-^1, March, 19M" Espenschade, A.. "Motor Performance in. Adolescence," Monographs of. the S o c i e t y f o r Research i n C h i l d Development. Vol... 5 Mo- 1, 1Q*+Q» 1

T

Fleishman, E.A. " T e s t i n g f o r Psychomotor A b i l i t i e s by Means o f Apparatus T e s t s , " P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l l e t i n . r

V o l . 50, No., h, 2^1-263;, J u l y , 1953.

'

F o r n a t a r o , J..V.. " P o s s i b i l i t i e s and L i a b i l i t i e s . i n B - C J s C o r r e c t i o n a l Approach to J u v e n i l e s , " Proceedings o f B.C. Conference on S o c i a l Welfare, May 8 &.9, 196%.. :

G i r e , E. and. Espenschade, A.. "The R e l a t i o n s h i p Between Measures o f Motor. E d u c a b i l i t y and the L e a r n i n g o f S p e c i f i c Motor. S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. 13, :

>+3-56, March, 19>+2-

Girolamo, CG... "A Comparison o f the General Motor C a p a c i t y o f A t h l e t e s and Non-Athletes,"' Masters, T h e s i s , Iowa C i t y , S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f Iowa, 1956M i c r o c a r d P.E. 291Havighurst, R.J. and S t i l e s , L.J.. " A l i e n a t e d Youth," Phi D e l t a Kappa, V o l . h2 283-291, October - June, 1960-61.. 9

Henry, F.M. " C o o r d i n a t i o n and Motor Learning.,"' P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n Proceedings, Washington, D.C. AAHPER; 68-75, 1956-

1

College

Hoskins, R.N"The R e l a t i o n s h i p o f Measurements o f General Motor C a p a c i t y to the Learning o f S p e c i a l Psycho-Motor S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol., 5, 1

63-72, March, 193 *-1

K a r p o v i t c h , P.V. and Weiss, R.A. "Physical Fitness of Men E n t e r i n g the Army A i r Forces,"' Research Q u a r t e r l y , Vol.. 17, l8!+-92, October, 19^6. K u l c i n s k i , L..E- "The R e l a t i o n o f I n t e l l i g e n c e to the Learning o f Fundamental Muscular S k i l l s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y , Vol., 16, 266-76, December, 19^5*

115 Larson, L.,A„ "Some F i n d i n g s R e s u l t i n g from the Army . A i r Force's P h y s i c a l T r a i n i n g Program," Research Quarterly. Vol., 1 7 , 144-64-, May, 1 9 4 6 . , McCloy, C.H. "An A n a l y t i c a l Study o f the Stunt TypeTest as a Measure o f Motor E d u c a b i l i t y , ' " Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol.. 8 , 46-56;, October, 1937.. McCraw, L.W., "Comparative A n a l y s i s o f Methods o f S c o r i n g T e s t s o f Motor L e a r n i n g , " Research Q u a r t e r l y .

V o l . 26, 440-53, December,

1955-

McGee, R..A.. "Research i n C o r r e c t i o n s , " California S-tate Department o f C o r r e c t i o n s B i e n n i a l Report.

1957 - 1958..

Medue, W.J.. "The R e h a b i l i t a t i v e Aspects o f Team Sports i n a Reformatory," Journal of C o r r e c t i o n a l Education. V o l . 1 3 , No.. 3, 4-5, J u l y , 1961.. 3

P h i l i p s , M. "Study o f a S e r i e s o f P h y s i c a l Education T e s t s by F a c t o r A n a l y s i s , " Research Q u a r t e r l y . Vol., 2 0 , 60-70., March, 194-9. Sargent, D.A. "The P h y s i c a l Test o f a Man," P h y s i c a l Education Review.. A p r i l , 1921.

:

American

Schnur, A..C, " C o r r e c t i o n a l Research," American J o u r n a l o f C o r r e c t i o n . V o l . 2 4 , No.. 1, 2 4 - 3 0 , January,, February, 1962.. S i l l s , F.D.. and E v e r e t t , P.W. "The R e l a t i o n s h i p o f Extreme Somatotypes to Performance i n Motor and Strength Tests," Research Q u a r t e r l y . V o l . 24-, 2 2 3 -

228,

1953.

S.iminski, E.R. " R e c r e a t i o n a l A c t i v i t i e s as a Stimulus to Behavior," American J o u r n a l o f C o r r e c t i o n , V o l . 21, No., 2, .12-14, March - A p r i l , 1959. Tappan, N..0.. '"An Anthropometric and C o n s t i t u t i o n a l . Study o f Championship Weight L i f t e r s , " American J o u r n a l of P h y s i o l o g y and Anthropology, V o l . b,

1+9-64-, 1950.

Van

' - "

Dalen, D.B. "A Study o f C e r t a i n F a c t o r s i n T h e i r R e l a t i o n to the P l a y o f C h i l d r e n , " Research Q u a r t e r l y ,

V o l . 1 8 , 279-90, December,

1947.

"116 W a l t e r s , C.E.. "Motor A b i l i t y and E d u c a b i l i t y Factors, o f High and Low S c o r i n g Beginning Bowlers," Research Quarterly. Vol.. 3 0 , 94-100., March, 1 9 5 9 :

Whalley, C D . and Crumley, J.Bv " C o r r e c t i n g Delinquency Through S t a t u s E l e v a t i o n , " C o r r e c t i v e P s y c h i a t r y and J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l Therapy. V o l . 1 0 , No. 1, 32-40, January, 1 9 6 4 . '. W i l l g o o s e , C.E... and Rogers, M.R.. "Relationship of Somatotype to P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s , " J o u r n a l o f Educat i o n a l Research. 7 0 4 - 7 . 1 2 , May, 194-9. Witmer, H..L.. and T u f t s , E.. "The E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f Delinquency Prevention Programs," U.S. Department o f H e a l t h . E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e . No. 3 5 0 , 1954.

APPENDIX..

118 The

f o l l o w i n g s t a t i s t i c a l procedures

analyze the raw

scores o f t h i s

were used to

investigation.

Procedure used w i t h the F o r t r a n Computer A l l machine programming was

prepared

hy experts

who

f o l l o w e d the stages o u t l i n e d below. Stage 1.,

Obtain the f o l l o w i n g , u s i n g the scores from

the o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s . 1. Means o f o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s . 2. Standard

d e v i a t i o n s o f a l l o r i g i n a l variables... O r i g i n a l V a r i a b l e s were:;

1. Age

i n years

2. Height

i n inches

3. - Weight i n pounds h. McCloy C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Index (Prepared from c h a r t s u s i n g 1, 2,

3)

5. L a s t grade i n s c h o o l completed 6., I n t e l l i g e n c e Quotient (Henmon Nelson Grade 6-9 7.,Iowa-Brace Test 1

Mental A b i l i t y t e s t )

(Conversion o f the Brace Motor E d u c a b i l i t y test), 8. Chin-Ups Test

1

9.. 20 second Squat Thrust t e s t 1 (to convert to 10, second t e s t , d i v i d e by 10., Push-Ups Test 1 11. V e r t i c a l Jump T e s t 1

2)

119 122. Iowa-Brace Test 2 13-

(Re-test)

Chin-Ups Test 2 (Re-test).

14. 2 0 second Squat Thrust Test 2 15.

Push-Ups Test 2

16.

V e r t i c a l Jump Test 2

Stage 2 .

(Re-test)

(Re-test)

A. Convert

(Re-test)

some o r i g i n a l v a r i a b l e s i n t o s c a l e

s c o r e s as follows:, .1. Chins Test 1 &. 2 = 50 ± (7.5 - x) 16..7 3-0 • 2.. Push-ups Test 1 &. 2" = 50 + ( 1 6 - 0 - x) 16-7) 6.5 3.

V e r t i c a l Jump Test 1 & : 2 = 50 + (20.,7 - x) 16.7 2 ..9-

The

equation used was s c a l e score

s

50 ± (x:. - x) 16.7

where the s i g n i s . " + " when x i s l a r g e r than x, and t h e s i g n i s " - "' when x i s s m a l l e r than x.. B.. Add the s c a l e scores f o r each i n d i v i d u a l i n the above items to make a new (composite) v a r i a b l e o r " M o d i f i e d Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index." i . e . Chins

Push-Ups

V e r t i c a l Jump Test 1 =

M o d i f i e d Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index 1 Chins

Push-Ups

V e r t i c a l Jump Test 2. =

M o d i f i e d Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index. 2

120. Stage 3.. D e r i v e f u r t h e r

( a d d i t i o n a l ) new v a r i a b l e s

u s i n g equations::, 1. General Motor C a p a c i t y (GMC) (For t e s t 1 and t e s t 2), GMC = 0 . 3 2 8 7 - 0.9258

( C l a s s . Index) + 0.3Mh6

( V e r t i c a l Jump i n cm.);

(Iowa Brace T-score). + 3 - 9 7 3 (Squat

Thrust)-202 2

2. :

Motor Quotient M Q

3.

-

=

(MQ) (From t e s t 1 & t e s t 2 - u s i n g GMC)

..M-316. ( C l a s s f l n d e x ) - W . 3 1

X

1

0

0

I n d i a n a Motor F i t n e s s Index. (From Test 1 and Test 2 data) - (Chin-Up s c a l e score Push-Up s c a l e x V e r t i c a l Jump s c a l e score

score)

Stage h.. F o r a l l d e r i v e d v a r i a b l e s : i . e . 1. GMC, t e s t 1 & 2 2.. MQ,. t e s t 1 & 2 3.

Indiana Motor F i t n e s s Index I , t e s t 1 & 2

h. M o d i f i e d I n d i a n a Motor F i t n e s s Index I , test 1 & 2 Calculate: 1. Means 2.. Standard d e v i a t i o n s Stage 5.. 1. Obtain an i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x o f a l l v a r i a b l e s , both o r i g i n a l and d e r i v e d . Pearson

Use t h e f o l l o w i n g

product moment c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t

used i n machine c a l c u l a t i n g : : .

formula,

121. I A I X .-

r

Ferguson ( 1 , 2.

X £- Y

p.. 92)

Compute the

t

statistics

f o r a l l v a r i a b l e s where

i n d i v i d u a l s have i n i t i a l and r e - t e s t scores by u s i n g the f o l l o w i n g formula from Ferguson ( 1 , ^ _

D

Where SD

Where D s d i f f e r e n c e between any p a i r o f o b s e r v a t i o n s .

SD

v

p.. 1 3 9 ) .

. Where D =

^- D o r the mean N d i f f e r e n c e over a l l pairs..

i s the v a r i a n c e o f the D's, given by the

formula

2_ SD"

-^2-

=

Other c a l c u l a t i o n s . .

1.

- D.

The

t

s t a t i s t i c used t o c a l c u l a t e

the d i f f e r e n c e s between H.C.I, mean scores and norm p o p u l a t i o n mean scores was the f o l l o w i n g formula Ferguson ( 1 ,

p.. 1 3 7 ) -

Xi

t =

-

Xz_

Where S

N

Where X and X*_ are the H.C.I... and norm p o p u l a t i o n (

—"

I a*V

from

+

n.u.x... ana n

17

mean s c o r e s .

i s an unbiased

estimate o f the p o p u l a t i o n

v a r i a n c e o b t a i n e d from:*

s" = 7

X(X.-XO*" +

N, + N

^ ( i - i ^ L

2.. The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f the

- 2 r

and

t

values was d e t e r -

mined by checking the a p p r o p r i a t e t a b l e s i n Ferguson (1,

p. 315 and p.. 3 0 8 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . .

122: Subjects.

.Of the p o p u l a t i o n o f 670.,

given the Motor E d u c a b i l i t y test..

The

i n s i z e from 670 to 255 and

decreased

re-test

d i s c h a r g e s , medical

population

consequently

Motor E d u c a b i l i t y t e s t - g r o u p decreased p r o p o r t i o n , from 280 to 1 2 9 .

o n l y 280, were

the

i n the same

Institution transfers,

and v a r i o u s o t h e r reasons not

con-

nected w i t h p h y s i c a l education or t-he t e s t i n g program and out o f the i n v e s t i g a t o r ' s c o n t r o l , caused reductions., reduced

The

r e d u c t i o n s and

these

some m i s s i n g data f u r t h e r

the s i z e o f the p o p u l a t i o n to 1 1 1 ,

c o r r e l a t i o n matrix o f a l l v a r i a b l e s was

when the

inter-

c a l c u l a t e d by the

computer, as the computer was

not a b l e to d e a l w i t h

m i s s i n g data s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . .

In the t a b l e s c o n s t r u c t e d

for

comparative purposes, the. exact number o f s u b j e c t s

used was

i n s e r t e d , and

analysis.. extremely

c o n s i d e r e d i n the

As the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s was

statistical to

r i g i d , and the samples l a r g e and not

be biased

by i n v e s t i g a t o r c o n t r o l , any i n f e r e n c e s r e s u l t i n g from the study were presumed r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the Haney Correctional I n s t i t u t i o n population.

123 REFERENCES Ferguson, G.A..

S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s i n Psychology

and E d u c a t i o n , New. York, Toronto, London, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.,

1959.