Mobility and Security Challenges in West Africa Summary of Findings
www.cleen.org
[email protected]
Outline of Presentation
• Demography and basic facts of migration in West Africa • Summary of Key Findings a. Corruption at the borders b. Crime and Victimization at the borders c. Security Agencies along the borders
• Conclusion and Recommendation
Demography and basic facts of migration in West Africa
Gender of Respondents 70
60
58
58
54
53 47
50
42
46
42
56
44
40
30
20
10
0
Benin-Togo
Burkina faso-Cote d'Ivore
Nigeria-Benin
Male
Female
Ghana-Togo
Mali-Cote d'Ivore
Age of Respondents 45
50
45
41
30
33
33
36 33
35
34
36
40
30
20
23
24
25
8 31-40
8
8 21-30
9
3
4
5
10
9
10
9
10
12
15
15
14
18
0
Togo-Benin
Burkina Faso-Cote d' ivoire
41-50 Burkina Faso - Cote d' ivoire
51-60 Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
60+ Ghana -Togo
Education of Respondents 60
53
53
49
50
46
40
38
30
25 22 20
10 10
20
23
23
24
18
18
20
20 13
11
8
7
0
No formal School Togo-Benin
Primary eduaction Burkina Faso - Cote d' Ivoire
Secondary education Nigeria-Benin
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Tertiary education Ghana-Togo
Means of Travel Mali-Cote Burkina Nigeriad'Ivoire Faso-Cote Benin d'Ivoire
Bicycle Private Vehicle Motorcycle Commercial Vehicle On foot Others
4 8 16 71
3 3 18 75 3
GhanaTogo
15 5 73 8
TogoBenin
11 79 11
2 5 5 80 7
Occupation 60 52 50
45
40
47 44
38
30
18
20 1213 1213
12 10 23
5
4
4
3
5
33
8 4
4
15
13 13
8
6
5
23 2020
6 3
5
32
5
332
0 Clearing Agent
Agent de transit
Togo-Benin
Trader
Artisan
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Student
Unemployed
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Others occupation
Missionary
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Civil servant
Ghana-Togo
Purpose of journey Mali-Cote Togod'Ivoire Benin Official trip 6 Educational visit 10 Tourism 10 Family and private visit22 Business venture 52 Sports Others
Burkina Nigeria- GhanaFaso-Cote Benin Togo d' ivoire 5 5 9 16 58 4 2
10 18 20 35 5 13
14 29 43 14
12 8 20 24 36
First Time Crossing 100
92
88
90
86
82
80
75
70 60 50 40 30 20
25 18
14
12
8
10 0
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Togo-Benin
Burkina Faso-Cote d' Ivoire Yes
No
Nigeria-Benin
Ghana - Togo
Frequency of Crossing 90
86
76
80 70
62
60 60 50 40
27
30
16
20 10
21 15
9
15
14
9
5
3
31
27 18
7
0
1-3 times
4-6 times
7-10 times
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire Border
Togo-Benin Border
Burkina Faso-Cote d' ivoire Border
Nigeria-Benin Border
Ghana - Togo Border
11 times and above
Travel document used 23
None 5 3 3
Student Identity Card International Passport
18
6
28
68 8
ECOWAS Pasport 3
Vaccination Card
10
33
8 10
National Identity Card
85
46
67
Refugee Travel Documents
73
59 20
Others
6
Official Passport
2 0
Nigeria-Benin
32
10
Ghana-Togo
20
30
40
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
50
60
Togo-Benin
70
80
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
90
Awareness of ECOWAS citizenship 90
84
80
74
70
61
60
60
55
50
40
45 40
39 26
30
16
20
10
0
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Togo-Benin
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire Yes
Nigeria-Benin
Ghana - Togo
No
Ques: Are you aware that all national of ECOWAS countries are now ECOWAS citizens?
Perception of Equal Treatment Abroad 80 70
76 67
64
60
56
50 40
55 44
45
36
30
33 24
20 10 0 Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Togo-Benin
Burkina FasoCote d'Ivoire Yes
Nigeria-Benin
Ghana - Togo
No
Ques: When you are not in your home country, do you feel that you are treated the same as citizens of the host country?
Awareness of ECOWAS Protocol on Free Movement 90 80
80 70
70 60 50
53 48
47
52
49
51
40 30
30
20
20 10 0 Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Togo-Benin
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire Aware
Unaware
Nigeria-Benin
Ghana - Togo
Summary of Findings
A. Payments and Corruption at the Borders
Demand for Money to Cross Borders 100
94
90 80 70 60
55
50
40
50
47
59
55
52 47 45
42 35
35
34 28
30 20
59
28
31
30
28 21
18
15
14
10
10
16
0 Mali-Cote d'Ivoire Douanes
Ghana - Togo Police
Health
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire Military
Nigeria-Benin
Immigration
Togo-Benin
Other agancies
Reasons for Payments 100 90 80 70
90
94 86
83 75 67
60 50 40
53
53 47
43 33
33
41
35
30
30
33 27 20 18
17
20
22
18
11 11 11
10
3 3 3
0 Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Ghana - Togo
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Togo-Benin
Others paid
Fear of being sent back
Don't know the rules
Fear of being beaten
Lacked the right travel documents
Other reasons
Nigeria-Benin
Styles of Extortion Togo-Benin
17 14
33
3
66 8 8
Nigeria-Benin
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
21
13
5 5
40
35 10 29
Ghana-Togo
25 25
33 54 50
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire 75
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Delayed and threatened to pay or be sent back Searched and money taken by force Beaten and forced to pay Simply asked to pay and pass Isolated from other passangers and threatned
70
80
80
90
B. Crime and Victimization
Harrassment at the Border 80
70
68
70
60
55
52 50
44
38
40
27
30
27
26 22
10
18
18
20
18 18
5
0
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Ghana - Togo
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Respondents
Co-traveller
Nigeria-Benin
None
Togo-Benin
Robbery and Road Accident 60 56
50
42 39
40
30
20
11
8
10
2
4
4
3
10
8
0
5
4
3 0
4
5
5
0
0
Experience of Robbery
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Experience Road Accident
Ghana - Togo
Report of Robbery
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Report of Road Accident
Nigeria-Benin
Togo-Benin
Previous Experience of Crime at Border 100
88
90
82 80
74
73
70
70 60 50 40
30
27
30
26 18
20
12
10 0
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Ghana - Togo
Burkina FasoCote d'Ivoire Yes
No
Nigeria-Benin
Togo-Benin
Common Crimes at the Borders 20
6
Rape/Attempted Rape Other crimes
9 25
Attempted Murder 6 9
Theft Kidnapping
55 60
14
8 1920
Armed Robbery
29
15 13
Drug trafficking
15
Assault
13
7
Unlawful arrest and detention
9 0
Togo-Benin
50
10
Nigeria-Benin Border
18
23
19 38 20
30
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
40
50
Ghana - Togo
60 Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
70
Perception of Safety 80
68
70
60
54 50 50
46
46 41
40
37
35
30
26 22
20
19 16
15 15 8
10
3 0
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Ghana - Togo Very safe
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire Safe
Not safe
Nigeria-Benin Don't know
Togo-Benin
C. Security Agencies
Lenght of Posting at Border 67
70 60 50
50 40
44
43
33
40
33
30
29
25
20
11
11
13
30 30
14 14
13
10 0
0 Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire 0-6months
0
0
Nigeria-Benin
7-months-1yrs
1-5yrs
Ghana-Togo 5yrs and above
Togo-Benin
Checkpoint where least time was spent 80
76
70 60
59
57
50 40
40 30
39
33 29
28
26
26
20 10
10 5
4
10 9 3
5
9
2
3
3
3
2
5
9 5
0 Custom
Police
Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Health
Ghana-Togo
Others agencies
Immigration
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Military
Nigeria-Benin
Gendarme Togo-Benin
Checkpoint where most rime is spent 70
60
58
57
59 55
50
50
45 39
40
30
39
29 27
20 11 10 4
5 2
2
5
4
5
0
Custom Mali-Cote d'Ivoire
Police Ghana-Togo
Military
Immigration Others agencies
Burkina Faso-Cote d'Ivoire
Nigeria-Benin
Health Togo-Benin
Recommendations • Improved data collection and incidence tracking at the borders • Training and capacity development of law enforcement officials • Joint patrol and co-ordination of security operations with stakeholders • Greater sensitisation on travel documentations • Education and advocacy campaigns • Legislative and legal reforms
Conclusion • There are clear meeting points between migration and security in West Africa. The trends of migration recorded in this study emphasise the need for both issues to be monitored concurrently. • West Africans have a rich tradition of travelling across the region with many travellers crossing the same borders over 10 times. Given the enormous challenges this is a commendable feat. • There is need for continued research and data collection on the borders to allow for better understanding of each border as well as comparisons across borders. Future research could target the Maghreb corridor where migration from West Africa feeds into the European migration route. • Border users in West Africa report multiple payments to different agencies simultaneously. This could be indicative of corruption. There is need to streamline all payment processes and create awareness on the correct.
THANK YOU
