Latin I

Midterm guide

I. Pronunciation Know that the following Latin letters differ in pronunciation from English. v ā g ē

water, wave father, fraternity get, got they, bay, way

c ae ī au

cat, cactus eye, aisle machine, beep town

II. Grammar Define the following terms. Accusative Action verb Adjective Adverb Case Conjugation Conjunction Declension Direct object Gender Imperative

An inflected case ending that denotes the DIRECT OBJECT, and object of certain prepositions in a sentence. shows action modifies or describes NOUNS, PRONOUNS, and other ADJECTIVES. Can sometimes replace a noun or pronoun and stand alone. modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs NOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected endings that show their use in a sentence. Family of VERBS that share a connecting vowel. There are 4 conjugations a word that hooks up words, phrases, and clauses Family of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES that share case endings. There are 5 declensions. We study 3 in Latin I. a noun, pronoun, and even an adjective receiving the action of the verb Latin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER Indicates a command

Indirect Object Indicative Infinitive Inflection Interjection

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Second Principal Part of Latin Verbs An ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a sentence Exclamation

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Latin I Linking verb

Midterm guide Shows condition (i.e. state of being) [verb: to be]

Macron

Long mark (line) over vowels which are pronounced longer than those without a line.

Nominative

An inflected case ending that denotes the SUBJECT or PREDICATE NOMINATIVE in a sentence.

Noun Number Object of preposition Person Predicate nominative/noun, adjective Preposition Pronoun

person, place, thing or idea SINGULAR = one

PLURAL=more than one

Word that is in the Accusative or Ablative case after a proposition, governed by the preposition First Person is the Speaker. (I, We);Second Person is Spoken to. ( You, You); Third Person is Spoken about. ( He, she, it, They) Follows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding subject. word that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It is followed by an OBJECT OF PREPOSITION. takes the place of a noun

Subject

a noun or a pronoun performing the action of a verb, or is described by a linking verb.

Tense

When the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I studies: PRESENT (now), IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past), PERFECT (completed in the past)]

Vocative Voice

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Latin I III. Nouns

Midterm guide A. Cases & Grammatical functions

Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fui futurus “to be.” e.g. Caecilius est argentarius _________________________________________________________ e.g. Cerberus est iratus ______________________________________________________________ [Genitive provides noun stem, shows possession] Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions. e.g. Grumio pavonem coquit. __________________________________________________ ad ____________________

prope _______________________

per ___________________

in + Acc. _____________________

e.g. ambulant ad forum. __________________________________________________ Ablative case is used with certain prepositions. N.B. “SIDSPACE” sine_______________________________

sub _______________________________

in____________________________

pro _______________________________

dē____________________________

ā/ab ______________________________ cum_______________________________ ē/ex ______________________________

e.g. Grumiō fābulam dē ancillā nārrat. ______________________________________________ Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case 1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the __________________. 2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –us, the vocative ends in _____. For 2nd declension nouns ending in –ius, the vocative ends in _____. 3. The vocative case often appears with the _____________________________ mood of the verb. 4. Give the vocative for Caecilius ______________________________ 5. Give the vocative for Metella _______________________________ 6. Give the vocative for Grumio _______________________________ 7. Give the vocative for Cerberus ______________________________ 8. Give the vocative for “Slaves!” ______________________________ 9. Give the vocative for “Mothers!” ____________________________

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Latin I

Midterm guide B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declension endings.

Complete the table with the correct endings. 1st Declension Singular Plural

2nd Declension Singular Plural

3rd Declension Singular Plural

cibus

canis

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative For practice, decline the words below. villa Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative via Singular

puer Plural

Singular

leo Plural

Singular

Plural

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative Identify the case of each noun in the following sentences. puellae gladiatores in arenâ vident.

__________

__________

__________

leo pedem agricolae in silvâ ostendit.

__________

__________

__________

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__________

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Latin I Midterm guide IV. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case, number and gender. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension. e.g. turba maxima erat in foro. ____________________________________________________________ e.g. tu servum fidelem non habes. _________________________________________________________ e.g. servus fidelis pecuniam in cubiculo custodit. _____________________________________________ V. Pronouns Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings: Nominative Sing.

ego – I

tu – you

Genitive Sing. Dative Sing. Accusative Sing. Ablative Sing. Nominative Plural Genitive Plural Dative Plural Accusative Plural Ablative Plural

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Latin I VI. Verbs

Midterm guide A. Principal parts

Most regular verbs have 4 principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of the first three. Principal part First principal part Second principal part

Third principal part

Example porto “I carry, do carry, am carrying” portare “to carry”

portavi “I carried, did carry, have carried”

Use First person singular present active Present active infinitive:  yields the present active stem  used for present and imperfect tenses active  used for imperative active mood  identifies the conjugation First person singular perfect:  yields perfect active stem  used for perfect active tense

The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs. First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre.

e.g. e.g. e.g. e.g.

laudāre vidēre dūcere audīre

N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner. e.g.

sum, esse, fui, futurus adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus absum, abesse, afui, afuturus

Answer the following questions about navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatus “to sail.” 1. What is the perfect stem?

____________________

2. What is the first person singular present active?

____________________

3. What is the first person singular perfect active?

____________________

4. What is the present active infinitive?

____________________

5. What is the present stem?

____________________

6. To which conjugation does this verb belong?

____________________

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Latin I

Midterm guide B. Conjugating verbs

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amo, amare, amavi, amatus “love.” Present

Imperfect

Perfect

st

1 singular translation 2nd singular translation 3rd singular translation 1st plural translation 2nd plural translation 3rd plural translation Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sedeo, sedêre, sedi, sessus “sit.” Present

Imperfect

Perfect

1st singular translation 2nd singular translation 3rd singular translation 1st plural translation 2nd plural translation 3rd plural translation

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Latin I Conjugate and translate the following tenses for dico, dicere, dixi, dictus “say, tell.” Present

Imperfect

Midterm guide Perfect

st

1 singular translation 2nd singular translation 3rd singular translation 1st plural translation 2nd plural translation 3rd plural translation Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus “feel.” Present

Imperfect

Perfect

st

1 singular translation 2nd singular translation 3rd singular translation 1st plural translation 2nd plural translation 3rd plural translation

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Latin I Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fui, futurus “be.” Present

Imperfect

Midterm guide Perfect

st

1 singular translation 2nd singular translation 3rd singular translation 1st plural translation 2nd plural translation 3rd plural translation Identify the correct tense of the following verbs. She kept leading. __________

We did lead. __________

I am leading. __________

You have led. __________

You lead. __________

They used to lead. __________

He does lead. __________

They led. __________

It leads. __________

ducebat __________

duco __________

duxistis __________

ducitis __________

ducit __________

ducebamus __________

ducebatis __________

ducis __________

duxit __________

Identify the imperfect tense sign for regular Latin verbs

_______________

Identify the imperfect tense sign for the sum, esse, fui, futurus

_______________

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Latin I VII. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. e.g.

Midterm guide

intentê _______________ ferōciter _______________ graviter _______________

VIII. Prepositions identify the prepositional phrases in the following sentences. e.g. Metella coquum in culinam vocat. Quintus canem in viâ videt.

servi lectum ex tricliniô in hortum trahunt. Melissa cum Grumione in forô lentê ambulabat.

IX. Dependent clauses Some conjunctions introduce dependent/subordinate clauses, which cannot stand by themselves but depend on the rest of the sentence (main/independent clause). Postquam introduces temporal clauses, and quod introduces causal clauses. All clauses must contain their own verb. e.g. Postquam Clemens montem Vesuvium vidit et tremores sensit, ad Caecilium cucurrit. ____________________________________________________________________________________ e.g. Caecilius ad villam cucurrit et atrium intravit, quod Metellam quaerebat. ____________________________________________________________________________________ X. Interrogatives/Question words Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns. e.g. quis _______________ ubi _______________ quid ________________ cur __________________ XI. Culture Questions from the following topics will be included on this exam. With your teacher’s guidance, familiarize yourself with terms/vocabulary concerning these topics.

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Latin I

Midterm guide Suggested definitions

Declension

Family of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES that share case endings. There are 5 declensions. We study 3 in Latin I. Conjugation Family of VERBS that share a connecting vowel. There are 4 conjugations. Case NOUNS, PRONOUNS and ADJECTIVES have inflected endings that show their use in a sentence. Number SINGULAR = one PLURAL=more than one Gender Latin has 3 genders: MASCULINE, FEMININE, and NEUTER Tense When the action or state of being is happening. [Latin I studies: PRESENT (now), IMPERFECT (ongoing in the past), PERFECT (completed in the past)] Inflection An ending on a word that shows its grammatical function in a sentence. Subject a noun or a pronoun performing the action of a verb, or is described by a linking verb. Direct object a noun, pronoun, and even an adjective receiving the action of the verb. Predicate nominative/ adjective Follows a linking verb, and renames or defines the preceding subject. Nominative An inflected case ending that denotes the SUBJECT or PREDICATE NOMINATIVE in a sentence. Accusative An inflected case ending that denotes the DIRECT OBJECT, and object of certain prepositions in a sentence. Vocative An inflected case ending that denotes DIRECT ADDRESS. Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction

person, place, thing or idea takes the place of a noun modifies or describes NOUNS, PRONOUNS, and other ADJECTIVES. Can sometimes replace a noun or pronoun and stand alone. shows action or condition (i.e. state of being) modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs word that denotes relationships in time, space and location. It is followed by an OBJECT OF PREPOSITION. a word that hooks up words, phrases, and clauses.

Revised 12/17/2013

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