Modeling and Simulation For Systems and System-of-Systems Engineering Stanley N. Hack, D.Sc., PE ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC www.consultechusa.com November 11, 2013 Lockheed Martin Public Information Release Authorization (PIRA) TOP201310006

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PRESENTATION GOALS • Define System-of-Systems Engineering • Illustrate the differences between a System and a System-of-Systems (SoS) • Define Modeling and Simulation (M&S) • Provide an understanding of the different classes of models and simulations and how they are used • Provide an understanding of the use of Modeling and Simulation for analyzing Systems-of-Systems through examples

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PRESENTATION SCOPE • Review of Systems Engineering (CNY Engineering Expo 2012) • Definition and Examples of System-of-Systems • Definitions of Models, Simulations, and Modeling and Simulation (M&S) • Present Examples Modeling and Simulation for Analyzing Systems-of-Systems

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ANECDOTAL DEFINTIONS Systems “Life was simple before World War II. After that, we had systems.” Rear Admiral Grace Hopper

System-of-Systems “The whole is more than the sum of its parts.” Aristotle 384-322 BCE

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DEFINTION OF SYSTEM A System is an integrated composite of elements (components, subsystems, modules, people, and processes) that interact with one another and with their collective external environment to provide a capability that achieves a set of common objectives via the accomplishment of a set of tasks.

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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEFINITION Systems Engineering is a structured process that incorporates a multidisciplinary team to develop systems from concept development through their entire life cycle. Systems Engineering considers the business and the technical needs of all stakeholders to result in quality, useful, and sustainable products. • International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), 1999 Systems Engineering integrates all the disciplines and specialty groups into a team effort forming a structured development process that proceeds from concept to production to operation. Systems Engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user needs. • IEEE Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process, 1994 An interdisciplinary, collaborative approach that derives, evolves, and verifies a life-cycle balanced system solution which satisfies customer expectation and meets public acceptability. With Permission: ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEFINITION Systems Engineering is a structured process that incorporates a multidisciplinary team to develop systems from concept development through their entire life cycle. Systems Engineering considers the business and the technical needs of all stakeholders to result in quality, useful, and sustainable products. • MIL-STD-499A, Engineering Management, 1974 A logical sequence of activities and decisions that transforms an operational need into a description of system performance parameters and preferred system configuration. • MIL-STD-499B, Engineering Management, 1994 An interdisciplinary approach that encompasses the entire technical effort, and evolves into and verifies an integrated and life-cycle balanced set of system people, products, and process solutions that satisfy customer needs. With Permission: ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEFINITION Systems Engineering is a structured process that incorporates a multidisciplinary team to develop systems from concept development through their entire life cycle. Systems Engineering considers the business and the technical needs of all stakeholders to result in quality, useful, and sustainable products. • The Engineering Design of Systems, Dennis M. Buede, 2000 The objective of Systems Engineering is to provide a system that accomplishes the primary objectives set by the stakeholders, including those objectives associated with the creation, production, and disposal of a system. • A Practical Guide to SysML, Friedenthal, Moore, and Steiner, 2012 Systems Engineering is a multidisciplinary approach to develop balanced system solutions in response to diverse stakeholder needs. Systems Engineering includes the application of both management and technical processes to achieve this balance and mitigate risks that can impact the success of the project. With Permission: ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING GOALS The Systems Engineering Process must answer the following: • • • • • •

What is to be engineered (designed / developed / built / studied / analyzed / modified …)? How will the engineering be performed? Who is to perform the engineering tasks? When will the engineering tasks be performed? What is the cost of the engineering? When is the engineering finished? How do we know this?

Systems Engineering tasks are often integrated into the tasks of the lead engineer or project manager. These tasks can be performed informally or in a highly documented formal fashion resulting in a large quantity of artifacts (documents). The required formality of the Systems Engineering Process is directly dependent upon the level of a project’s complexity. The design and construction of a pole barn (our example) requires no Systems Engineering as an independent activity. The design and construction of a nuclear power plant requires an extremely high level of formality in its System Engineering Process. With Permission: ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS “V” Model

Concept from: K. Forsberg and H. Mooz, The relationship of systems engineering to the project cycle, Engineering Management Journal, 4(3), 36-43, 1992

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SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS DEFINITION A System-of-Systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. System members of a System of Systems interact with one another via interfaces that are external to each system member.

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SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS EXAMPLES Each component system must be capable of independent operation INDY Car? • • • • • • • • • •

Driver Chassis Suspension Brakes Body Engine Transmission Controls Computer Telemetry

Residential HVAC? • • • • • • • • • • •

Residents’ Habits Furnace/Boiler Thermostats Ducts / Pipes Heat Distribution Exterior Walls Foundation Roof Windows Exterior Doors Air Handling

Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)? • Space Segment – GPS Satellites • Control System – Ground Monitoring Stations • User Segment

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SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS EXAMPLES

Public Domain

Department of Defense Architectural Framework (DoDAF) High Level Operational Concept Graphic (OV-1) of a Search and Rescue Operation Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS EXAMPLES Each component system must be capable of independent operation

Smart Grid

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SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS EXAMPLES Each component system must be capable of independent operation Transportation Infrastructure Air Transportation Infrastructure Passengers

Ground Transportation System

Freight Aircraft

Controllers In Route Systems

Communications

Approach Systems Ticketing Systems

GPS

Maritime Transport System

Airport Systems

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SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS EXAMPLES Each component system must be capable of independent operation NASA Project Constellation • Autonomous Systems • Interoperable Systems • Legacy and New Systems

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SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS CONCEPTS • Autonomy o Each system within a System-of-Systems must be capable of operating independently and autonomously

• Belonging o System components must belong to the System o Constituent Systems may belong to a System-of-Systems

• Connectivity o Constituent Systems must interoperate o A SoS is not a SoS without some type of “connection”

• Diversity o A System is composed of compatible parts o A System-of-Systems may be composed of diverse Systems

• Emergence o New capabilities are derived from the interactions of constituent Systems o New problems are derived from the interactions of constituent Systems

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SYSTEMS VERSES SoS ENGINEERING Element

System

System-of-Systems

Autonomy

Autonomy is ceded by parts in order to grant autonomy to the system.

Autonomy is exercised by constituent systems in order to fulfill the purpose of the System-of-Systems.

Belonging

Belonging of parts is dictated by the system.

Constituent systems choose to belong to enhance their own purposes.

Connectivity High connectivity hidden in elements, and minimum connectivity among major subsystems.

Dynamically supplied by constituent systems.

Diversity

Reduced or minimized by modular hierarchy. Diversity of a hierarchical level is encapsulated is encapsulated within the level. Diversity expands as new hierarchical levels are added.

Increased diversity in System-of-Systems capability achieved by released autonomy, committed belonging, and open connectivity.

Emergence

Both good and bad behavior is foreseen and designed in or tested out as appropriate.

Deliberately not being foreseen. Systemof-Systems supports early detection of emergent behaviors with the possibility of early elimination of bad behaviors through modeling and simulation.

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SYSTEMS VERSES SoS ENGINEERING Stage

Systems Engineering

System-of-Systems Engineering

Scope

• Project/Product • Autonomous, well-bounded

• Enterprise/Capability • Interdependent

Objective

• Enable fulfillment of requirements • Structured project process

• Enable evolving capability • Guide integrated portfolio

Timeframe

• System life cycle • Discrete beginning and end

• Multiple, interacting system lifecycles • Amorphous beginning • Important history and precursors

Organization

• Unified and authoritative

• Collaborative network

Development

• Design follows requirements

• Design is likely legacy-constrained

Verification

• System in network context • One time, final event

• Ensemble as a whole • Continuous and iterative

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MODEL DEFINITION A model is a physical, mathematical, or logical representation of some or all of the properties of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process. Models are static (no movement). • Examples o Plastic replica of an airplane or a car o Mathematical equation that predicts the probability of an event occurring

• Physical Model o Physical representation of a real-world object o Physical model complexity is driven the number of object properties represented creating a trade-off between completeness and complexity

• Mathematical Model o Representation composed of procedures or algorithms and mathematical equations o Often solve complex mathematical functions for which specific values cannot be derived

• Procedural Model o Expressions of dynamic relationships of a situation expressed by mathematical and logical processes o Commonly referred to as simulations Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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MODEL EXAMPLE SolidWorks Executable Model Example

Add/ Remove Components

Rotated Views

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SIMULATION DEFINITION A simulation is a dynamic implementation of a model or a group of models over time. It shows how a model works. • Live simulations o Simulated operations conducted by real operators using real systems o Military training events using real equipment are live simulations. They are considered simulations because these events are not conducted against a live enemy.

• Virtual simulations o Simulated operations conducted by real operators using modeled systems o Includes real-world operator interfaces and operator interactions (human-in-the-loop)

• Constructive simulations o Simulated operations conducted using modeled systems that are computer programs that represents systems and their employment through the use of mathematical, logical, and or statistical models o Can be operator-controlled (semi-automated) or autonomous (closed simulations)

• Live/Virtual/Constructive (LVC) simulations o Combines elements of the three types of simulations o Often applies to military test range events using a combination of real and virtual equipment and a combination of real and constructive threat elements. Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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SIMULATION USE-CASE EXAMPLES • Analysis o Determine performance, behavior, gaps o Constructive Simulation of Building HVAC Example Analyze energy consumption and temperature distribution over a finite time period in which environmental conditions are varied. Allows changing the number, locations, and specifications of constituent systems (boilers, air handling systems, building materials, etc.).

• Testing o Determine if a system or systems perform as specified o Live/Constructive Simulation of Air Traffic Control Radar Determine if a real radar system meets its specifications when stimulated with inputs (truth data) modeled with a constructive simulation (scenario generator).

• Training o Operator training o Live/Virtual/Constructive (LVC) Training Simulation for Air Traffic Controllers Training exercises for air traffic controllers using real radar and communications systems or constructive models of some or all of the systems with a constructively simulated scenario (stimulated truth data).

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LIVE SIMULATION • Fire Drill

• Military Exercise (War Game)

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VIRTUAL SIMULATION • Pong

• Wii

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CONSTRUCTIVE SIMULATION Satellite Tool Kit (STK) Aerospace Example

ScienceSTK.avi (6:02 with sound)

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MODELING AND SIMULATION (M&S) As Systems-of-Systems grow in size, capability, and complexity, analyses of capability and behavior become far to overwhelming to be performed analytically. Accordingly, Modeling and Simulation (M&S) has become the de facto standard for analyzing and understanding large Systems-of-Systems. • • • • • •

Manage Complexity Measure Performance Discover Emergent Behavior Reduce/Mitigate Risk Evaluate Reliability and Resilience Analyze Gaps

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CONSTRUCTIVE SIMULATION

LM IAMD 2013 Sequence - (1-22-13)-HD.wmv (5.31 with sound)

• Lockheed Martin Corporation Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Net-Centric Integration Demonstration (NCID) • Illustrates a complex, distributed problem set solvable with System-ofSystems Modeling and Simulation Lockheed Martin Public Information Release Authorization CET201302004 Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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LIVE/VIRTUAL SIMULATION EXAMPLE Lockheed Martin Advanced Combat Enhancement System • Training system • Combines elements of live and virtual simulations

ACES.mp4 (5.28 with sound)

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CONSTRUCTIVE SIMULATION Satellite Tool Kit (STK) Missile Defense Example

MissileDefenseOverviewAGI.wmv (2:12, no sound)

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SUMMARY • Systems Engineering is a structured process that incorporates a multidisciplinary team to develop systems from concept development through their entire life cycle. • A System-of-Systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. • Systems-of-Systems depend on Modeling and Simulation (M&S) to: o o o o o o

Manage Complexity Measure Performance Discover Emergent Behavior Reduce/Mitigate Risk Evaluate Reliability and Resilience Analyze Gaps

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NEXT YEAR

Model-Based Engineering (MBE)

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QUESTIONS?

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REVIEW QUESTIONS and ANSWERS 1. What is Systems Engineering? Systems Engineering is a structured process that incorporates a multidisciplinary team to develop systems from concept development through their entire life cycle.

2. What is a System-of-Systems? A System-of-Systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems.

3. What is a Model? A Model is a physical, mathematical, or logical representation of some or all of the properties of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process.

4. What is a Simulation? A simulation is a dynamic implementation of a model or a group of models over time.

5. How is Modeling and Simulation (M&S) applied? Modeling and Simulation is used for analysis, testing, and training of a Systemof-Systems.

6. How many PDHs did you earn by learning this information? Copyright © 2013. ConsulTech Engineering, PLLC. All rights reserved.

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